Hydrocarbon Notes PDF - JEE/NEET

# Hydrocarbon ## Topper's Notes ## JEE|NEET ### Alkane * enpitolim yd (mmat ton poob in * Method of preparation top ment ton saab shodio usat * elortogte eradlost of mrot Un A * Grignard Reagent : mirot the pooh zenosin Inminarmyeou -S R-X + Mg 8+ R←←←←← Mgx Base ether GHD Hoy High polar bond 9...

# Hydrocarbon ## Topper's Notes ## JEE|NEET ### Alkane * enpitolim yd (mmat ton poob in * Method of preparation top ment ton saab shodio usat * elortogte eradlost of mrot Un A * Grignard Reagent : mirot the pooh zenosin Inminarmyeou -S R-X + Mg 8+ R←←←←← Mgx Base ether GHD Hoy High polar bond 9adtpo Nudeophile obona (Dominating nature) HO → souborg RMgX (GR) واو aiaplartbola endia 1000 S10 Acidic XOSH -O-H H-5- (H2SO4, } COOH Active etc -C≡CH Hydrogens -CECHNIA ejaulorbalo 10 Acidic condition + RMgXRH + etc. sbodtoo 115 1 ↓ React stoots with strong Electrolysis method (Kolbe's electrolysis):mua muicentorBase RCOOH + KOH JRokoilyxodio) to moitolyxodossA 0 но-о-я -5-я - Potassium salt of carboxylic acid. 010-5-Я -5-я Anodelyxoding to follo HOR R-CO-OR-CHOP+ePantol 0 C-0 lose of e oxidation → ERISPICOR НЯ R-RF amil pbre+ RR-R↑ Alkane. 9ΠΟΧΙΑ НОДИ • Cathode silyxoduso Reduction bibA २H+ + २९० H2↑ + KOH Нори + оно-2-9 Opp < Cathode gas H2↑ Ho Anodese CO2↑ R-RT gas. → 0 R-C-BK + H2O electrolysising (R-R17 100249 H2 #CKDH 292093096 rodsos fo.on ### Limitations * CH4 does not form by electrolysis. * tertiary alkane does not form gets converted to Alkene * Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne all form by kolbe's electrolysis. * Unsymmetrical alkanes does not form it produces mixture of products. ### Alkene HOOD CH2COOK 519 -sibba CH2COOK electrolysis → CH2 вы хля +2 2- briller co21 + H2 + KOH CH2 Anode. Siidgasson cathode. १८०४ Bartonimoa) avto H-0- H-2- eneporalkyne:=- CH COOK electrolysis CH X CH topa 11 grrorte chico CHCOOR (3) L cathode. SpPotassium Fumarate ylorbals are Aode) bottam ajaylorto919 ### Decarboxylation of carboxylic acid salt : HOX + нооря 0 R-C-OH NaOH carboxylic abortos. Acid отвивая HOXSHO Θας + HS R-C-ONa + NaOH ↑ SH dop ←←←sbodt bios dörxodros to R-C-ONa the muizantoq - Sodium salt, I of carboxylic acid. Potassium salta cao 19-972000, <CO2 DitoNaOH → -००-००-१ noitobixa de to sa이 RH to: N92003 NaOH + Cao Alkane Я-ЯЯ +Soda lime. ANOVIA 1 Note: Removal of co₂ gasi in presence of soda lime. No. of carbon decreases. ### Wurtz Reaction. R-X + 2Na + R-X 1 ) Joion pailing Dry hamar-R + 2NaX. → fou ether bandi o triog pattным Solvent Dry ether (No water because it react with Na) Mech: Na Na+ +Θολω : tning gnition 1+0) <Note: CH4 does not R' + x 1-3 A form by wurtz R+ RR-R↑ Alkane 2+0 > method. R-I R-Br >OR-CI > R-F ### Limitations. alusalom antaq-mono ai 900A ① tertiary alkane does not form gets converted to alkene. (2 • Unsymmetrical