General Biology (103 ABT) Part 3: Plant Taxonomy PDF

General Biology (103 ABT) Part (3): Principles of Plant Taxonomy By Dr. Khalid Saad Emara Associate Professor of Agricultural Botany [email protected] Text Main page contents  General Biology (103 ABT)...

General Biology (103 ABT) Part (3): Principles of Plant Taxonomy By Dr. Khalid Saad Emara Associate Professor of Agricultural Botany [email protected] Text Main page contents  General Biology (103 ABT) Part (3): Principles of Plant Taxonomy Lecture (1) AGENDA ** Why studying the plants 1. Definition of Taxonomy 2. Different stages of plant classification 3. Binomial System of Nomenclature ( B S N ) 4. Plant basic 12 Taxa 5. The Universal Tree of Life By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Why studying the plants: 1. Supplying food and energy for all creatures (directly or indirectly) 2. Supplying medicine 3. Supplying clothes (fibers) and covers (timber and leaves) 4. Aesthetics for humans 5. Industrial uses by humans (rubber, gums. Lumber, etc.) 6. Maintaining earth‟s atmosphere (CO2, O2, O3, etc.) 7. Healing the environment (reduce pollution and prevent erosion) 7. Cycling water 8. Nurturing soil 9. Contributing to nitrogen and other biogeochemical cycles 10. Causing problems By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  1. Definition of Taxonomy Taxonomy Classification (process) grouping ranking Individuals Taxon Category identification nomenclature By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  2. Different stages of plant classification (Recognizing) Used taxonomic evidences (multi-variate features) alpha beta Morphology Chemical Anatomy DNA By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 3. Binomial System of Nomenclature (BSN) (Naming) * Carrolus Linnaeus was the first who used this system in Species Plantarum (1753) * Each organisms must have a Latin name consists of two words; the first for genus and the second for species. * Genus is a noun with the first letter is Capital species is an epithet (descriptive) with all letters are Small * Both underlined or italicized * then the name of first person who named this plant and names of persons who renamed the plant. i.e.: Vicia kalakhensis Khattab et al. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/176107/0 By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  4. Plant Basic 12 Taxa (Taxon) (Ranking) species Kingdom Series cultivar (cv.) Division Section variety (var.) Class Form Genus Order Tribe Family By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Species: The basic unit of classification Is a group of individuals which similar in all features and can reproduce with each other but can not reproduce with individuals of any other species. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents * varity (var.): in ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) Is Nature made = Ecological race Ex. Ficus elastica var. decora Guillaumin * cultivar (cv.): in ICNCP (International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants) Is Man made = cultivated variety Ex. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem cv. Abidjan Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem „Abidjan‟ By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  5. The Universal Tree of Life (Whoese, 1990) Is divided into 3 clades/domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Bacteria Eukarya Archaea 0 4 Symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants 1 4 3 Symbiosis of Billion years ago mitochondrial ancestor with 2 3 ancestor of eukaryotes 2 Possible fusion of 2 bacterium and archaean, yielding ancestor of 3 eukaryotic cells 1 Last common 1 ancestor of all 4 living things Origin of life By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Quiz Time!! Student name: I- Answer the following sentences with (Yes) or (No): 1- We study plants because they can cause problems ( ) 2- Archaea cell has distinct organelles ( ) 3- Archaea can't confront the severe environmental conditions ( ) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents II- Choose the correct answer: 1- Systematics enclose....................... A. taxonomy B. classification C. taxonomy and classification D. all of the aforementioned 2- Which is the correct scientific name? A. Vicia kalakhensis Khattab et al. B. vicia kalakhensis Khattab et al. C. Vicia Kalakhensis Khattab et al. D. Vicia kalakhensis Khattab et al. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 3- Which is the correct scientific name for the cultivar? A. Lagerstroemia indica “Biloxi” B. Lagerstroemia indica Biloxi C. Lagerstroemia indica „Biloxi‟ D. Lagerstroemia Indica Biloxi 4- Cultivar nomenclature is regulating by....................... A. BSN B. ICNCP C. ICBN D. None of the aforementioned By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 5- Is a group of individuals which similar in all features and can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring A. order B. family C. genus D. species 7- The Universal Tree of Life divided into....................... A. Bacteria and Archaea B. Archaea and Eukarya C. Bacteria and Eukarya D. Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  General Biology (103 ABT) Part (3): Principles of Plant Taxonomy Lecture (1) cont. AGENDA I. Plant Identification Sources II. Plant Identification Ways III. Plants in the Classification Systems IV. Reproduction in plant kingdom V. Life cycles in plant kingdom By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  I. Plant Identification Sources Botanic garden Herbarium Library By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  II. Plant Identification Ways Keys Computer Personal communication By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  III-Plants in the Classification Systems There are 350,000 identified plant species in the globe They have been classified by scientists in several ways 19 divisions of extant/present plants Plus 6 divisions (not mentioned here) of extinct/fossil plants By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  4 Kingdoms System Living Organisms Superkingdom: Eukaryonta Superkingdom: Prokaryonta Kingdom: Monera Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Myceteae Div. : Bacteria Div. : Cyanophyta Kingdom: Phyta Algae Mosses Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms 7 Div. 3 Div. 4 Div. 4 Div. 1 Div. (Spirogyra) (Funaria) (Dryopteris) (Pinus) (Flowering plants) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  5 Kingdoms System As to (Margulis, 1998) kingdom protista is basal range inside kingdoms Plantae, Fungi and Animalia By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  IV. Reproduction in plant kingdom Asexual Sexual  produce new individuals Has Gametes & Nuclear Fusion without nuclear fusion Sexuality & Physiology varied in all  resembling the parent individual (cloning) Isogamy Heterogamy Binary Both mobile Vegetative Female bigger Fission Reproduction Oogamy Mitotic Shape varied Male mobile Spores In Archegonium & Antheridium Female bigger By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  V. Life cycles in plant kingdom (Sexual reproduction mostly by alternation of generations) Phase Meiosis Fertilization Phase By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents * Dominant generation: is found to be more survive and visible a greater proportion as somatic or vegetative plant body in life cycle as gametophyte in algae and/or sporophyte in seed plants Angiosperm Algae N Gametophyte N 2N Sporophyte 2N By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Patterns of life cycles : (i) Uniphasic: only one generation is visible. 1. Haplontic 2. Diplontic (ii) Diphasic: Both generations; haploid and diploid, are distinct vegetative individuals. 3. Haplo-diplontic (iii) Triphasic By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Quiz Time!! Student name: I- Answer the following sentences with (Yes) or (No): 1. Fragmentation is one way in asexual reproduction ( ) 2. Fusion is one type of the asexual reproduction ( ) 3. Algae belongs to Prokaryonta ( ) 4. Anthophyta belongs to prokaryotes ( ) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents II- Choose the correct answer: 1-.......................is a plant identification way A. Botanic garden B. Herbarium C. Library D. None of the aforementioned 2- Protista first appears in....................... A. 2 kingdoms system B. 3 kingdoms system C. 4 kingdoms system D. 5 kingdoms system By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 3- The non-asexual reproduction from the list below is....................... A. fission B. fusion C. fragmentation D. spores 4- Sexual reproduction types are....................... A. Isogamy B. Heterogamy C. Oogamy D. all of the aforementioned By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 5- Change of ploidy level from (n) to (2n) and reverse is called....................... A. meiosis B. alternation of generations C. fertilization D. dominant generation 6- From the patterns of life cycles in plants is...................... A. haplontic B. diplontic C. haplo-diplontic D. all of the aforementioned By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  General Biology (103 ABT) Part (3): Principles of Plant Taxonomy Lecture (2) AGENDA Kingdom: Plantae (Phyta) 1- Algae 2- Bryophyta ( Mosses) 3- Pteridophyta (Ferns) 4- Gymnosperms 5- Anthophyta (Angiospers) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Plant Kingdom Vascular plants Seed plants Flowering plants Angiosperms (with flowers) (Double fertilization, so endosperm is triploid ) (seed = Embryo + (2Div.; Dicots & Monocots) Endosperm + Testa) Gymnosperms (with cones) Non- Flowering (Xylem possesses only tracheids) plants (Single fertilization, so endosperm is haploid ) Pteridophytes Non- Seed plants (doesn’t have vascular cambium) (leaf: frond carrying Sori) Mosses Non- Vascular (Have organs-like) plants Algae (Unicellular , multicellular , colony) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Double fertilization 1- first male gamete (N) + Egg cell (N) Zygote (2 N ) 2- Second male gamete (N) + 2 polar nuclei (N+N) Endosperm (3N ) Tri-endospermic nucleus (3N) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Definition of Flower/Bloom/Blossom: *Specialized stem *With closer nodes, dwarf internodes and whorls of dense modified leaves; petals, sepals, stamens and pistils *that occurs singly or in clusters *of an angiospermous plant *involved in sexual reproduction by the development of seeds and fruit and due to be less affected by environment it is used in taxonomy By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Flower Structure 1. Essential Parts Principle of sexual reproduction; androecium and gynoecium Monocots Dicots 2. Non-essential Parts The rest of flower parts that don‟t involved in sexual reproduction; calyx, corolla, pedicel, receptacle, nectary disk and bract By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Type of flowers: 1. Complete flower : Including calyx , corolla , androecium and gynoecium. 