TRISHUL Organic Chemistry (NEET/JEE) - PDF

1 त्रश ल ू Pep Sir Special TRISHUL( Short notes for revision ) NEET/ JEE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Hindi Medium) PHYSICSW...

1 त्रश ल ू Pep Sir Special TRISHUL( Short notes for revision ) NEET/ JEE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Hindi Medium) PHYSICSWALLAH 2  1 vk/kkjHkwr oxhZdj.k ,oa ukedj.k Basics, Classification and Nomenclature vk/kkjHkwr  tSo’kfDr fl)kUr (VFT) ( cftZfy;l) (Vital force theory (VFT) (Berzilius): tSo'kfDr(vital force) dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA oksyj us dkcZfud ;kSfxd ;wfj;k dk la'ys’k.k vdkcZfud ;kSfxd veksfu;e lk;usV ls djds VFT dks [kkfjt dj fn;kA  NH4CNO ⎯⎯ → NH2CONH2 ,sflfVd vEy (dksYcs, 1845) esFksu (cFkZyksV, 1856)  dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dk fu:i.k (Representation of organic molecules): H H O H O H C C C C O C C H O H H H H H vkca/k &js[kk la:i.k foo`r lajpukRed lw= (खुला सूत्र) O C6H10O2 CH3 CH2 CH CH O C CH3 vkf.od lw= la?kfur lajpuk  dkcZfud v.kqvksa esa ca/ku laca/kh igyw(Bonding aspects in organic molecules)   rFkk  ca/k:  A – A A = A A  A   ladj.k: - f=foe la[;k(SN) =  + p (LFkkuhd`r) (;fn lajpuk nh gks)  ,dkdh ;qXeksa dh la[;k: vFkok 1 f=foe la[;k(SN) = [V + M  C] (;fn vkf.od lw= fn;k gks) G15 G16 G17 2 lp=1 lp=2 lp=3 N O F Cl 2→ sp P S 3→ sp2 As Sc Br 4 → sp 3 5 → sp d 3 Sb Te I Bi Po At sp/L  lp  lp   2  ;kSfxdksa dh fMxzh (Degree of Compounds) (i) dkcZu dh fMxzh% fn;s x;s dkcZu ls lh/ks rkSj ls caf/kr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;kA (ii) gkbMªkstu dh fMxzh: ml dkcZu dh fMxzh ds cjkcj ftlls gkbMªkstu tqM+k gSA (iii) ,sYdksgkWy dh fMxzh: ml dkcZu dh fMxzh ds cjkcj ftlls – OH tqM+k gksA (iv) ,sfYdy gSykbM+ dh fMxzh: ml dkcZu dh fMxzh ds cjkcj ftlls gSykstu (–X) tqM+k gksA (v) ,sehu dh fMxzh: ukbVªkstu ls izR;{k :i ls caf/kr dkcZu dh ijek.kq la[;k ds cjkcj (vi) vlaRk`Irrk dh dksfV(DU): (a) ;fn lajpuk nh gks ; DU = π ca/k + oy; (b) ;fn vkf.od lw= fn;k gks ; DU = 2C + 2 + N – H – X 2  fØ;kRed lewg(Functional group) ijek.kq ;k ijek.kqvksa dk lewg tks dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa ds vfHkYkk{kf.kd jklk;fud xq.kksa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA Ø-l- fØ;kRed lewg lajpuk 1. dkcksZfDlfyd vEy (– COOH) O C OH 2. lYQksfud vEy (–SO3H) O S OH O 3. vEy ,UkgkbMªkbM (–COOCO–) C O C O O 4. vEy DyksjkbM+ (–COCl) C Cl O 5. ,LVj (–COOR) C OR O 6. ,sekbM (–CON ( C N O 7. ukbVªkby(–CN) —C  N 8. vkblksaukbVªkby(– NC) N C 9. ,sfYMgkbM (–CHO) C H O 10. dhVksu (–CO–) C O 11. ,sYdksgkWy(–OH) – O–H 12. Fkk;ks,sYdksgkWy (–SH) –S – H 13. ,sehu (– N –) N 14. ukbVªk(s –NO2) O N O 15. ukbVªkls ks (–NO) –N = O 16. gSykstu(–X) –X 17. bZFkj (– O –) – O– 18. Fkk;ksbZFkj (–S–) – S– 19. ,sYdhu / ,sYdkbu ( C C) C C ) C C C C 20. ,sjksesfVd OH N cst a hu QhukWy ,sfuyhu  3  ltkrh; Js.kh(Homologous Series) → dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa ds lewg dh ,slh Js.kh ftlesa ,d fof'k’V fØ;kRed lewg gks rFkk – CH2 bdkbZ dk varj gksA → latkrh; Js.kh ds lnL;ksa dks ltkr (homologous) dgrs gSA fØ;kRed lewg leku lkekU; lw= ltkr esa fojpu dh lkekU; fof/k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k fHkUu&fHkUu vkf.od lw= HkkSfrd xq.k ;kSfxdksa ds fofHkUu oxZ vkSj muds lkekU; lw= (Different class of compounds and their general formula) Ø-l- ;kSfxd dk oxZ lkekU; lw= 1. ,sYdsu CnH2n+2 2. ,sYdhu CnH2n 3. ,Ydkbu CnH2n–2 4. ,sYdksgkWy /bZFkj CnH2n+2O (,sYdsukWy) 5. ,sfYMgkbM/dhVksu CnH2nO (,sYdsuy)/ (,sYdsukWu) 6. dkcksZfDlfyd vEy /,LVj CnH2nO2 7. gSyks,Ys dsUl CnH2n+1X 8. ,sehu CnH2n+3N 9. ,sekbM CnH2n+1NO 10. ukbVªk,s sYdsu CnH2n+1NO2  dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dk oxhZdj.k ( Classification of organic compounds) dkcZfud ;kSfxd pØh; vpØh; @ foo`r J`a[kyk pØh; dksbZ can lajpuk mifLFkr ugah ,sfylkbfDyd ,sjkseSfVd ¼pØh; ysfdu ¼pØh;] iw.kZ vuquknh] ,sjkseSfVd ugha½ gdy fu;e dh ikyuk½ Ex ; CH4 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3CH3 CH3 (1). CH3CH2OH NH CH3 CH3 COOH (2). cst a hu us¶Fksyhu VkWywbu o – tk;yhu es lhVhyhu (3). O NH O S - lkbDyksisUVk N ik;jkWy ¶;wjkWu Fkk;ksQhu fifjM+hu Mkb,fuy _.kk;u