USH Review Little Book PDF

Essay Topics: Be prepared to answer questions with 5-7 sentences each, nothing less will be acceptable. You will be assigned two at random on test day. 1. In general, who were the progressives and what did they believe?(Chapter 6)...

Essay Topics: Be prepared to answer questions with 5-7 sentences each, nothing less will be acceptable. You will be assigned two at random on test day. 1. In general, who were the progressives and what did they believe?(Chapter 6) USH Review Little Book Name: _____________________ Class:_________ Date: ____________ 2. Describe the events that occurred in Europe that led to the outbreak of WWI and describe the events that pushed the United States toward entering WWI. (Chapter 7) 3. In the 1920s, a new law made it a crime to manufacture, transport, or sell alcohol. What was this law? Why did supporters want this law? How did Americans react to the passage of this law? (Chapter 8) 4. What term would best describe the decade of the 1930s? What were the causes of the Great Depression? How did the depression impact the relationship between the American people and the Federal government? Describe the presidency of F.D.R. and his New Deal policies. (Chapters 9 and 10) 5. Analyze the relationship between industrialization and urbanization. 6. Compare and contrast the economic policies of the 1920s and the 1930s.  USH Chapter 1: Early American History US History Chapter 9 & 10: The Great Depression Chapter numbers match up to the chapters in the textbook. Notes are also a good resource 1. What founding document was written in 1787 that resulted in the creation of an entirely new frame of 18. How did the New Deal address unemployment during the Great Depression? government? The New Deal created jobs and social programs like the CCC and WPA, helping to alleviate unemployment. The U.S. Constitution 2. What founding document allowed American colonists to express their belief that they could break ties with 19. How did tariffs affect the U.S. economy during the 1930s? Great Britain and form a new nation? Tariffs like the Hawley-Smoot Act reduced international trade, harming the global economy. The Declaration of Independence 20. How did Herbert Hoover’s policies differ from FDR’s during the Great Depression? 3. What founding document begins, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Herbert Hoover relied on limited government intervention, while FDR implemented active New Deal reforms. that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness…That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their 21. How did the New Deal redefine the role of the federal government in American life? just powers from the consent of the governed…”? The New Deal, implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt, expanded the federal government's role in the economy and society by introducing programs and policies aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression The Declaration of Independence 4. Which institutions in the American government have clearly defined duties according to the framework of 22. What brought an end to the Great Depression? the U.S. Constitution? The end of the Great Depression is largely attributed to the economic boom caused by World War II. The three branches of government—Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), and Judicial (Supreme Court)—have clearly defined duties under the U.S. Constitution. 5. What founding document begins, “We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote general Prelude to WWII Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this…” ? The U.S. Constitution, specifically the Preamble, begins with this statement. 1. What were Adolf Hitler’s actions that led to WWII? Adolf Hitler’s actions included the annexation of Austria, the invasion of Poland, and territorial expansion, leading to WWII. 6. Who was Alexis de Tocqueville and what were the five characteristics of a constitutional republic? Alexis de Tocqueville was a French political thinker and historian who wrote "Democracy in America" (1835). The five characteristics he wrote about were liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism and Laissez-Faire 2. Why did the U.S. support neutrality acts before entering WWII? 7. What is the Bill of Rights – The U.S. supported neutrality acts to avoid involvement in foreign conflicts while preparing for potential war. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution 8. Define the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 3. Name the dictators of World War II and their political ideologies. Guarantees freedoms concerning speech, press, religion, assembly, and the right to petition Francisco Franco: Spain: Fascism Benito Mussolini: Italy: Fascism 9. Define the 13 , 14 , and 15 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. th th th Joseph Stalin: Russia: Communism 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. 14th Amendment (1868): Granted Adolf Hitler: Germany: Nazism citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed equal protection under the laws. 15th Amendment (1870): Hideki Tojo: Japan: Militarism Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 10. Why did the Framers of the Constitution include impeachment powers for the House of Representatives? The Framers gave impeachment powers to the House to provide checks on executive authority. 1 14  US History Chapter 9 & 10: The Great Depression US History Chapter 2: Westward Expansion 6. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt communicate with the American people? 1. What was the result of the Homestead Act of 1862? Franklin D. Roosevelt used Fireside Chats, a series of radio broadcasts, to speak directly to the American people. These chats allowed him to explain his It resulted in significant westward expansion in the United States and the official closing of the frontier, marking the end of an era. policies in plain language, reassure citizens during the Great Depression, and build trust and confidence in his leadership. 2. How did the Homestead Act encourage settlement in the West? 7. What did FDR declare in order to restore faith in the country’s financial institutions? The Homestead Act encouraged western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of public land. FDR declared a Bank Holiday in 1933, temporarily closing all banks to prevent runs on them. This pause allowed the government to inspect financial institutions and reopen only those deemed stable. 