2. Incomplete flower: Lack any of the calyx , corolla , androecium and gynoecium. 3. Nude flower: lack of calyx and corolla. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  4. Perfect flower: Hermaphrodite/ Bisexual Include androecium and gynoecium. 5. Imperfect flower: Unisexual Lack androecium or gynoecium. 6. Staminate (male) flower : Include only androecium as reproductive structure. 7. Pistillate (female) flower : Include only gynoecium as reproductive structure. 8. Neutral flower : sterile Lack androecium and gynoecium. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 9. Monoclinous plant: Carry only bisexual flowers 10. Monoecious plant: Carry staminate and pistillate flowers separately. 11. Dioecious plant: Carry flowers with only one sex; androecium or gynoecium, but never both. 12. Trimonoecious plant: Polygamous Carry male, female, and perfect flowers 13. Dichogamous plant: having sexes developing at different times. This promotes outcrossing by limiting self-pollination By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Monospric 8 - nuclei method Modified after: of Embryo-sac formation By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Quiz Time!! Student name: I- Answer the following sentences with (Yes) or (No): 1- Mosses are vascular plants ( ) 2- Ferns have vascular cambium ( ) 3- Single fertilization occurs in angiosperms ( ) 4- The endosperm is haploid in gymnosperms ( ) 5- Imperfect flower lack of androecium and gynoecium ( ) 6- Nude flower lack of calyx and corolla ( ) 7- Seeds are fertilized ovary ( ) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents II- Choose the correct answer: 1- The dominant stage of mosses contains....................... A. antheridia B. archegonia C. antheridia or archegonia D. capsule 2- In flowering plant, ovule consists of....................... A. egg and synergid cells B. antipodal cells C. polar nuclei D. all of the aforementioned By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 3- In flowering plants, embryo sac consists of....................... A. 7 cells and 8 nuclei B. 7 cells and 9 nuclei C. 8 cells and 8 nuclei D. 8 cells and 9 nuclei 4- Plant which carries male, female, and perfect flowers is...................... A. monoecious B. dioecious C. monoclinous D. polygamous By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  General Biology (103 ABT) Part (3): Principles of Plant Taxonomy Lecture (2) cont. AGENDA Plant Applications (Case studies) I. Agar – agar (Algae) II. Peat moss (Bryophyta - Mosses) III. Azola (Pteridophyta - Ferns) Modified after: By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  I. Agar – agar (Algae) Definition: (100 $/kg powder) A polymer (Linear galactan polysaccharides) made up of subunits of the sugar galactose of the cell walls of several species of red algae harvested in eastern Asia, California, Morroco and Iberia comprised of the two different compounds: * Agarose comprise the less ionic fractions of agar, which is firmly gelling and make up the majority of agar-agar (in gene mapping – 25000 $/kg) * Agaropectin is a weakly gelling charged polymer contains same sugar molecules as agarose in addition to ester sulfate, pyruvic acid, and D-glucuronic acid side groups. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Uses: (start 350 years ago in Japan)  culture medium (usually at final concentration of 1-2% )  thickening for soups and sauces  in jellies, desserts and dairy products (ice cream, etc.)  Textile and beverages  in cosmetics and seaweed baths By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Common Types of Agar-agar : (16) 1. Purified Agar * 2. Nutrient Agar * 3. LB (Luria Bertani) Agar * 4. Miller's LB Agar * 5. Tryptic Soy Agar * * Is the best for students‟ studies By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Sources: Rhodophyta (Red Alga) a seaweeds group of red-purple marine algae (agarophytes): For agars, Gelidium (the preferred source), while Gracilaria (the mainly used) Gracilaria Pterocladia Acanthopeltis Ahnfeltia By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents *For top 7 cultivated seaweeds, the main producing countries are China, Indonesia and the Philippines, which cultivated 7, 6 and 4 seaweed species, respectively. (FAO, 2014, 2016) * Macroalgae produce a small biomass fraction with below 30 ×106 fresh weight tonnes (96% aquaculture) with average market value of 400$/ton dry weight, While 16×1011 tonnes from terrestrial crops, grasses and forests. So, especially mariculture must be increased by 14% (6% now) to fulfill the gap. * Over-harvesting of Gelidium spp. in Japan and Morocco and Gracilaria in chile has diminished their beds. So, we need to adopt culture insteed of capture. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  II. Peat moss (Bryophyta - Mosses) Modified after: European terms "mire" and "moor“ had the same meaning By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Mainly (most spp.) are found in the northern hemisphere, covering about 2% of the land on earth. About two-thirds wetlands of the world's are peat. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Peat moss is just dead Sphagnum moss * Sphagnum moss: is the live moss growing on top of a peat bog (2-12 cm/year) * sphagnum peat moss / sphagnum peat: is the slowly decaying matter underneath (0.5-1 mm/year) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Leaves-like Had hyaline cells; large, clear, dead at maturity, have large water-holding capacity Stems-like By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Plants and high quality peat just beneath the surface can hold 16–26 times as much water as their dry weight, and be more effective and value. (‘everybody everyday eats peat’) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents * The moss inhibits the growth of microbes and reduces the need for chlorine in swimming pools By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  III. Azolla (Pteridophyta - Ferns)  mosquito fern - duckweed fern - water fern - fairy moss  Genus (established in 1783 by Lamarck) has (7) species.  Of free-floating aquatic ferns.  In quiet waters, ponds, ditches, canals and paddy/rice fields.  In tropical and warm temperate regions.  It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days.  They are monoecious plants.  Reproduces sexually, and asexually by splitting  Considered of family Salvinaceae or Azollaceae By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Historically: For centuries (1500 years ago) used as green manure for wetland rice in central and southern China to northern Vietnam. Only after the oil crisis in the 1970s the research and use of this type of association has been intensified because of the price increase of the chemical fertilizers. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents The symbiotic system Azolla - Anabaena azollae complex is known to contribute 40-60 kg N/ha per season and increases the rice crop yield between 5-25% By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  The Azolla-Anabaena association is unique because there is no other symbiotic relationship in which a cyanobacterium and plant pass down together during reproduction from generation to generation. Azolla and Anabaena have not been separated for almost a hundred million of years, and Azolla leaf structure has evolved to provide an environment that is ideal for Anabaena. A few other plants have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, but the relationship has to be renewed each generation; it is broken after the plant dies and new cyanobacteria must re-colonize the plants in order to continue the relationship. By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Azolla (left) and its endosymbiont Anabaena (right) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Azolla’s leaves: occur alternately in two rows along each side of the plant‟s stem. Each leaf has: very thin no chlorophylous submerged lower (ventral) lobe thick, greenish/reddish chlorophylous aerial upper (dorsal) lobe containing a cavity. The cavity: is formed by part of the leaf epidermis folding inwards opens to the external environment through a pore that is surrounded by two cell layers. enclosing Anabaena By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  In season 1985, Azolla escaped field trials in Egypt and invaded Delta. The uncontrolled growth of it form a thick mat that put in risk the fish life present in those ecosystems and turn into a mechanical obstruction of irrigation and drainage of the canals By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Azolla event: 1. From 55 million years ago there was a greenhouse effect on the earth 2. North pole was hot tropical in climate and ice was melt 3. massive patches of Azolla growing on the freshwater surface of the Arctic ocean 4. consumed enough CO2 from the atmosphere for the global greenhouse effect to decline 5. eventually causing the formation of ice sheets in poles 6. and the current "ice house period“ which we are still in By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents  Quiz Time!! Student name: I- Answer the following sentences with (Yes) or (No): 1- Agarophytes are brown algae ( ) 2- Gelidium is considered the preferred source for agars ( ) 3- Agar is a polymer of subunits of the cell walls sugar ( ) 4- Peat moss is dead Sphagnum ( ) 5- Retort cells exist in Sphagnum stems-like ( ) 6- Hyaline cells have low water-holding capacity ( ) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents 7- Both Peat moss and Azolla have symbiosis with Anabaena ( ) 8- The Azolla - Anabaena association is unique because the relationship has to be renewed each generation ( ) 9- Azolla event reduced earth temperature causing the formation of ice sheet in poles ( ) By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents II- Choose the correct answer: 1- Agar – agar is a mixture of ………….… A. galactose and glucose B. agaropectin and agarose C. ester sulfate and pyruvic acid D. cellulose and hemicellulose 2- Anabaena inhabits the cavity of …….... lobe in Azolla leaf A. dorsal B. ventral C. right sided D. left sided By: Dr. Khalid S. Emara Text Main page contents Text Main page contents