lepØh;(dkcksZlkbfDyd) : oy; esa lHkh ijek.kq dkcZu gksrs gSA fo’ke pØh; : oy; esa fo’ke ijek.kq (N\O\S) mifLFkr gksrk gSA csUthukW;M : lajpuk es csthu oy; mifLFkr gksrh gS vcsaUthukW;M : csathu oy; vuqifLFkr gksrh gS  4 lkekU; ukedj.k (Common naming)  ,sYdsUl o blds ewyd(Alkanes & its radicals) (1) CH4 (2) CH3 –CH3 (3) CH3–CH3–CH3 Methane Ethane Propane CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3 (4) CH3 n – Butane Isobutane CH3 (5) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH3 n – Pantane Isopentane Neopentane Alkane ⎯⎯→ –H Alkyl (,Ydus) ( ,fYdy ) ⎯⎯⎯ → Alkylidene/ Alkylene –2H (,YdhyhMhu) (,Ydhyhu)  CH4 H – CH3 Methane Methyl  CH3 CH3 –H CH2 CH3 Ethane Ethyl –2H CH2 –2H CH2 CH2 CH3 CH Methylidene Ethylidene Ethylene –H  CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH Propane n - Propyl CH3 Isopropyl CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH CH2 Propylidene Propylene CH3 CH CH3  CH3 CH 2 CH2 CH3 n - Butane CH3 Isobutane -H -H -H -H CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH 2 CH3 CH2 CH CH 3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 C n-Butyl Sec - Butyl CH3 CH3 Isobutyl t - Butyl CH3  CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 n - Pentane CH3 C CH3 CH3 –H CH3 –H Isopentane Neopentane CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 –H –H n - Pentyl –H CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 C CH2 Sec - Pentyl (active) Isopentyl CH3 t-Pentyl CH3 Neopentyl  5  ,sYdhUl o blds ewyd(Alkenes & its radicals) 1. CH2 CH2 ,fFkyhu 2. CH3 CH CH2 izkfs iyhu 3. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 -C;wfVyhu 4. CH3 CH CH CH3 -C;wfVyhu 5. CH3 C CH2 vkblksC;wfVyhu CH3 Alkene ⎯⎯→ –H Alkenyl ,Ysdhu ,Ysdhuhy CH2 = CH2 ⎯⎯ –H → CH2 = CH ,Fkhu ,fFkuhy / foukby –H CH3 CH CH Propenyl CH3 CH CH2 –H 2-Propenyl Propene CH2 CH CH2 (Allyl)  ,sydkbZu o blds ewyd (Alkynes & its radicals) 2. CH3 C CH 3. CH3 C C CH3 4. CH3 CH2 C CH 1. HC  CH Acetylene Methylacetylene Dimethylacetylene Ethylacetylene Alkyne ⎯⎯ –H → Alkynyl CH  CH ⎯⎯→ –H CH  C – Ethyne Ethynyl –H CH3 C C Propynyl CH3 C CH Propyne –H CH2 C CH 2- Propynyl (Propargyl)  ,sjhu¼,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu½ vkSj blds ewyd(Arenes (aromatic hydrocarbons) and its radicals) CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 Benzene Toluene o–Xylene Mesitylene Naphthalene Anthracene Arene ⎯⎯ –H → Aryl  6 –H cst a hu Qsfuy ¼Qhu½ CH2 CH C CH3 cst a hu cst a y cst a ks VkWybw u CH3 CH3 CH3 o – VkWfyy m – VkWfyy p – VkWfyy fØ;kREkd lewgksa okys ;kSfxdksa dk lkekU; ukedj.k (COMMON NAMING OF COMPOUNDS HAVING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS) lkekU; uke iz.kkyh - I iz.kkyh - II ‘C’ ijek.kqvksa fØ;kRed lewg gkbMªksdkcZu + fØ;kRed lewg ij vk/kkfjr + ij vk/kkfjr ewyd dk uke iwoZyXu vuqyXu COOH ic acid X Halide C1 Form QkWeZ COOR ate OH Alcohol C2 Acet ,slhV COCl oyl halide SH Thiol C3 Propion izksfivkWu CON amide O Ether C4 Butyr C;wVk;j (n/ vkblkss) COCOO ic anhydride S Thioether C5 Valer osyj(n/ vkblks@fuvks) CN onitrile N Amine NC oisonitrile C Ketone (C C C Acryl ) O (C C C C Croton ) CHO aldehyde CN Cyanide NC Isocyanide  7 IUPAC ukedj.k C N N Jà[kyk p;u Øekadu uke (Chain selection) (Numbering) (Naming) F.G > M.B > sub > ‘C’ atoms FG > M.B > sub 2°P + 1°P + :< 'kCn + 1°S + 2°S ( izfrLFkkid) (lkbDyks) C1 → esFk ,su ¼fØ;kRed lewg C2 → ,Fk bZu dk vuqyXu½ R ,sfYdy (Alkyl) vksbd vEy (oic acid) C6H5 Qsfuy (Phenyl) C3 →izksi vkbu COOH dkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy (carboxylic acid) NO2 UkkbVªks (Nitro) SO3H lYQksfud vEy (sulphonic acid) vks,sV (oate) NO UkkbVªkslks (Nitroso) COOR dkcksfZ DlysV (carboxylate) C10 → Msd X gSyks (Halo) COX vkW;y gSykbM (oyl halide) dkcksfZ uy gSykbM+ (carbonyl halide) OR ,sYdkWDlh (Alkoxy) ,sekbM+ (amide) CON dkcksDZ lsekbM (carboxamide) OH gkbMªkWDLkh (Hydroxy) UkkbVªkby (nitrile) CN dkcksuZ kbVªkby (carbonitrile) CH2OH gkbMªkWDlh esfFky (Hydroxy Methyl) ,y (al) CHO dkcsZfYM+gkbM (carbaldehyde) CO vkWu (one) OH vkWy (ol) SH Fkk;ksy (thiol) N ,sehu (amine)  8 fØ;kRed lewg lkj.kh (Functional Group Table) Ø-Lk- fØ;kRed lewg iwoZyXu (Prefix) vuqyXu (Suffix) (Functional Group) 1. Carboxylic Acid (– COOH) Carboxy oic acid (C) ✓ carboxylic acid (C)  2. Sulphonic acid (–SO3H) Sulpho sulphonic acid 3. Acid anhydride (–COOCO–) – oic anhydride (C) ✓ carboxylic anhydride (C)  4. Ester (–COOR) Alkoxy carbonyl (PCC – C) oate (C) ✓ Alkanoyl oxy (PCC – O) carboxylate (C)  5. Acid halide (–COX) Halocarbonyl oyl halide (C) ✓ carbonyl halide (C)  6. Amide Carbonyl (PCC – C) amide (C) ✓ Alkanoyl amino (PCC – N) carboxamide (C)  7. Cyanide (–CN) Cyano nitrile (C) ✓ carbonitrile (C)  8. Isocyanide (–NC) Isocyano isonitrile 9. Aldehyde (–CHO) Oxo (C) ✓ al (C) ✓ Formyl (C)  carbaldehyde (C)  10. Ketone (–CO–) Oxo/keto one 11. Alcohol (–OH) Hydroxy ol 12. Thioalcohol (–SH) Mercapto thiol 13. Amine ( – N – ) Amino amine |  9 leko;ork(Isomerism) leko;ork (Isomerism): nks ;k nks vf/kd ;kSfxd ftuds v.kqlw= leku gksrs gS] fdUrq xq.k fHkUu gksrs gSA leko;ork lajpukRed leko;ork (Structural Isomerism) f=foe leko;ork (Stereoisomerism) ¼leku v.kq lw=] fdarq fHkUu lajpuk½ ¼ijek.kqvksa ds vkca/ku dk Øe rks leku jgrk gS ijarq muds v.kqvksa eas ijek.kqvksa vFkok lewgks dh f=foe fLFkfr;k¡ fHkUUk jgrh gSA½ J`a[kyk] leko;ork fLFkfr leko;ork T;kferh; leko;ork fØ;kRed leko;ork & RCI izdk 'kh; leko;ork e/;ko;ork pyko;ork  ljapukRed leko;rk(Structural Isomerism) (1) J`a[kyk leko;ork: leku v.kq lw= ijarq fHkUu dkcZu 1) n = dkbZjy ijek.kq dkbjy v.kq ¼lfØ;½ DOG DEO POS  Double bond Odd COS  POS  POS Double bond Even f}ca/k fo’ke T;kferh; leko;ork f}ca/k le POS  COS  Optically active COS  Geometrically active  izdk'kh; leko;ork vdkbjy v.kq COS   ¼vlfØ;½  vdkbjy v.kq dkbjy v.kq vdkbjy v.kq ¼vlfØ;½ ¼lfØ;½ ¼vlfØ;½ Ikzdk'kh; leko;oh;ksa ds chp laca/k(Relationship between optical isomers) 1. izfrfcac:ih(Enantiomer): fdlh ;kSfxd ds vu–v/;kjksfir niZ.k izfrfcac:ihA izfrfcac:Ikh;ksa ds HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud xq.k/keZ leku gksrs gS rFkk HkkSfrd fof/k;ksa }kjk i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrs gSA gkyk¡fd bUgsa fo'ks’k rduhdksa }kjk fo;ksftr ¼i`FkDd½ fd;k tk ldrk gSA izfrfcac:ih;ksa dk leeksyj feJ.k jslsfed feJ.k ckâ; izfrdkj ds dkj.k izdkf'kd vlfØ; 2. foofje leko;oh(Diastereomers):f=foeleko;oh tks ,d nwljs ds niZ.k izfrfcac ugha gksrs gS foofje:ih dgyrs gSaA buds HkkSfrd xq.k/keZ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gS blfy, HkkSfrd fof/k;ksa tSls vklou bR;kfn }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3. eslks ;kSfxd(Meso compound):cgqy dkbjy dsUnz okyk ;kSfxd ftlesa vkarfjd lefefr (POS ;k COS) gksus ds dkj.k ;g vkarfjd izfrdkj ds dkj.k izdkf'kd vlfØ; ¼/kzqo.k v/kw.kZd½ gksrk gSA S R II R I/II → izfrfcac:ih R R I/III → fofoje leko;oh S I/IV → fofoje leko;oh III I S S IV  13 f=foeleko;oh;ksa dh la[;k (GI dh la[;k ;k OI dh la[;k ;k GI + O.I dh la[;k ) vlefer v.kq lefer v.kq N = 2n n → le n → fo’ke n → f=foe dsUnzks dh la[;k ( dkbjy dsUnzks ;k T;kferh dsUnzks dh al[;k½ n–2 n–1 N = 2n–1 + 2 2 N = 2n–1 + 2 2 (GI dh la[;k½ (OI ;k GI dh la[;k½ N = 2n–1 (OI dh la[;k ;k GI + OI dh la[;k ;fn dkbjy dsUnz e/; esa gkss½ n–2 2 N = 2n – 2 (GI + OI dh la[;k ;fn e/; esa T;kferh dsUnz gks½ la:i.k leko;ork (Conformational Isomerism): C – C ca/k ds pkjksa vksj eqDr ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k mRiUUk gksus okyh fofHkUu f=foe O;oLFkkvksa dks la:i.kh; leko;oh ;k l a a:i.k ;k ?kw.khZ dgk tkrk gSA mnk% ,Fksu ds la:i.k(Conformation of ethane) H H H H H fo’keyh; H [vU; dksbZ la:i.k] H H H H H fod` fr lkarfjr xzflr ejksM+h f=foe gkbMªkstu gkbMªkstu ,d nwljs fod`fr fod`fr ,d nwljs ds ftruk djhc gks nks lehiLFk ca/kks nks lehiLFk Hkkjh ls vf/kdre lds mRkus djhc gS ds chp izfrd’kZ.k lewgksa ds chp nwjh ij gSaA izfrd’kZ.k LFkkf;Ro : lkarfjr > fo’keryh; > xzflr   U;wUkRke vf/kdre ejksM+h fod`fr ejksM+h fod`fr n-C;wVsu ds l:ai.k(Conformation of n-butane) CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 H CH 3 H H H CH3 > > ¼LFkk;hRo Øe½ H H H H H CH3 H H H H H H CH3 H ,sUVh xkW'k vkaf'kd xzflr iw.kZ xzflr xkW’k izHkko(Gauche effect): H–vkca/ku ;k vk;fud vkd’kZ.k ds dkj.k xkW'k :i dk ,aVh :Ik ls vf/kd LFkk;hRo xkW'k izHkko dgykrk gSA xkW'k ÁHkko fuEu v.kqvksa esa ns[kk tkrk