3. What challenges did settlers face when building the Transcontinental Railroad? Settlers faced challenges such as harsh weather, difficult terrain, and conflicts with Native Americans during the railroad’s construction. 8. What was the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)? 4. What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1877? The SEC is a federal agency created in 1934 to regulate the stock market, enforce securities laws, and prevent fraud. Its goal was to restore investor The Dawes Severalty Act aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society. confidence and ensure fair practices in financial markets. 9. What was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)? 5. What is Manifest Destiny? The FDIC, established in 1933, insures bank deposits, guaranteeing that depositors will not lose their money (up to a certain limit) if a bank fails. This Manifest Destiny was the belief that it was the United States’ divine right and destiny to expand its territory across North America, from the Atlantic program helped rebuild trust in the banking system. to the Pacific Ocean. 10. Why were the SEC and the FDIC created by the U.S. government? The SEC and FDIC were created to address the financial instability caused by the Great Depression. They aimed to regulate financial markets, protect 6. What industry of the late 1800s increased markets and facilitated growth of the American West? consumers, and restore confidence in the nation’s financial institutions. The railroad industry was critical to the growth of the American West during the late 1800s. Specifically, the completion of the Transcontinental 11. What was the “court packing plan” and how did Congress react to the plan? Railroad in 1869 linked the eastern and western U.S., enabling faster transportation of goods, people, and resources The court packing plan was FDR’s 1937 proposal to expand the number of Supreme Court justices, allowing him to appoint additional judges who supported his New Deal policies. Congress and the public strongly opposed this plan. US History Chapter 3/4: Industrialization and Gilded Age 12. How did the relationship between the U.S. government and U.S. citizens change during the Great Depression? During the Great Depression, the federal government took on a more active role in citizens' lives through New Deal programs, offering direct relief, 1. What is a monopoly? employment opportunities, and social welfare. This marked a significant shift from the previously limited role of the federal government in economic and A monopoly occurs when a single company or entity gains exclusive control over an entire industry or market allowing the company to set prices and social issues. eliminate competition, often leading to higher prices and reduced consumer choices. 13. What was the Social Security Act? 2. Describe the laissez-faire philosophy of business and government. created a social insurance program to provide financial support for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled. It introduced pensions, unemployment During the late 19th century, laissez-faire policies allowed industries to grow rapidly but also led to monopolies, poor working conditions, and income insurance, and aid for dependent children and the disabled. inequality. 14. Define the 22nd Amendment. 3. Who was Andrew Carnegie? limits U.S. presidents to serving two terms in office. It was passed in response to FDR’s unprecedented four terms as president. Andrew Carnegie was a leading industrialist of the Gilded Age and the founder of Carnegie Steel Company. He utilized vertical integration to dominate the steel industry and became one of the wealthiest men of his time. Later, he became a philanthropist, donating much of his fortune to libraries, education, and 15. Define “Fireside Chats” the arts, promoting his "Gospel of Wealth" philosophy. Informal radio addresses by Franklin D. Roosevelt where he communicated directly with the American public. These broadcasts provided updates on government programs, addressed public concerns, and fostered a sense of unity and reassurance during times of crisis. 4. Who was John D. Rockefeller? John D. Rockefeller was the founder of Standard Oil Company and one of the richest individuals in history. He used horizontal integration to control the oil 16. How did overproduction contribute to the Great Depression? industry, eliminating competition and creating a monopoly. Like Carnegie, Rockefeller became a philanthropist, funding medical research, education, and other Overproduction led to falling prices and surplus goods, contributing to the economic collapse. causes. 17. What was the impact of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? 5. Who was George Pullman? The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act worsened the Depression by reducing international trade and escalating economic decline Pullman is associated with the Pullman Strike of 1894, a major labor conflict when he cut wages but kept rents high, leading to a nationwide boycott and government intervention. 13 2  US History Chapter 3/4: Industrialization and Gilded Age US History Chapter 8: The Twenties 6. Identify which government actions during the Pullman Strike helped businesses or workers. The deployment of Federal Troops led to violent clashes, resulting in deaths and injuries among strikers, the federal courts issued an injunction under 14. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon league were instrumental in the passage of the 18th the Sherman Antitrust Act, declaring the strike illegal and ordering workers to return to their jobs and the arrest of Union Leaders further weakening Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol.. the union efforts. Government actions primarily supported business rather than workers. 15. Who were Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan? Describe what court case they were both associated with? 7. What were the consequences of the Pullman Strike of 1894? They were both associated with the Scopes Trial (1925), a landmark case where Darrow defended teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee The Pullman Strike highlighted labor struggles, with federal intervention supporting business interests over workers. public school, challenging Bryan’s stance on creationism. 