Tamilnadu History Class 11th and 12th Maps.pdf
Transcript
www.tntextbooks.in do not skip at any cost for better retention draw flowchart...
www.tntextbooks.in do not skip at any cost for better retention draw flowchart NEOLITHIC CULTURES N W E S Chalingai Burzahom Sarai khola Srinagar Islamabad Gulkaral Excavated Neolithic sites Modern Towns Kile gul mohammad Quetta Mehrgarh Delhi Karachi Chirand Sarutaru Marakdola Gauhati Daojali- Patna hading I N D I A Calcutta Barudih Nagpur Kucha Bhubaneshwar Bombay BAY ARABIAN OF SEA Utnur Nagarjunakonda Kodekal BENGAL Tekkalakoda Maski Terdal Sanganakallu l pgaHallur Palavoy Ku Brahmagiri T.Narshipur Madras Hemmige An da Paiyampalli m an Lakshad weep isla a n d ni c o b a r (I N D I A ) (I N D I A ) i sl a nd s nd s Map not to scale I N D I A N O C E A N Neolithic sites of India The period II at Mehrgarh dates from c. Historic Periods. In this place, people lived in 5500 to 4800 BCE and the period III from 4800 pit houses (about four metres in depth) in order to 3500 BCE. There is evidence for pottery to escape the cold weather. The houses were during these periods. Terracotta figurines and oval in shape, wide at the bottom and narrow glazed faience beads have been found. Evidence on the top. Postholes used for constructing a for ornaments on women has been uncovered. thatched structure were found around the pit Long-distance trade was practiced, as revealed houses. The Neolithic period of Kashmir had by Lapis Lazuli, which is available only in domestic sheep, goat and cultivated plants. Badakshan. The town was abandoned after the The Neolithic people of Burzahom traded with rise of mature phase of the Indus Civilisation. the people of the Harappan Civilisation. They The Neolithic Culture of Kashmir used handmade pottery. They used tools such Neolithic culture in Kashmir region was as stone axes, chisels, adzes, pounders, mace- contemporary to the Harappan civilisation. heads, points and picks. Awls were used for Burzahom, an important site of this culture, stitching skins into clothes to beat the weather. provides evidence for the Megalithic and Early Scrapers were used for working the skins. 8 Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation XI History - Lesson 1.indd 8 29-02-2020 10:58:26 www.tntextbooks.in These sites have produced a large quantity evidence of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and of copper objects. They used copper objects dogs. The villages had wattle-and-daub houses. such as flat axes, bangles, rings, antimony rods, They used copper and terracotta ornaments. knives, blades, socket-less axes, barbed and Animal figurines have also been found. tanged arrow heads, choppers and chisels. Ochre Coloured Pottery Ware Culture Ochre Coloured Pottery Ware culture is found in northern India dating to the Chalcolithic period. The OCP pottery has red slip and appears ochre in colour (the ochre colour comes off when the pottery is touched) and hence, it is called Ochre Coloured Pottery. Ochre Coloured Potsherds It has black painted designs. The OCP comes in Chalcolithic Cultures of South India the form of jars, storage jars, bowls, and basins. The southern part of India has not The OCP culture dates to 2600- 1200 BCE produced cultural evidence of a full-fledged and is found in the Indo-Gangetic plain and chalcolithic culture. Perforated and spouted may have had some associations with early Vedic culture. The OCP culture is seen as an vessels have been found in some sites. Copper impoverished Harappan culture and some bronze tools like chisels and flat axes scholars see it as unrelated to the Harappan occur at these sites. Stone tools continued culture. The OCP sites produced copper figures to be used in this area. Black on red ware and objects and therefore it is also known as pottery is found. These people survived “copper hoard culture.” It is a rural culture and through animal rearing and agriculture. Millets, has evidence of the cultivation of rice, barley, pulses and horse gram were cultivated, and and legumes. They also had pastoralism with fruits, leaves and tubers were collected. CHALCOLITHIC SITES N W E S Mehrgarh Jodhpura