gS& CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 | CH2 CH2 | | | | | , |+ | | , – OH OH F COO NH3 OH Ethyl ene 2–Fluoroethanol Zwitter ion of glyco l 3- amino propanoic acid  14 lkekU; dkcZfud jlk;u GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (GOC) bysDVªkWu foLFkkiu izHkko (Electron displacement effect) ijek.kq/izfrLFkkfir lewg ds izHkko ;k vkØe.kdkjh vfHkdeZd dh mifLFkfr esa bysDVªkWuksa dk foLFkkiu bysDVªkWu foLFkkiu izHkko dgykrk gSA  Ikzsjf.kd izHkko(Inductive effect): lehiLFk ca/k ds /kzqo.k ds dkj.k ca/k dk /kqzohdj.k Ásj.khd ÁHkko dgykrk gSA ;g nwjh ij fuHkZj djrk gS rFkk oS|qr_.kkRedrk esa varj ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA izsjf.kd izHkko (I – izHkko) /kUkkRed izsjf.kd izHkko _.kkRed izsjf.kd izHkko (+ I – izHkko ) (–I – izHkko) bysDVªkWu nkrk lewg }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS bysDVªkWu viu;d lewgksa }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA – – – – –CH2 > –NH > –O > COO > – 3°R > –2° R > –1° R > – H   –NR3 > –NH3 > –NO2 > – CN > –SO2R > –COOH > – CHO > –CO– > –F > –Cl > –Br > –I > – OR > – OH > –C CH > – NH2 > —Ph> CH CH2 > –H  izsjf.kd izHkko ds vuqiz;ksx(Application of inductive effect) +I (1) dkcZ/kuk;u dk LFkkf;Ro(C)/eqDr ewyd dk LFkkf;Ro(C )  {kkjh; lkeF;Z  –I –I () dkcZ_.kk;u dk LFkkf;Ro@ vEyh; lkeF;Z  +I  15  vuqukn(Resonance) Tkc ,dy yqbl lajpuk fdlh v.kq dk lVhd o.kZu ugh adj ldrh gS] rks leku ÅtkZ] leku ukfHkd dh fLFkfr] leku bysDVªkWu ;qXeksa dh okyh dbZ lajpukvksa ls ftUgsa vuquknh (dsUkksfudy) lajpuk,sa dgrs gSa] }kjk okLrfod v.kq (vuqukn ladj) of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS  vuqukn ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ fcaUnq → vuqukn v.kq dks LFkk;h djrk gS D;ksafd vuqukn ladj dh ÅtkZ fdlh ,dy dsuksfudy lajpuk dh ÅtkZ dh rqyuk es de gksrh gS → vuqukn ca/k vfHkYk{k.kksa dks vkSlrhdj.k djrk gS  vuqukn Lak;qXeu ds fy, ifjfLFkfr(Condition for resonance /conjugation)  – + (2) – CH2 CH NH2 CH2 CH NH2 CH2 CH NH2    + + (3) – CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2  – – (4) – CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2   (5) – CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2   + + (6)  CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH  vuquknh lajpukvksa dk LFkkf;Ro(Stability of resonating structures) (I) vukosf'kr > vkosf'kr (vkos'k i`FkDdj.k) (II) iw.kZ v’Vd >viw.kZ v’Vd (III) ca/kks dh vf/kd la[;k >ca/kks dh de la[;k (IV) vf/kd EN ijek.kq ij –ve vkos'k > de EN ijek.kq ij –ve vkos'k (v) vleku vkos'kksa ds e/; de nwjh ( – )  vleku vkos'kksa ds e/; vf/kd nwjh (  – ) (VI) ;fn mijksDr esa ls dksbZ fu;e dk;Z ugha djrk gS rks vU; bysDVªkWu foLFkkiu izHkko dk iz;ksx dhft, TkSls izsjf.kd izHkko] ,sjkseSfVdrk vkfn  16  vuqukn izHkko ;k eslksesfjd izHkko(Resonance effect or mesomeric effect): vuqukn ds dkj.k v.kq esa mRiUu /kzqo.krk vuqukn izHkko ;k eslksesfjd dgykrh gSA vuqukn ÁHkko fuEu nks ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mRiUu gksrk gS& Ex. (i) nks - ca/kks dh vU;ksU; fØ;k  –  + – C C X Y C C C C || ||| C C X Y | | || || | | | | –M (ii)  ca/k rFkk ,dkdh ;qXe dh vU;ksU; fØ;k. –  – + C C G C C G || ||| C C G | | || | | +M eslksesfjd izHkko ;k vuqukn izHkko /kUkkRed eslksesfjd izHkko (+ M) _.kkRed eslksesfjd izHkko (– M) (– G ( (– X = Y) – NH2 > –NHCOR > – OH > – OCOR > – X – NO2 > –CN > – SO 2R > CHO............  ,sjkseSfVd ukWu&,sjkseSfVd rFkk ,aVh,sjkseSfVd ;kSfxd% ,sjkseSfVd ;kSfxd ,aVh,sjkseSfVd ;kSfxd ukWu&,sjkseSfVd ;kSfxd → pØh; – pØh; → iw.kZ vuqukn → iw.kZ vuqukn → 4n + 2 =  e– → 4n = e– lHkh ;kSfxd tks u rks ,sjkseSfVd gS (n = 0,1,2,3…….) (n = 0,1,2,3,4…….) uk gah ,aVh,sjkseSfVd ;k ;k  e–;qXeksa dh fo’ke la[;k  e– ;qXeksa dh le la[;k vuqukn ÅtkZ: lokZf/kd LFkk;h vuquknh lajpuk rFkk vuqukn ladj ds chp ÅtkZ varj dks vuqukn ÅtkZ dgk tkrk gSA vuqukn ÅtkZ = vf/kdre LFkk;h vuquknh lajpuk dh ÅtkZ & vuqukn ladj dh ÅtkZ vuqukn ÅtkZ  vuqukn ds xq.k rFkk ek=k Note: lkekU; ÅtkZ LFkkf;Ro ds O;wDrØekuqikrh gksrh gS tcfd vuqukn ÅtkZ LFkkf;Ro ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA  17  vfrla;qXeu(Hyperconjugation) → C – H ca/k ds  bysDVªkWuksa dk fudVorhZ p – d{kd esa fOkLFkkuhdj.k vfrla;qXeu dgyrk gSA. → vfrla;qXeu ds fy, 'krZsa – H HS2 HS3..........  