General Organic Chemistry PDF - Arjuna NEET 2025

CHAPTER 14 General Organic Chemistry Electrophiles are electron deficient species. (B) Stability of free radical E.g. H⊕, R⊕, NO⊕2, X⊕, PCl3, PCl5 (Ph)3C > (Ph)2CH > CH2 = CH – CH2 >...

CHAPTER 14 General Organic Chemistry Electrophiles are electron deficient species. (B) Stability of free radical E.g. H⊕, R⊕, NO⊕2, X⊕, PCl3, PCl5 (Ph)3C > (Ph)2CH > CH2 = CH – CH2 > PhCH2 > (CH3)3C ⊕ (NH4 and H3O⊕ are not electrophile) > (CH3)2CH > CH3CH2 > CH3 Nucleophiles are electron rich species. (C) Stability of carbanion $ $ $.... E.g. Cl$, C H3, OH, RO$,C N, NH3, RO.. H, CH2= CH2, (Ph)3 C > (Ph)2 CH > Ph – CH2 > CH2 = CH – CH2 > CH≡CH CH3 > CH3 CH2 > (CH3)2 CH > (CH3)3 C Relative electron withdrawing order (–I order) ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ Reactivity towards nucleophile (NAR) –NF3 > –NR3 > –NH3 > –NO2 > –CN > –COOH > –X > – (1) HCHO > CH3CHO > (CH3)2CO OR > –OH > –C≡CH > –NH2 > –C6H5 > –CH = CH2 (2) CCl3CHO > CHCl2CHO > CH2ClCHO Relative electron releasing order (+I order)  ™ Reactivity order towards acyl nucleophilic substitution –N H > –O > –COO > 3° alkyl > 2° alkyl > 1° alkyl > reaction –CH3 Acid chloride > anhydride > ester > amide Relative Stability Order ™ Order of electronic effect (A) Stability of carbocation Mesomeric > Hyperconjugation > Inductive effect ⊕ ™ Stability of alkene ∝ no. of a-hydrogen ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ > (Ph)3 C > (Ph)2 C H > Ph – C H2 > CH2 = CH – C H2 R 2 C=CR 2 > R 2 C=CHR > R 2 C=CH 2 > RCH=CHR > trans form ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ RCH=CHR > RCH=CH 2 > CH 2 =CH 2 > (CH3)3 C > (CH3)2 C H > CH3 C H2 > C H3 > CH2 = C H cis form 1 ⊕ ™ Heat of hydrogenation ∝ > CH ≡ C Stability of alkene