Ganeshwar Narham Gilund Chirand Balathal Ahar Eran Koldihwa Kayatha Pandu rajar dhibi Navadatoli Prabhas patan Rangpur Golabai sasam Daimabad Jorwe Nevasa BAY Inamgaon OF ARABIAN BENGAL SEA Maski Piklihal Sanganakallu Hallur Brahmagiri Andaman and Nicoba L a ks h ad w eep (I n d ia) (I n d ia) r I N D I A N O C E A N Map not to scale 20 Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures XI History - Lesson 2.indd 20 29-02-2020 10:59:00 www.tntextbooks.in with India and West Asia and Europe. One of migrations. M17 a genetic marker (DNA) is the accepted areas of the Aryan home is Eastern said to have been found among the speakers of Europe-Central Asia, north of the Black Sea. Indo-Europeans. The Bactria-Margina Archaeological Complex is closely related to Aryan culture dated to 2.6 Rig Vedic Culture 1900 BCE–1500 BCE. Rig Vedic Samhita is the earliest text that References to the names of Indo-Europeans relates to the Early Vedic period. The Early languages are found in an inscription dated to Vedic culture is placed between 1500 BCE and 2200 BCE discovered in modern Iraq. Anatolian 1000 BCE. The political, social and economic inscriptions of 1900-1700 BCE and Kassite aspects of life of this period are reflected in inscriptions of 1600 BCE (Iraq) and Mittani many hymns. inscriptions of 1400 BCE (Syria), Bhogaz Goi Geography inscriptions referring to names similar to the Vedic gods (1400 BCE) have the common In the Indian subcontinent, the features of the Indo-European languages, but early Aryans lived in the area of eastern no such inscriptions are found in India. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Punjab and fringes of Western Uttar Pradesh. The term asva and several other terms in Rig Veda have common roots in various Indo- Dasas and Dasyus Aryan languages. In the Rig Veda, the term asva The Rig Vedas speak about not only the (horse) occurs 215 times and vrishabha (bull) Aryans, but also about the non-Aryan people, 170 times. Tiger and rhinoceros, which are whom the Aryans encountered in India. When tropical animals, are not mentioned in the Rig the Rig Vedic people moved into India they came Veda. There is no trace of the urban way of life into conflict with people whom they referred in the Rig Veda. Hence, the identity of Aryans is to as Dasyus or Dasas. Evidently the Aryans not correlated with the Harappan culture, where differentiated themselves from the dark native there is no evidence for horse. Nowadays, DNA people who had different cultural practices, and studies are also used for understanding ancient sought to maintain their distinction. 24 Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures XI History - Lesson 2.indd 24 29-02-2020 10:59:03 www.tntextbooks.in of the Aryans in Rig Veda is listed in Aitreya words indicating that Munda speaking-people Brahmana as the midland, which indicates the lived in the Ganga valley. The region of Kosala movement of Aryans into the Ganga valley in and Videha were the easternmost territories of the the Later Vedic period. Perhaps this expansion Aryan expansion during this period. By the end was induced by the need for water and land of the Vedic period Panchala and Videha were resources, fresh, less occupied territories and Aryanised. The area beyond this region in the population pressures. east was seen as an alien territory. In the Atharva The Kurus, Panchalas, Vashas and Ushinaras Veda, the people of Anga and Magadha (Bihar) are the tribes of this period. References to the were seen as enemies. Similarly, the Pundras of Saraswati and Dhristavati rivers occur in the later Bengal and the Andhras were seen as outside the Vedic texts also. Around 1000 BCE, the Vedic Aryan identity in the Aitreya Brahmana. This Aryans moved towards Kosala region in eastern suggests that these regions were not influenced Uttar Pradesh and Videha in North Bihar, where by Aryan culture. What we gather is that the the Vedic people encountered the local people process of Aryanization gradually spread from following Chalcolithic material culture. In the the north-west to the south-east mainly into the Upper Ganga valley, the Vedas acquired Munda Ganga Valley. KURU