C C H H Csp Csp 3 2 C C C HS2 HS3........... H C C HS2 HS3........... No⋅ of H. S. = No⋅ of α H + 1 (nh xbZ lajpuk lfgr) No⋅ of H.S. = No. of α-H (nh xbZ lajpuk ds vfrfjDr) dkcZu/kuk;u /dkcZu eqDr ewyd/ ,sYdhu dk LFkkf;Ro  α-H dhla[;k  bysDVªkWesfjd izHkko(Electromeric effect) →,d vkØe.kdkjh vfHkdeZd dh ek¡x ij cgqca/k ds π bysDVªkWuksa dk fdlh ,d ijek.kq ij iw.kZ LFkkukUrj.kA →tc vkØe.kdkjh vfHkdeZd gVk;k tk;s rks ;g izHkko [kRe gks tkrk gSA E– izHkko + E– izHkko – E– izHkko cgqca/k ds  e– ml ijek.kq cgqca/k ds  e– ml ijek.kq dh vksj dh vksj LFkkUrUrfjr gksrs gS] LFkkukUrfjr gksrs gS] ftl ij ftl ij vfHkdeZd caf/kr vkØe.kdkjh vfHkdeZd caf/kr gksrk gSA ugha gksrk gSA  – – | | | | | | C C + CN C C | | || | | | | + | C C + H CH C || | | | | | | CN  18 # M – izHkko o H–izHkko esVk&fLFkfr ij dk;Zjr ugha gksrk gSA  bysDVªkWu foLFkkiu izHkko ds vuqiz;ksx(Application of electron displacement effect): +M | +H | +I 1. dkcZ/kuk;u dk LFkkf;Ro  –M | –H | –I dkcZ/kuk;u ds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe : +I ,sjkseSfVd > u`R;dkjh vuqukn > vuqukn >  −H  −I (Dancing resonance) +M | +H | +I 2. dkcZu eqDr ewyd dk LFkkf;Ro  –M | –H | –I +I dkcZu eqDr ewyd ds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe: vuqukn >  – H > –I –M | –H | –I 3. dkcZ_.kk;u dk LFkkf;Ro  +M | +H | +I –I dkcZ_.kk;u ds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe: ,sjkseSfVd > Csp > vuqukn > +I  19 −M | −H | −I 4. vEyh; lkeF;Z  l;qaXeh {kkj (_.kk;u) dk LFkkf;Ro  +M | +H | +I vEyh; lkeF;Z dk Øe: - H > H2 > NH3 5. {kkjh; lkeF;Z  e– ?kUkRo  +M | +H | +I   –M | –H | –I  {kkjh; lkeF;Z dk Øe: 6. gkbMªkstuhdj.k dh Å"ek(HOH): (lkekU;r; ,sYdhu / ,sYdkbuksa ds fy,) HOH   - ca/kks dh la[;k 1  LFkkf;Ro 7. ngu Å"ek (HOC): HOC  ‘C’ (ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k)  1 vpØh;  “kk[ku LFkkf;Ro pØh;  oy; vkdkj 8. ca/k yEckbZ ij bysDVªkWu foLFkkiu izHkkoksa ds izHkko (Effect of electron displacement effects on bond length) foLFkkuhdj.k (vuqukn rFkk vfrla;qXeu) B.L. B.L.  20 pyko;ork Tautomerism lajpukRed leko;oh tks gkbMªkstu ds vfHkxeu ds dkj.k rhoz xfrd lkE; esa fo|eku gksrs gS pyko;oh dgykrs gSA ;g ifj?kVuk pyko;ork dgykrh gSA Ex: CH3 CHO CH2 CH OH dhVks – bZukWy leko;ork : H O OH (i) C C C C dhVks bZukWy H O OH (ii) C C C C C C C C dhVks bZukWy  bZukWy ek=k (Enol Content) lkekU;rk dhVks :Ik bZukWy :Ik ls vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS blfy, lkE; ij vf/kd ek=k esa gksrk gSA viokn: bZukWy rc vf/kd ek=k esa vFkok eq[; ?kVd ds :Ik esa mifLFkr gksxk tc mlesa ,SjksesfVdrk ;k H– vkca/ku mifLFkr gksA ,sjksEkSfVdrk bZukWy dh ek=k  bZukWy dk LFkkf;Ro H–ca/ku →H OH (1) O (bZukWy) y% OH x > y >z x% (dhVks&:i) (bZukWy ) z% O O O O O O (2) < < Ph H H CH3 CH3 Ph O O : II > I > III (3) O O O I II III  21 vfHkfØ;k fØ;kfof/k ds ewyHkwr fcUnq (Basics of reaction mechanism) fdlh vfHkfØ;k esa bysDVª‚uksa dk lapyu rFkk vkca/k&fonyu vkSj vkca/k&fuekZ.k ds le; dh vkSftZdh rFkk mRikn cuus ds le; dh foLr`r tkudkjh vkSj Øec) v/;;u ml vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k dgykrh gS ,d lkekU; dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k fuEu izdkj ls of.kZr gSa: dkcZfud v.kq vkØe.kdkjh [e/;orhZ [ mRikn vfHkdeZd ¼fØ;k/kkj½ miksRikn Cak/k fonyu : leka’k fonyu: R X R +X  fo’;ka’k fonyu: R X R+X e/;ofrZ;ksa ds izdkj:( Types of intermediates) dkcZ/kuk;u dkcZu eqDr ewyd dkcZ_.kk;u  C C C → 6e– (e–U;wu) →7e– (e–U;wu) →sp2 / f=dks.kh; leryh; →sp2 / f=dks.kh; leryh; →8e– (e–le`))) →izfrpqEcdh; →vuqpqEcdh; →sp3 / fijkfeMh; →izfrPkqEcdh; foyk;d% og inkFkZ tks vfHkdkjdksa dks ?kksyrk gS rFkk vfHkfØ;k dks ek/;e iznku djrk gSA foyk;d v/kzqoh; foyk;d v/kzqoh; foyk;d ( = 0) (  0) n - gsDlsu /kzqoh; izkWfVd foyk;d (PPS)+ /kzqoh; vizkWfVd foyk;d (PAS) (/kzqoh; izksVkWu j[krk gS  –H) (/kzqoh; izksVkWu ugh j[krk gS½ VkWywbZu O + ,slhVksu (CH3 C CH3 ( csUthu HO – H + O CCl4 RO – H DMSO S CS2 + RCOO– H (CH 3 CH3 ( CH3 DMF (O N ) CH3 ,sflVksUkkbVªkbZy CH3CN bZFkj (R – O – R)  vkØe.kdkjh vfHkdeZd (bysDVªkWujkxh rFkk ukfHkdjkxh):(Attacking reagent (Electrophiles and Nucleophiles)  22  bysDVªkWujkxh : bysDVªkWu U;wu iztkfr;k¡ tks bysDVªkWu /kuh dsUnzks ij vkØe.k djrh gSA Ex:  – +   + – + – + – C O, C N , Br Br , R X Cl+ ,Br+ , I+, H+ ,CH3+ /kzqoh; v.kqvksa esa /kUkkRed (e– U;wu ) dsUnz] bysDVªkWujkxh dsUnz dh rjg O;ogkj dj ldrk gS izkV s kWuhdj.k ;k EWG bysDVªkWujkfxrk dks c Cl2> Br2> I2 CH4 + Cl CH3 + HCl (vR;kf/kd ean) lapj.k CH3 + Cl2 CH3Cl + Cl gkbMªkstu%csaftfyd >,sfyfyd> 3º > 2º > 1º CH3 + CH3 CH3–CH3 (vk;ksMhuhdj.k HIO3;k HNO3 tSls Cl + Cl Cl – Cl lekiu vkWDlhdkjdksa dh mifLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gS) CH3 + Cl CH3 – Cl 2.1.1.2. 