alkanes does not form it produces mixture of products. + symmetrical forms (even no. - mitoxiepolott 0 of cartón atoms). ### Corey House method) (9) *x+x vit X-X ΧΗ Χ εικό← 'X + PHO → (ЯпоЈ) looiRex strli + CuI+ XEHDR₂Culi + EHD SXEHO Gilman'sHO E.HI-EHD Reagent: E11D (gate avitonimret) { (1) отвоя 9947 R2Culi + CH3X SN2 → R-CH3 + LiX + CUX2 Alkane. : bom :roitscopolodoroM ansand alooibor 9987 aldizzag in: tana bilad 1N4Pro7BgAionogearras at dapbysical properties of alkane: M Dominating nature. C1-C4 Gast SI<£ra < 05+ Gin-ptiLiquid? : этой AH + bold moms C17 Wax solid. 9V-- HA (simrentaxe vidit) ### Boiling & M.wt * (chain ek jaisi i ho} * Boiling point & (M.wt constant) * Branch (M.wt same) ### Melting Point & Branch * Reason: packing efficiency increases. * Melting point: Cn Cn+1 * Where n = even nouok * Carbon atam in * Cn Cn+3 * x+ * 19-9 * ←alkane. ### Chemical properties * Alkane is a non-polat molecule. * c-Hishas a non-polar covalent bond. ### Halogenation * hv * CH94X2 CH3X + CH2X2)+@CHX3-+CX4t3mmpa * hv X-X hv x* + x' (Initiation step) H Free Radical (R) Dabav CH4 + X → CH3 x HX CH3 + ix-x→ CH3X +x CHOXID→ CH3X2 CH3 СН3: CH3CH3-CH3 x + xis + Ено-Я Monohalogenation: } 1 (Propagation step) Free Radical (Land R) (Termination step) Free Radical (L) XSHO + iся Concept: all possible Free radicals banana. Major || Most "stable Free 'vadibal ke corresponding Form alkyl halide * Reactivity f2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 * carbon black + HF * AH = -ve * (Highly exothermic) * Bum compound. ### Cl2 * Cl2 is more reactive than Br₂, But Br2 is more selective than Cl2. ### Isomerism - Branch increase karna. AICI3 / HCI → - Isopentane. plava usttumie trend d br600k/15 atm Pentane (onitonimile watcmian ) mitonimile -13 ### Aromatisation B-CH=CH tarit elperd d - 1104 -BA Al203/Cr203 High temp → muitomodicand Pressure. int book १८०१ ४००१ Benzene. do mapan099 CH3 sidual mrot brun Al203/Cr203 → σπυωοισοπας πουλημε Heptane (mitonimile Towenerib - do :mitibnos ### HAlkene K-CH - CHS-BG. P book re (8) • HOX ### Method of preparation * vielimination reaction * bas trafremoval of atoms / groups in presence of Reagent / Heat. * odt no potuso zmrot * asloerd R CH2-CH2-OH * : quorio priusel * Hit1969YR-(CH ELCHAR supot of forebnat -H20 ### Mech * R-CH CH2 >>>>> Br > SHU- H B-Hydrogen OH ге alc. → of readouf R-CH=CH2 + KBY + H2O E-CI-BA-HOXI - @rooq leaving group.o Θ ני DH-래_ 10.s quorg sit now00: KOH K+ + OH soensooni porabist B- elimination. 10's ४००१ ٢٠٠٠ 6.8. ### E2-elimination * (Bimolecular elimination) * RCH-CH2- Bralc. * R-CH=CH2 * Condition: * Good L'₁ * a * кон * Strong Base * H ### Ei - elimination * ( Unimolecular elimination) * RCH=CH2 * condition: * Good L.