DYNASTY (Iron age) N VARNU Si nd GANDHAR hu W E S a st i KAMBHOJA ta an Vi ik Kuru dynasty As i usn Par i dr tun SINDHU Sh u KURU (INDUS) PANCHAL Ya G m an Sa un ga ryu a KUNTI VIDEHA KAUSALA MAGADHA ANGA I N D I A VIDARBHA BAY OF BENGAL ARABIAN SEA Anda man and Nicobar L a ksha d weep (I n d ia) (I n d ia) I N D I A N O C E A N Map not to scale 28 Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures XI History - Lesson 2.indd 28 29-02-2020 10:59:03 www.tntextbooks.in () () ) ( ( ) 38 Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects XI History - Lesson 3.indd 38 05-03-2020 16:57:55 www.tntextbooks.in If we multiply this by the number of infantry Provincial Administration and cavalry, we get an idea of the enormous At the head of the resources needed to maintain the army and the administration was the administrative staff. king. He was assisted by a council of ministers and a Arthasastra purohita or priest, who was a Perhaps the most detailed account of person of great importance, the administration is to be found in the and secretaries known as Arthasastra (though the work itself is now mahamatriyas. The capital region of Pataliputra dated to a few centuries later). However, it was directly administered. The rest of the must be remembered that the Arthasastra was a empire was divided into four provinces based at prescriptive text, which laid down the guidelines Suvarnagiri (near Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh), for good administration. If we add to this the Ujjain (Avanti, Malwa), Taxila in the north- information from Ashoka’s edicts and the work west, and Tosali in Odisha in the south-east. of Megasthenes, we get a more comprehensive The provinces were administered by governors picture of the Mauryan state as it was. who were usually royal princes. In each region, MAURYAN EMPIRE N W E Pushkalavati Mauryan Empire Taxila Capital of empire S Provincial Capital Kandahar Pillar edict of Ashoka Other city/town Delhi-Topra Delhi-Meerut Delhi (Indraprastha) Shravasti Lumbini Mathura Rampurva Patala Vaishall Pataliputra Gujjara Allahabad Saranath Kaushambi Varanasi Rajagriha Vidisha Rupnath Ujjain Sanchi Tripuri Tamralipti Bharukaccha Sopara BAY ARABIAN Sannati OF SEA Amaravati BENGAL Suvarnagiri Nittur Yerragudi Siddapur Brahmagiri nd A SA KER a TY ALA L s m AP a (I n d i a) a n a n d N ic UT k (I n d i a) S LA RA h ad w eep O PU CH S TR S YA ND AS PA b ar o Map not to scale I N D I A N O C E A N 56 Emergence of State and Empire XI History - Lesson 4.indd 56 29-02-2020 11:33:21 www.tntextbooks.in EDICTS OF EDICTS OFASHOKA ASHOKA N W E Manserah S Edicts of Ashoka Shabazgarhi Major rock edicts Pillar edicts Kandahar Minor rock edicts Kalsi Territorial limits Delhi Lumbini Meerut Lauriya- Nandangarh Rampurva Kausambi Lauriya- Araraj I N D I A Girnar Sopara Dhauli Sannathi Jaugada Amaravati BAY ARABIAN OF SEA BENGAL Yerragudi An L a k sh ad weep d a m a n a n d N ic (I n d ia) (I n d i a) oba r Map not to scale I N D I A N O C E A N 58 Emergence of State and Empire XI History - Lesson 4.indd 58 29-02-2020 11:33:22 www.tntextbooks.in 5.2 South India under the of Nahapana with his own royal insignia. The Satavahanas inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri at Nashik mentions him as the conqueror of the The Satavahanas emerged in the first century Shakas, Pahlavas, and Yavanas. He is also said BCE in the Deccan region. They ruled over parts to have performed the prestigious Vedic of Andhra, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Madhya asvamedha sacrifice. Pradesh. From recent archaeological evidence Va s i s h t h i p u t r a it is understood that the Satavahanas started to Pulumayi, the successor of rule in the Telengana area and then moved to Gautamiputra Satakarni, Maharashtra to rule in the Godavari basin with expanded the frontiers of Prathistan (Paithan in Maharashtra) as their the Satavahana Empire. capital. Later they moved eastwards to control The coins issued by him coastal Andhra also. The work of Pliny talks about are found scattered in 30 walled towns, a large army, cavalry and elephant many parts of south India. Vasishthiputra force in the