2. ngu: → vf/kd ek=k esa Å"ek fudyus ds dkj.k  3n + 1  ,sYdsuksa dks bZa/ku ds :i esa dke esa ysrs Cn H 2n + 2 +   O2 ⎯⎯ → nCO 2 + (n + 1)H 2 O + Å"ek  2  gSaA Ex.: CH4 + 2O2 ⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O + Å’ek → viw.kZ ngu ds nkSjku fufeZr dkyk dTty C2H6 + 3.5O2⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O + Å’ek dk mi;ksx L;kgh dkys o.kZd rFkk iwjdksa ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA viw.kZ ngu % CH4 + O2(limited) ⎯→ C + H2O dkcZu dTty 3. fu;af=r vkWDlhdj.k: → fu;af=r vkWDlhdj.k ok;q dh fu;fEkr vkiwfrZ Cu/523 K dh mifLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gSA CH3OH CH4 + O2 esFksukWy → KMnO4 ds lkFk vkWDLkhdj.k rHkh laHko gS (i) Mo2O3 HCHO tc ,sYdsu esa r`rh;d gkbMªkstu gksrk gSaA  esFksuSy (CH3COO)2Mn (ii) CH3–CH3 + O2 CH3COOH Δ KMnO4 (iii) (CH3)3CH (CH3)3COH Δ 4. leko;ohdj.k: Anh.AlCl3+ HCl n– ,sYdsUl “kkaf[kr ,sYdsu (C  4) Ex.: Anh.AlCl3 + HCl CH3 –CH2–CH2–CH3 CH3–CH––CH3 n- C;wVsu CH3 2- esfFky izksisu CH3– CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 An.AlCl3+HCl n– gsDlsu CH3–CH–CH2–CH2–CH3 CH3–CH2–CH–CH2–CH3 CH3 CH3 3- esfFkyisUVsu  24 5. ,sjkseVhdj.k: → bl vfHkfØ;k esa iz;qDr mRizsjd Cr2 O3 /V2 O5/Mo2O3 (Cr2O3/V2O5/MO2O3) ,Y;wfeuk ij vk/kkfjr n-,sYdsUl ,sjkseSfVd Δ (C  6) gkbMªksdkcZu gksrk gSaA Cr 2O3 → bl vfHkfØ;k dks iqulZHakou Hkh dgk tkrk CH3–(CH2 )4 –CH3 Δ gSA n-gsDlsu cst a hu CH3 Cr 2O3 CH3–(CH2 )5 –CH3 Δ VkWywbu 6. Hkki ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k%& → bl vfHkfØ;k dk mi;ksx gkbMªkstu xSl ds CH4 + H2 O Ni CO + H2 vkS|ksfxd fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Δ flu xSl 7. rki vi?kVu: → bls Hkatu ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS  mPprj ,sYdsu ⎯⎯ → fuEurj ,sYdsu → bldk mi;ksx isVªkd s sfedy m|ksx esa Ex.: fd;k tkrk gSA C12 H26 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Pt /Pd/ Ni  → C7 H16 + C5 H10 + vU; mRikn MkM s sdu s  25 2.,sYdhu (Alkenes) 1. bysDVªkWujkxh ;ksxt vfHkfØ;k (EAR) → e/;orhZ : dkcZu/kuk;u (iqufoZU;kluh;½ (i) gkbMªksgSykstuu (HX dk ;ksx) → ,sYdhu dh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk  dkcZ/kuk;u dk LFkkf;Ro R–CH=CH2 + HX R–CH–CH3 + R–CH2–CH2–X → HX dh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk : HI > HBr > HCl X → eq[; mRikn ds fuekZ.k dks ekdksZuhdkQ fu;e e/;orhZ fØ;kfof/k: }kjk of.kZr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa crk;k tkrk gS fd ,Msue ¼vfHkdeZd½ dk _.kkRed Hkkx ml dkcZu ijek.kq ls tqM+rk gS ftlesa gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh de la[;k gksrh gSA CH3 –CH=CH2 + H X CH3 –CH–CH3 H-ijek.kqvksa dh H-ijek.kqvksa dh X de la[;k vf/kd la[;k (ii) gsykstuu (gSykstu dk ;ksx) → e/;orhZ pØh; gSyksfu;e vk;u X C C + X2 Solvent C–C– → czkes hu foy;u dk yky&Hkwjs jax dk fojatu Alkene Halogen X vlar`fIr dh mifLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSaA Vic-dihalide fØ;kfof/k: → f=foejlk;u (Stereochemistry): izfr ;ksx + − X (Anti-addition)   X C=C + X–X C–C C–C– X X pØh; gSyksfu;e vk;u Ex: CCl4 CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2–CH2 Ethene Bromine Br Br (Red-Brown) Ethylene bromide (Colorless) (iii) ty;kstu (Addition of H2O) → vfHkdeZd % ty + lkaUnz H2SO4 dh dqN H2O/H+ cwna s CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH CH3 ;k ,sYdhu OH ruq H2SO4;k H+/H2O ;k H3O+ ,sYdksgkWy ;fn BaMk lkUnz H2SO4 dk ;ksx fd;k tk,- → vfHkfØ;k ekdksZuhdkWQ ;ksxt fu;e dk CH3 − CH = CH 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ cold conc. H 2SO4 → CH3 − CH − CH3 ikyu djrh gSA | OSO3H (iv) gkbMªkscksjhdj.k – vkWDlhdj.k (HBO) → dqy ifj.kke ,aVh ekdksZuhdkWQ fu;e ds lkFk BH3 ,sYdhu ij ty dk ;ksx gSA 3CH3–CH=CH2 (CH3CH2–CH2)3B – H2O2/OH → bl vfHkfØ;k esa ,sYdksgkWy vPNh yfC/k esa CH3–CH2–CH2–OH izkIr gksrh gSaA 2. eqDr ewyd ;ksxt vfHkfØ;k(FRAR) (ijkWDlkbM izHkko ;k [kjk”k izHkko) HBr CH3–CH=CH2 CH3–CH2–CH2–Br (C6H5–COO)2  26 fØ;kfof/k: → ;g /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd HCl rFkk HI pj.k-(i) ds ;ksx esa ijkWDlkbM izHkko ugh ns[kk tkrk O O O gSA ;g bl rF; ds dkj.k gks ldrk gS fd levi?kVu C6H5 –C–O–O–C–C6H5 2C6 H5 –C–O H–Br ca/k (430.5 kJ mol–1)dh rqyuk esa H- cst a kW;y ijkWDlkbM –2CO2 Cl ca/k (363.7 kJ mol–1) vf/kd izCky gksrk gS C6 H5 eqDr ewyd }kjk fonfyr ugha gksrk gS tcfd pj.k -(ii) H–I ca/k gk¡ykfd nqcZy (296.8 kJ mol-1) rks gS levi?kVu ijUrq vk;ksMhu eqDr ewyd f}ca/k ij tqM+us C6H5 + H–Br C6H5 + Br pj.k -(iii) ds txg vkil esa la;kssftr gksdj vk;ksMhu HBr v.kq cukrs gSA CH3–CH–CH 2 CH3–CH–CH 3 Br Br Br de LFkk;h 1º ewyd vYi mRikn CH3–CH=CH2 HBr CH3 –CH–CH2–Br CH3–CH2 –CH2 –Br vf/kdLFkk;h 2º ewyd eq[; mRikn 3. vip;u¼mRizsjdh; gkbMªkstu½ → lw{e foHkkftr /kkrqvksa tSls Pt, Pd rFkk Ni dk C=C + H2 Pt/Pd/Ni C–C mi;ksx mRizsjd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSaA ,sYdhu H H ,sYdsu → ;sa /kkrq H2 dk vf/k'kks’k.k djrh gS rFkk Ex: H–H ca/k dks lfØ; dj nsrh gSA (1) CH 2 = CH 2 ⎯⎯ H2 → CH3 − CH3 Pt → 'Ni' ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ds fy, rqyukRed :i (2) CH3 − CH = CH 2 ⎯⎯ H2 Pd → CH3 − CH 2 − CH3 ls mPp rki rFkk nkc dh vko';drk gksrh (3) CH3 − CH = CH − CH3 ⎯⎯⎯ → CH3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH3 H2 Ni/  gSA 4. vkWDlhdj.k: → ruq KMnO4 ds gYds xqykch jax ds (i) ruq B.M+s KMnO4 }kjk (cs;j vfHkdeZd½ fojatuhdj.k dk mi;ksx valar`fIr ds ijh{k.k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSaA C=C + dil. KMnO 4 C––C ,sYdhu gYdk xqykch OH OH fol&MkbvkW fol&MkbvkWy ;y ¼ja¼jaxxghu½ ghu½ (ii) vEyh; KMnO4;k vEyh; K2Cr2O7}kjk → QkWfeZd vEy (HCOOH) lnSo vkWDLkhdkjh fLFkfr;ksa ds varxZr CO2 vkSj H2O esa ifjofrZr + R R KMnO4/H R R gks tkrk gSA C=C C=O + O = C R R R OH + KMnO4/H (1) CH3–CH=CH2 CH3–COOH + CO2 + H2O + (2) CH3 − CH = CH − CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ KMnO4 /H 2CH3 − COOH + KMnO4/H (3) CH3–C=CH–CH3 CH3–C=O + CH3COOH CH3 CH3  27 5. vkstksuh vi?kVu: → ;g vfHkfØ;k ,sYdhu ;k vU; vlar`Ir (i) O3 ;kSfxdksa esa f}ca/k dh fLFkfr dk irk yxkus esa C=C C=O + O = C (ii) Zn–H2O vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSA fØ;kfof/k: O O3 Zn– H2 O C=C C—C C=O + O=C ,sYdhu O—O dkcksfZ uy vkstksukbM ;kSfxd Ex: (1) (i) O3 CH2=CH2 2CH2=O (ii) Zn–H2O (i) O3 (2) CH3–CH=CH2 CH3–CHO + CH2O (ii) Zn–H2O 6. cgqydu: → LDP jklk;fud :i ls vfØ;] n` 2ºR–X > 1ºR–X  34 Ex: (1) Alc. KOH CH3–CH2–Br CH2=CH2 Δ Alc. KOH CH3–CH2–CH–CH3 CH3–CH=CH–CH3 Δ Major Br + CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 Minor Br Alc. KOH Δ Major Minor 3. /kkrqvksa ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k,sa: → oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k lefer ,YdsUl ¼leku (a) lksfM;e ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k la[;k esa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa okys ,YdsUl½ (oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k) ds la'ys’k.k ds fy, lhfer gSA oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k dk mi;ksx vlefer ,YdsUl ds 2R − X + 2Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Dryether → 2R − R + 2NaX fojpu ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS [R −X + 2Na + X – R] D;ksafd ;fn nks vleku ,Ydkby gSykbM dks vfHkdkjd ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gS] rks ,YdsUl dk feJ.k mRiknksa ds :i esa çkIr gksrk gS (b) eSXuhf’k;e ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k: → xzhXU;kj vfHkfØ;k dkCkZu eSXuhf'k;e ca/k (fxzU;kj vfHkfØ;k) lagla;kstd gksrk gS ysfdu vR;kf/kd /kzqoh; gksrk gS vkSj eSXuhf'k;e gSykstu ca/k vfuok;Z Dry ether :i ls vk;fud gksrk gSA R–X + Mg R–MgX R—MgX ,sfYdy eSXuhf'k;e gSykbM Highly polar covolent bond Ionic bond ¼xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd½  35 6. xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd(Grignard reagent (R–MgX)) 1. vEy & {kkj vfHkfØ;k ¼xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd }kjk H–fu’dklu½: → xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd vR;kf/kd vfHkfØ;k'khy + − gksrs gS vkSj izkVs kWu ds fdlh Hkh L=ksr ds lkFk R − MgX+ H − Z ⎯⎯ → R − H + Mg(Z)X vfHkfØ;k djds gkbMªksdkcZu fufeZr djrs gSA xzhU;kj vEyh; gkbMªkd s kcZu vfHkded Z ;kSfxd → blfy, xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd dks ueh ds ys'k Ex. CH3 − MgBr + H − OH ⎯⎯ → CH4 ek= ls Hkh cpk dj j[kuk vko';d gSA CH3 − CH 2 MgBr + CH3OH ⎯⎯ → CH3CH3 PhMgBr + CH3 NH 2 ⎯⎯ → Ph − H 2. G.R. }kjk ukfHkdLusgh ÁfrLFkkiu  36 7. ,sfjy gSykbM ¼gSyks,sjhu½(Aryl halides (Haloarenes)) 1. ukkfHkdjkxh izfRkLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,sa (NSR):– → fuEu ds dkj.k ,sfjy gSykbM NSR ds izfr X csgn de vfHkfØ;k'khy gksrs gSa %& Nu (i) vuqukn ds dkj.k f}ca/k xq.k XdksbZ vfHkfØ;k ugha (ii) C–X ca/k esa dkCkZu ijek.kq ds ladj.k dk lk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr lk/kkj.k fLFkfr gSyks,sjhu sp2 gksuk (iii) Qsfuy /kuk;u dk vLFkkf;Ro X Nu (iv) vkØe.kdkjh ukfHkdjkxh dks gSyks,jhu Nu dk izfrd’kZ.k High temp, High press. → o/p fLFkfr ij EWG dh mifLFkfr ls gSyks,sjhu mRikn gSyks,sjhuksa dh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk c 2ºR–OH > 3ºR–OH Ph − OH+ Na ⎯⎯ → PhONa + H 2 QhukWy lkfsM;e lksfM;e fQukWDlkbM → ukbVªkfs QukWyks dk vEyh; lkeF;Z P>O>M>S 2. ,LVjhdj.k % → + R/Ar–OH + R'COOH H R/ArOCOR' + H2 O dkcksZfDlfyd vEy rFkk vEy ,ugkbMªkbM ds ,sYdksgkWy@QhukWy dkcksfZ Dlfyd ,LVj lkFk vfHkfØ;k lkanz lY¶;wfjd vEy dh vEy FkksM+h ek=k dh mifLFkfr esa dh tkrh gS tcfd H+ vEy DyksjkbM+ ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ik;jhMhu R / Ar − OH + (R 'CO) 2 O R / Ar OCOR '+ R 'COOH , YsdkgskWy @QhukWy vEy ,ugkbMªkbM ,LVj {kkj dh mifLFkfr esa dh tkrh gS rkfd Py vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku fufeZr gksus okys HCl R/Ar–OH + R'COCl R/ArOCOR' + HCl dks mnklhu fd;k tk ldsA ;g lkE; dks Alcohol/Phenol Acid Ester chloride nka;h vksj LFkkukarfjr dj nsrk gSA COOH COOH → ,fLifju esa ihM+kgkjh, lwtujks/kh vkSj OCOCH3 Tojuk'k;d xq.k gksrs gSaA (CH3CO)2O + H B Salicylic acid Benzoic acid Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) 3. gSykstu ;qDr ;kSfxd ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k% → HX ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k'khyrk dk Øe% R − OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → R − Cl PCl3 / PCl5 /SOCl2 / HCl HI > HBr > HCl PCl3 CH3–CH2–Cl + H3PO3 → laknz HCl + fuTkZy ZnCl2 dks Y;wdkl Red P + Br2 vfHkdeZd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA CH3–CH2–Br + H3PO3 PCl5 → ,sYdksgkWy Y;wdkl vfHkdeZd esa ?kqyu'khy CH3–CH2–OH CH3–CH2–Cl + POCl3 + HCl gksrs gS tcfd muds gSykbM v?kqyu'khy gksrs SOCl2 CH3–CH2–Cl + SO2  + HCl  gS vkSj foy;u esa /kqa/kykiu mRiUu djrs gSaA Darzen process 1º ,YsdkgskWy ⎯⎯⎯ L.R. → dkbsZ /kqa/kykiu ugha ¼dejs ds rki ij½ HCl 2º ,YsdksgkWy ⎯⎯⎯ L.R. → /kaq /kykiu ¼dN q feuV i'pkr ~ ½ ZnCl2 CH3–CH2–Cl + H2O + HCl  3º ,YsdkgskWy ⎯⎯⎯ L.R. → rqjr a /kaq /kykiu 4. futZyhdj.k % futZyhdkjd –C–C– –C=C– + H2 O → f}v.kqd futZyu dsoy izkFkfed ,fYdy Conc. H 2 SO4 /Conc. H 3 PO4 H OH /An. ZnCl /Al O 2 2 3 lewg okys bZFkjkssa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mi;qDr gSaA (i) Conc. H2SO4 CH3–CH2 –O–CH2 –CH3 CH3–CH2 –OH 413 K ¼f}vkf.od fuTkZyfutZ bZFkj ¼f}vkf.od u½ yu½ → ,dyvkf.od futZyu ds fy, & (ii) Conc. H2SO4 CH2 =CH2 futZyu dh nh ¼lqxerk½  dkcZ/kuk;u (C+) 443 K ¼,dy vkf.od ,Ydhu futZyu½ dk LFkkf;Ro ¼,dy vkf.od futZyu½ 3ºR–OH > 2ºR–OH > 1ºR–OH  38 5. vkWDlhdj.k % [O] R–CHO → ean vkWDLkhdkjd: ean R–CH2 –OH (i) CrO3 1º ,sYdksg kWy [O] (ii) PCC (fifjMhfu;e DyksjksØksesV) R–COOH (iii) Cu/ izcy [O] R–CH–R R–C–R → izCky vkWDlhdkjd ean@izcy OH O (i) K2Cr2O7 2º ,sYdksgkWy dhVksu (ii) KMnO4 (iii) CrO3 + H2SO4 + ,slhVksu CH3 (tkWu vfHkdeZd) [O] CH 3–C–OH dksbZ vkWDlhdj.k ugha CH3 CH2 3º ,sYdk sgkWy Cu/Δ CH3 –C ¼foyksiu½ CH3  39 9. QhukWy (Phenol) 1. bysDVªkWujkxh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,sa (ESR): → —OH lewg +M çHkko n'kkZrk gS blfy, o/p OH OH OH OH funsZ'kh rFkk lfØ;dkjh ço`fÙk dk gksrk gSA – –   e E E