₁ * Br alc. * KOH * Poor Base. * ervees A bar carbocation * b breaks first * Rearrangement. * then a breaks * and form double bond. ### E, Cb - eliminatión * (Unimolecular conjugate Base elimination) * condition: * Poor LG. * R-CH * Br alc. * KOH * Strong Base. * a * R-CH(CH2 * mitops@mitr Carbanion mitoungerg to bortom * toot / frapper jo songsong characters \anots ja breaks fisrt and * Leaving Group: * Tendency to leave group in presence of Reagent. * OSH- * 110-SHD-SHO-b1 * Tendency of LG of stability of 4.Gions : M * OSH +81 + SH110-9 * F- <CI-BY-HAI-↓ * -NH2<-PH2 * Good L. GRIVAS Poor Good * e.g. * Poor L.G * OH-SH * POOY * LOG * LG * 110 * L.Gpoporbyt-& * Good+Note: Down the group L.GG. * L.G.noitorimils- & tendency increases. ### Note * 2: Neutral molecules are good L-G- * Best LG. N2, H2O. ### Ez-Elimination * R-CH-CH2-Bralo. * H * BDA * OгаКон * → * R-CH=CH2 + KBY + H20. ### Note * Major products in elimination, * E2 elimination → more subs products. (saytzeff products) * Eico elimination → less subs products (Hoffman products) * In presence of Bulky Base → less subs. Formed as a major products. * In case of Resonance also less subs. products formed as a Major product (Resonance stable products). ### Stereochemistry of E2-Elimination * Anti - elimination or opposite elimination or trans elimination. * Anti elimination + max substituted products. ### Elimination of Ammonium salt in presence of Base : * CH3-CH2H * CH3 * Θ * 애 * CH2=CH2 * NCH3 * CH3 * Always form less substituted alkene. ### E, elimination * Dehydration of alcohol in presence of oxo-acid. * Acid- oxo-acid H2SO4 * Cconc 18+ НОЯ * H3PO4 * H3AsO4. * H2SO4→ H+ + HSO4 * PODY Base naimio ai atsuborg roof carbocation * (Note) exchange hogane prom * (stoyborg nomto4H) atouborg edua. * -phenyl ← moithaimile รวเ * yp an bomrot =-methylacoal sens pollua o osassarg nI: Ston * atouborg rojom ### Ring Expansion * atsuborg edua zeal adn eзлостовая fo 9400 * Condition: (atsuborg olds. Convert: 0299) touborg rojom * Ring-CH * 4015) - prxdaimorbosseta * moitonimilslzaort ra moitonisil 6790 so noitoninile - itra * atsuborg baguioxom + noitoaimile itna ### Note * 20=COH dehydration inahi hoga moitonimile 110 * Rate of Dehydration & stability of carbocations - CHO ### Chemical properties of Alkene and Alkyne: * enosilo batutitadua azal miot suola: ston * Electrophilic Addition Reaction. * C=C + EORDS Yog * RD.SC * ← * min T-complex * டு * 6 * ↓ * sp2hybridisation * Rate of Reaction & Electron density of Alkene or Stability of carbocation * Concept :ixassicYE M-1Abbo * Nuillet * fast * Talk.kMn04 * 0504 * ozmolysis * Addition of HBY: * CH3CH=CH2+il Ht * CH3-CH-CH * Br * CH3-CH * BY * Note: Only shifting when * stability increases * Resonance Formation. * Note: Reactivity of HX: * HI HBY > HCI > HF * most acidic. * Addition of HBr in presence of peroxide: * CH3-CH = CH2 * HBY * H202 * Anti-M.R. * CH3-CH-CH2 * H * BY * CH3-CH-CH2 * Br * H * -veless * subs.c-bond! * -ve more subs * c-band. * (only HBr add Anti-M.R in the presence of peroxide)ana) * HI * HCI * HF * Does not Follow Anti M.R. * Alkyne: CH3-C = CHO HBY-CH3 * HBA * Addition of H20/H * XOH * Acid * HXCc * ΘηΝ-Χ * 0.8.4 * oxo-acid=c * H20-Nu * doitopades H2SO4 * tranlegnorrosstH3PO4 - HD - SHO * Addition of Br2 : * CH3-CH=CH2 BY2 * → * CH3-CH * BY * BY * Br2/Naci * CH3-CH * + * CH-CH2 * BY * BYэтой * CH3-CH-CH3 + CH3 * 1 * CH3-CH-CH2.001mol 5000Y BY * Anti addition or: don * trans addition * posodilo to utilidote sa ptivitopsi * BY2/H2O * HX: * HOBY * ← * → * T * CH3-CH-CH2 + CH3- * 1 * By: ofoll * to ptivibrosby: * 1 * CH3-CH-CH2 * ↑ * aibao taom * HCHO HBA HCI > HE * + * + * -CH-CH * + * BY CL * + * CH-CH2 * OH * Addition of water: * Carbocation Forms) * H+/H2O * carbocation does not Form * H.BOA.M.R * O.M.D.MM.R * No Rearrangement. * Rearrangement. * (subixo sentพจ) * H+/H2O * CH3-CH2-C-CH3 * ← * (@5) * +B2H6/THF * CH3-CH-CH=CH2 - * H202/NaOH * CH3 * (3.alcohol) * CH3-CH-CH-CH2 * + * H * + * H * HOOD * HOOD * CH3 * HBO * (AMR) * CH3 * 20 * + * (@5) * Hg (OAC)2/H2O * → * →→→CH3-C-COOH * 0110-9@NaBH4/NaOH * CO.M.D.M * (MOR) * + * HO * CH3-CH-C≡CH * CH3 * Pronto-ato (3) * aldo (CH3(c-c- * OH * enol << keto. * (1'alcohol) * -CH- * CH3-CH * + * + * HOCH3OH * HD-D20CH3-CH-C = CH2 * #H+/H2O (05) * + * CH3 OH * CH3 * (2'alcohol) * CH3-CH-C-CH * 11 * CH3 * : senolaformswton sibibaketo * 0 * (A.M.R) CH3-CH-C = CH2 CH3-CH-CH2-CH * + * CH3 * 0 * H.B.O * + * H * + * OH * keto * # * 0 * 4 * mitosi * (MR) * ← * enol form * CH3-CH=CH2 CH3-CH * bsolutood at bottide dlupa) O.M.D.MUCH390H109 + 90CH₃ * 0 * -C-CH3 * (mortogrib * Ozonolysis: * Presence of * Reducing * agent (zn) * Absence of * Reducing * agent * (zn) * CH2=CH-CH=CH2 * SHCHO + * CHO * 2HCOOH + * 03 * COOH * 1 * (Я.МА) * HBO * 03 * (uz) * → * 2HCHO + CHO * ① * OSH/s(200) PHO * (WIE) * 03 * CHO. * 18 CH3C-CHO * M.0-7.00 * CH3 * CH3-C-COOH * + * OH * COOH * H30 * 11 * CH3-CH-C-C * + * 80 HS-CH-C=CH * HO SHO * Acidic nature of Alkyne: * CH3-C-CH * (2n) cli\+HD. * 0 * 2013 - HD-SHO * * (E-N)→x of s-chara * Θ * --((EN)) stable. * -SO-PR-C≡CH RECEIC (HTA) * ↓ * sphybridisation (stable) * 11 * εο * HO * H * ala * ワン mirot long * 0-8-1 * Alkyne + H₂O (Water) * (Nolimisation. * 2 * Alkyne + Weakbase * HOON 'EHN * 0 * HO * otex >> long * No Rxn. (Equlb shifted, in backward direction). * Note: 02, NH2, * Θ * R * → strong base * (RMgX) * (RLI) * Θ * ④ * E * R-C≡CH + NaNH2 * R-C≡C Na + NH3 * Concept: * R-C≡C-H * ↓ * Hocmora-и * (eldotenu) * → * Very Weak active Hydrogen * Electrophilic Addition Reaction * xalqmos-T * 9 * strong base strong organo- * Col Metal * >OHO * metallic * Reaction with Metalbba * @azhaingman sitomy: afrcompounds. * R-C≡CH + Na → R-C≡CONa + H2↑ idon * fb se bavogmas sitomova-mu jo mitomo? et oud : manag * Test for alkyne which have active hydrogen: (R-C=C-H) * Tollen's Reagent: Ammonical AgNO3 soln or [Ag(NH3)2] OH * Fehling solution: Ammonical, aicha solution. * R-C≡CH * F * TOR * JR-C = CHIAgarthol * White ppt * sucolor fau * jod odorad * ← * ↓R-C = C- Cu * bit Note: Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne * does not show * T-R and F.S * Baia Eisisaga jo pred or orange ppt.