Andhra country. Pulumayi Yagnashri Satakarni was Gautamiputra Satakarni was the greatest another famous ruler who issued coins with of the Satavahana kings. He defeated the a ship motif, indicating the importance of the Shaka ruler Nahapana and reissued the coins overseas trade during his reign. SATAVAHANA EMPIRE Malwa Avanti Ujjayani Saurashtra Utkala Tripuri Junagadh Bharuch Girnar Anupa Vidarbha ga Nasik l in Sisupalpuri Kalyan Muluka Ka Pratishthan Sopara Bay of Asmaka Arabian Bengal Sea Amravati Andama L a k sha d weep (I n dia) n and Nicob (I n d ia) ar Indian Ocean Evolution of Society in South India 67 XI History - Lesson 5.indd 67 05-03-2020 17:03:24 www.tntextbooks.in HINDU KUSH KUSHAN EMPIRE N Bagram KASHMIR W E Taxila In du Jh Peshawar s e l um GANDHARA S Ch Kushan Empire KAPICA en eb us s Ind Capital cities a vi Be Ra lej Sut Yarlung (Brahmaputra) Sui Vihar Mirath Indraprastha Mathura Ya Nigliva m G l ba un an a MARU m a aputr ge a m SIND s Ch Sarnath Brah s Bana Prayaga Patliputra Kasi MAGADHA H Son KACHHA C H Sanchi KA SURASHTRA U AR Narmada AVANTI Junagadh BH Mahanadi Tapti Go da BAY va A ri N G OF LI Pratishthana(Paithan) K A BENGAL Kr ARABIAN ish na SEA na ish Kr d ra TI ha VA A ab R A n da M Tung A m Cauve L a ks had weep ry a (I n d ia) n an d N ico b ar (I n d ia) CHOLAS CHER S A Y D AS N A P I N D I A N O C E A N Map not to scale Kanishka’s coins as well as his statue found near merchants established themselves in various Mathura show him dressed in a belted tunic towns in Central Asia and seized the opportunity along with overcoat and wearing boots, testifying to become intermediaries in the luxury trade to his Central Asian origins. between China and the Roman Empire, since merchants from the West did not want to venture The Karakoram highway, a joint project further east beyond Central Asia. between China and Pakistan, which was completed in 1979, has yielded great dividends Kushana kings, mostly with their names for archaeologists and historians. The rock of ending with –shka (among them Huvishka and Hunza mentions the first two Kadphises and Vasishka as well as later Kanishka and even the Kusanadevaputra (son of God) Maharaja Vasudeva), ruled for at least one century more, Kaniska. This inscription confirms that but nothing much is known about them. Clearly Kanishka’s empire stretched from Central Asia the empire was beginning to break down, and till eastern India. Buddhist sources record that the satraps (the Kushanas also continued the he had conquered Magadha and Kashmir and practice of appointing satraps to govern the Khotan in Sinkiang. provinces) were able to set themselves up as independent rulers in various regional capitals. The artefacts found along the Karakoram highway also establish that this was the route Art and Literature taken by Buddhist monks travelling to China on During the reign of their mission to spread Buddhism. Merchants Kushanas, there was great followed the missionaries, so this became a major creative energy when art commercial route for the import of Chinese silk and literature flourished. and horses from the West into India. Indian Polity and Society in Post-Mauryan Period 81 XI History - Lesson 6.indd 81 29-02-2020 12:19:21 www.tntextbooks.in EMPIRE OF GUPTAS N W E Empire of Guptas S Ancient towns Temples Buddhist temple Stupas Cave temple YAUDHEYAS Indraprastha KOSALA Mathura Kapilavastjhu a p utr ARJUNAYANAS ma MALAVAS Kushinagar ah Br Mandasaur Ayodhya Prayaga Nalanda Kashi GayaRajgriha Ujjayini Bharut Valabhi Sanchi Tamralipti Girnar MAHAKOSALA BAY OF Ajanta A G BENGAL G Ellora N od L I KA Puri av VAKATAKAS Kri ar ARABIAN shn i Nagarjunakonda a Vengi SEA Srisailam Amaravati AS LAV L PA Kanchi An da CHOLAS ma Lakshad weep isla CH n Tanjore a n ER (I N D I A ) d (I N D I A ) n ic ob a AS Madurai S YA r ND is l n A ds P an SRI ds LANKA I N D I A N O C E A N Map not to scale The Guptas 91 XI History - Lesson 7.indd 91 29-02-2020 12:29:15 www.tntextbooks.in EMPIRE OF HARSHAVARDHANA N W E PURUSHAPURA S KASHMIR Harsha’s empire m b Harsha’s capital e lu ena Jh C h vi Other cities Ra s du In j tlu Sa Thaneswar Indraprastha a Kanauj p utr Mathura ma ah Ya