8. What was the Social Gospel Movement and what was its purpose? (Ch. 4) 16. The Scopes Trial was a battle over Science and Religion or traditionalism v. modernism. The Social Gospel Movement was a religious reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its purpose was to apply Christian ethics to social problems such as poverty, inequality, and poor working conditions. 17. What was the name of the center for music publishing in New York City during the 1920s? Tin Pan Alley 9. Describe the Haymarket Riot (May 4, 1886). 18. What was the Harlem Renaissance? The peaceful rally turned violent when a bomb was thrown at police, killing several officers and civilians. The incident led to public fear of labor unions The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York. It celebrated African American culture, and anarchists, and several labor leaders were arrested and executed despite questionable evidence. literature, music, and art, producing influential figures like Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington. 19. Organized crime grew in the twenties as a result of what Constitutional Amendment? 10. How did labor unions react to the increase of immigrants in the late 1800s? Organizations like the American Federation of Labor (AFL) often excluded immigrant workers and advocated for restrictive immigration laws. The 18th Amendment 11. How could Gilded Age politics be described? US History Chapter 9 & 10: The Great Depression Gilded Age politics were marked by corruption, patronage, and a lack of significant reform. 12. Name the book Jacob Riis wrote that detailed immigrant life in American cities. 1. What are the major causes of the Great Depression? High farmer debt, high consumer debt, more goods than buyers, and the stock market crash. Jacob Riis wrote "How the Other Half Lives", which used photography and text to expose the poor living conditions in urban tenements and advocate for housing reform. 2. Who was President of the United States when the Great Depression started? Herbert Hoover 13. What were some problems facing farmers during the late 1800s? Falling crop prices due to overproduction, High railroad rates for transporting goods, Debt from purchasing new machinery and land, Opposition to the gold standard, which they believed caused deflation and made loans harder to repay. 3. Why did the stock market crash in October of 1929? 14. Define urbanization. The process by which populations shift from rural areas to cities, resulting in the growth of urban centers, it was driven by industrialization, immigration, 4. Name the author that wrote the novel The Grapes of Wrath. and opportunities for jobs in factories. John Steinbeck 15. What were problems that large-scale immigration raised for American cities? 5. Name the U.S. President responsible for the New Deal programs. Overcrowding, sanitation and health issues, labor competition, and cultural conflicts. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 16. What kind of workers were in demand because of industrialization and mass production? Unskilled factory workers were in high demand to operate machinery in mass-production systems. Immigrants often filled these roles due to the availability of cheap labor. 3 12  US History Chapter 8: The Twenties US History Chapter 3/4: Industrialization and Gilded Age 1. Who was Boss Tweed? Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) was a prominent political boss and leader of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City during the late 19th 1. Who was Charles Lindbergh and how did he influence aviation? century.He used corruption, bribery, and voter manipulation to control local government and enrich himself and his associates. Charles Lindbergh’s solo transatlantic flight demonstrated the potential of aviation and inspired technological advancements. 2. Who was Thomas Nast? Thomas Nast was a pioneering political cartoonist and illustrator during the Gilded Age. He is credited with exposing and opposing corruption through his 2. Who was Henry Ford? powerful political cartoons, particularly those targeting Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. He revolutionized the automobile industry by introducing mass production techniques, making cars more affordable and accessible to the general public. 3. Why was the creation of electric lighting significant for economic development? Electric lighting extended working hours, increased productivity, and contributed to industrial growth 3. Henry Ford’s assembly line method of production allowed for automobiles to be mass produced using a less skilled work force. 4. Define the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and how did it affect immigration policies in the U.S.? 4. How did Henry Ford’s assembly line influence American industry and society? The Chinese Exclusion Act restricted Chinese immigration, reflecting nativist sentiments and impacting labor dynamics Henry Ford’s assembly line made automobiles affordable, revolutionizing industry and enabling mass production. 5. What was the most important form of transportation in the Gilded Age? 5. What did the introduction of buying on credit lead to in the 1920s? Railroads facilitated westward expansion, industrial growth, and the movement of goods and people across the country. The introduction of buying on credit, also known as installment buying or consumer credit, led to increased consumer spending, economic growth, and it contributed to the financial instability of the stock market. 6. What is the advantage of mass producing goods/products? It leads to faster production, lower prices for consumers, and the ability to meet high demand in a competitive market. 6. What industry fueled the economic boom of the 1920s? The automobile industry fueled the economic boom of the 1920s 7. What were major characteristics of the Gilded Age? 7. What role did laissez-faire policies play in shaping the 1920s economy? Industrialization, Big Business, Labor Unions, Political Corruption. Laissez-faire policies allowed businesses to operate with minimal government regulation, leading to economic growth but also market instability. 