& A. * aliligortsela fo atpaerte yo * Oxidation of Alkene and Alkyne ai quarp semob mitroe * ptivitone 92093096 * ① Ozonolysis * pair Bra * 1% alkali KMnO4 soln or Bo * 3 * 0504 * - quorp pricwarbettios norbals * or Baeyer's Reagent * Hilcisi diol 300- * 1- * C * C * ハ * G * quang pritarajo-bao-o * HG * 애 * 19 * مله * Note: only one TT. band * break and form * cis-diol. ### Note * stereochemistry * Same - Same (mesopra) * SNM + Opposite Racemic mixturen + ново-Я ### Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction: * neporbytt svibe xo * E * + * - onoga paromaticosod pronta * sillotem * (stable) * T-complex * ↑ * H * E * Non-Aromatic * (Unstable) * sbrwogNote: Aromatic compounds & Addition Reaction * nahi show krte hain?-201 + * Reason: Due to Formation of * Θ * HO * НОВО-Я * Non- Aromatic compound or due * (H-to loss of Aromaticity? suard bides anysius rot tasī * [(ени) ра] * E * + * matic * worda ton 2906 * A * ro loa soupa Losinomma * R-Distuloa * ← * ← * H * ba Nuillet * fast * ← * 9 * E * E * Electrophile) * = 0-91 * Jaq etids * প্রণ * HD 0-9 * Aromatic * He fast release * 10-33-4 * ho raha hai * Rate of E.A.S & strength of * electron donot group * Electron withdrawing group * -o ca-pi directing group increasies the electron density of benzene ring * - OH * ・OR,-NH2,-NH-R, * Note: Alkyl group also o- and p-directing group * mrot barReason - Due to Hyperconjugation. * leib -فه * CH3 * -CH3-CH2-CH3 > -대 * CH3. * X-Halogens are o- and p- directing but deactivating group. * Reason- due to high inductive effect . * 3 * +M effect power : * NH-R > -NH2 > OH > OR > O-C-H * CH3 * Note: meta-directing group decreases the electron density of the * sastust optinirt - benzene ring (Deactivating group) * (T.M.T) Deactivating group * 0 * having multiple tond functional groups. * -N→O, -C-H, C-R-C-OH * -M power effect : * CEN * -NO2 * → strong-M effect. * Example of E.A.S: * Nitration → * CONC. HNO3 + H250g mitit NO2 * (pria enosasa ai quorp * BY2/Fe OY * Br/Febr3 * → * Br * moitolysa۰۰۹٩ * + * 2-2-lyas to mitibbo) * do-Sulphonation → H2SO4 + H2SO4 $03 * maitomy * Note:d100CH3 * → * ← * Aliphatic chain → * ΕΙΟΙΑ * → Add (HS03) M * : muitolystto benzene.v * Halogenation * + * → * X2/hv * X2/sunlight * 101 * Aromatic chain * Halogenation * X2/Metal; Br2/ревуз * X2/Lewis Acid; Bra/Fe * Cor Br * CH2CL * CH3 * Cl2/hv * (c) * 0 * → * Cl2/FeCl3 * ← * (CI+) * 유 * 4-5-0 * CH3 * 0 * CHC12 * ← * CC13 * 0 * CH3 * сиз оперотон-X5 * メー * a+d * шь - повозя * 0 * 0 * a * +W stet bames: * CH3 * <१० HOSHI- Яни * CH3 * Ο > ΧΕΟΝΗ * → * H2S04 * gctt optisms norb 9 9 29409509 * NO2 * + * CH3 * NO2 * excess * NO2 * → * 0 * StorNO2 * (9)CH3R pritovidasxi) patr 9432,4,6- Trinitro Taulene * zquor lonoitout by Feelgitu * → * BY2 * Brund * + * 0 * quarp pritovitocol(T.N.T) * C * 유 * • H2S04 * → * CH3 * CH3 * 0 * -о-ой- * 0 * 0 * 503H * ИΞΟ * togtle M-prorta * Friedal's Craft Reaction : * FCR- * SO3H * : toatte seasog M- * SON- * 12.A.3 to slamoxe * CH3C1 A1C13 * пэррэя * 0+ * F.C alkylation * (addition of alkylash + EONH * group in Benzene Ring) * PA * F.C. Acylation * 0 * (addition of acyl-C-R * CH3 * → * 0 * mitortin * X * 11 * CH3-C-CI AICI3 * 0+ * AlCl3, * group in Benzene Ring') + pozsH nottomoriglue * @C-CH3. * Friedal craft alkylation: * 12 * dpilajelo * CI B * coitonspolonaiaro sitor Ra * + CH3CL * A1C13 * 0 * moitong palot 300. cristo sito ora * 300°C * 0 * Carbocation Pormation * Rearrangement * takes place. * 99678; b z i w a J s X * Note: Alkylation does not form bulky I' alkane (Brach I alkane) * Friedal Craft Acylation:imme mival crabbits * + * Ηπισούμπα * atalames tot C-R * • No Rearrangement. * 0,000円 * → * 0 * EX: Hен * R-C-cla AICIś mumin * 0 * CH3 * CH3 * C-CH * Zn/нд + но-я * CH2-CH * → * 0 * CH3 * 0 * CH3 * H2 * 0 * Note: * Primary Bulky alkane form by Acylation.x + +9 * @HOFC.R * 6 * 20-9-X-9 * NO2 * No Reaction. * → * вите * 39 * 0 * Өх + ноя о애 * NH2 * SOCH3-011 * 2.0-я * A * Оно + х-я * strong Deactivating group do not show Friedal crafts Reaction. * мінея. adve * 4 * o-ptisoluoelom) * сонорая сиг * х+дон х-я-он ONи + Х-Я * ↑ * 2.T * Охняон гая * В-Х + иде * ШИ-Я * польрэяма * eun * B-X5 * ↓ * (2T) aoitopadam * witanisl * Вя гоя х-я * c) Diger of beaσμού – οι * 이 * ·gote stoibensto * noitopar jo sobro; s=M * 5076 = KCB-X], [и], * εισωσυρατή ιχυ * noitoner gota-1 * stota noitienΟΥΤ * 1 * S * Chemical Banding & * Rated hy * mese conce * Es and ne * 66 * orig * nathic neither cubed for destroyed ducing chenvi * A * Electric field and charges * P * Airaler motion * soll anifeire toud * MATRICES * ---- * []~() * ANGALNA POLELERATICH * pedcle, chenyes by A vs Small * Andagy tetesen bra Киставови, Krematics: * Special Type of Ha * Gmak * オー * ((( * (ve celeme vector) * Chemical Equilibrium * 4. Фени школ ave never go for complution * Fey * Fun * Bu tak nam/ of /umes of fandt * Amphurd propted by whatevesetbed/ * of domestnanom/ssme * descontort/some * daret * buo of multiple p * [gat popata range (one)] [idrange] * Ype of cloverai tending * Taneendila * 240 * Te such with preads The spreadh befi * nove dice (Termard the drawnder wome * expertrental coul * Vertical Hal * INVERSE TROMMETRIC FUNG G * Flbertible if they * Rinapalve * 11 * cumit coming sоединиться * JEE