Br Ga a m ng un KAMARUPA a Prayag Nalanda Udaipur Kashi Vidisha SUVARNA Budh Gaya Rajgrika VALABHI Tamralipti Bhirukachachha Ujjayini Ma ha na di Ajanta A O D BAY CHALUKYAS G KO N OF EASTERN BENGAL Go A CHALUKYAS G da I N ARABIAN AL va Kris Vengi K r hna i SEA Pattadakal Guntur Badami Kanchipuram An da PALLAVAS ma Lakshad weep isla n Kaveri a Tanjore n (I N D I A ) CHOLAS d (I N D I A ) n ic ob a S YA Madurai ND is l r n PA ds an ds Map not to scale I N D I A N O C E A N Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms 107 XI History - Lesson 8.indd 107 29-02-2020 12:47:18 www.tntextbooks.in CHALUKYA DYNASTY N W E S Chalukya dynasty MAGADHA Narmada Tamralipti Tapti nadi BHOJAKAS ha Ma PITINKAS Toshali BAY Godavari OF BENGAL Vatapi KALINGA ARABIAN Kris ANDHRA hna SEA Suvarnagiri PULINDAS An SATHYA PUTRA da m Lakshad weep isla Kaveri an and n ic ob ar i CHOLA (I N D I A ) (I N D I A ) PANDYA KERALAPUTRA nd sl Anuradhapura an s ds I N D I A N O C E A N Map not to scale Maharaja. In the Hirahadagalli plates the king part in the administration of the kingdom, but is introduced as the performer of agnistoma, they built shrines, and installed images of various vajapeya and asvamedha sacrifices. deities, and endowed temples. The image of Queen Rangapataka, the queen of Rajasimha, is The wild boar was the royal insignia of the found in the inscription in Kailasanatha temple Chalukyas. It was claimed that it represented the in Kanchipuram. varaha avatar of Vishnu. The bull, Siva’s mount, was the symbol of the Pallavas. The King and His Ministers All powers were vested in the king. Royal Women Inscriptions do not specifically speak of a council Chalukya dynasty of Jayasimhan I line of ministers, but they do refer to an official called appointed royal ladies as provincial governors. maha-sandhi-vigrahika. Four other categories They also issued coins in some instances. of ministers are also referred to in the epigraphs: Vijya Bhattariga, a Chalukya princess, issued Pradhana (head minister), Mahasandhi- inscriptions. Pallava queens did not take active vigrahika (minister of foreign affairs), Aihole Inscription of Pulikesin II : The Megudi temple at Aihole (in Karnataka) stands on top of a hill. On the eastern wall of this Jaina temple is a 19-line Sanskrit inscription (dated to Saka era: 634-635 AD (CE)). The composer is a poet named Ravikriti. The inscription is a prashasti of the Chalukyas especially the reigning king Pulikesin II, referred to as Sathyasraya (the abode of truth). It highlights the history of the dynasty, defeat of all his enemies, especially Harshavardhana. Cultural Development in South India 119 XI History - Lesson 9.indd 119 29-02-2020 13:17:10 www.tntextbooks.in PALLAVA TERRITORIES N W E Pallava Territories S Narmada Mahanadi God ava ri Bijapur hna Arabian Kris Bay of Masulipatnam Sea Bengal Sira PALLAVA CauvVellore KANCHI ery Anda L a ks h a d weep Calicut (I n d ia) m n an d N ico b a r a (I n d ia) PANDIYA Madurai Quilon Indian Ocean to south India or “with some mixture of north Pallava capital of Kanchipuram. Subsequently, Indian blood”. during the reign of Narasimhavarman I (630- 668), the Pallavas managed to settle scores by The Pallavas were associated with winning several victories over the Chalukyas Tondaimandalam, the land between the north with the aid of their ally Manavarman, a Sri Pennar and north Vellar rivers. Simhavishnu is Lankan prince, who later believed to have conquered the Chola country became ruler of the island up to the Kaveri and consolidated his dynastic kingdom. The climax rule, started by his father Simhavarman. was Narasimhavarman’s Simhavishnu, vanquishing the Kalabhras, invasion of the Chalukyan conquered the land up to the Kaveri, thereby kingdom and his coming into conflict with the Pandyas. capturing of the Badami. Simhavishnu’s successor Mahendravarman I Narasimhavarman (590-630), whom Appar, converted from claims to have defeated Jainism to Saivism, was a patron of arts, and a the Cholas, Cheras and poet and musician in his own right. Kalabhras. Two naval During Mahendravarman’s reign, the expeditions despatched army of Pulikesin II annexed the northern part