8. What caused the Red Scare in the U.S. during the 1920s? 8. How did the settlement patterns of immigrants change during the 19th century? The Red Scare was caused by fear of communism, anarchist movements, and labor strikes after the Russian Revolution. Immigrants moved to urban areas for job opportunities, shaping cultural and economic landscapes. 9. List four major events that led to Red Scare in America. 1. The Russian Revolution (1917) and the spread of communism. 9. What was the impact of the “Americanization” movement on immigrant communities? 2. The rise of anarchist movements and bombings in the U.S. The “Americanization’ movement aimed to assimilate immigrants into the U.S. culture, often undermining their native traditions. 3. Strikes and labor unrest in the aftermath of WWI. 4. Sacco and Vanzetti Trial 10. Define the 18th Amendment. The 18th Amendment, ratified in 1919, established Prohibition, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the United States. 11. During the 1920s, many Americans believed in the pseudo-science called Eugenics, or the belief that a superior race of people could be produced through selective breeding. 12. What was the most important consumer item in communications in the 1920s? Don’t give up….you can do this! The radio was the most important consumer item in communications during the 1920s, 13. What was the Great Migration? The Great Migration refers to the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West, this migration sought better economic opportunities, escape from racial violence, and access to better education and housing in Northern cities. 11 4  US History Chapter 6: The Progressive Movement US History Chapter 7: World War I 1. Define the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 13. During WWI, the U.S. military was Segregated. African Americans were not allowed to be a part of the American Allows Congress to collect an income tax from individuals without regard to the population of any state. Ratified in 1913. Expeditionary Forces or AEF. African Americans did serve under the leadership of the French Army. (page 240-241) 2. Define the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 14. How did WWI impact African Americans and women on the home front? Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people of each state. Ratified in 1913. African Americans migrated north for job opportunities, and women entered the workforce in greater numbers to support the war effort. 3. Define the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 15. The Battle of the Argonne Forest was the most decisive battle of the war and ended the German Offense in France. Established Prohibition, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the United States. Ratified in 1919. 16. What was the primary purpose of the Food Administration headed by Herbert Hoover during WWI? 4. What was the primary goal of the 18th Amendment? The Food Administration aimed to ensure adequate food supplies for American troops and Allied forces while encouraging conservation on the home front. The 18th amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol with the goal of reducing social problems such as crime and poverty. 17. What U.S. President developed the Fourteen Points and what was the purpose of the Fourteen Points? 5. Define the 19 Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. th President Woodrow Wilson developed the Fourteen Points. The plan emphasized self-determination, free trade, reduced armaments, and the creation of the The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote. League of Nations to prevent future conflicts. 6. The 17th Amendment was a concept created by the Populist party in its 1896 party platform. 18. Who was Henry Cabot Lodge? 7. What was the significance of the 15 and 19 Amendments? th th He opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, fearing it would entangle the U.S. in future foreign conflicts and undermine Congressional authority over declarations of war. The 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote, and the 19th Amendment granted women suffrage, expanding democratic participation. 19. What treaty ended WWI and why did the U.S. Congress refuse to ratify the treaty? 8. Define progressive. The Treaty of Versailles, Congress refused to ratify the treaty because of opposition to the League of Nations, which many feared would limit U.S. sovereignty and force America into foreign wars. Progressive refers to a belief in social, political, and economic reforms aimed at improving society, addressing injustices, and promoting fairness. 9. Who were the three progressive Presidents? 20. What were the two sides that fought in WWI? The two sides in WWI were: Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Allied Powers: France, Britain, Russia (until 1917), the U.S. (joined in 1917), and others. 10. Name three areas of major reform during the Progressive Era. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Government Reform: Initiative, referendum, and recall processes; direct election of senators (17th Amendment). Social Reform: Addressing child labor, women's suffrage (19th Amendment), and improved public health. 21. What is AEF? Economic Reform: Antitrust laws, regulating monopolies, and improving labor conditions. The AEF stands for the American Expeditionary Forces, the U.S. troops sent to Europe during World War I they were led by General John J. Pershing, 11. What is a labor union? A labor union is an organization of workers that advocates for better wages, working conditions, and benefits. Unions negotiate collectively with 22. Who was Alvin York? employers to protect the rights and interests of their members. Alvin York was a U.S. soldier and war hero during WWI. In the Battle of the Argonne Forest, he captured 132 German soldiers and killed several others despite being heavily outnumbered, earning the Medal of Honor. 12. What is a strike? A strike is a form of protest in which workers stop working to demand better wages, working conditions, or other improvements from their 23. What technological advances emerged during WWI? employers. Machine Guns, Tanks, Airplanes, Chemicals Weapons, and Submarines 13. What was the importance of the progressive era reforms of initiative, referendum, and recall? These reforms were designed to increase democratic participation and reduce corruption by giving citizens more direct control over laws and elected officials: 5 10  US History Chapter 7: World War I US History Chapter 6: The Progressive Era 1. What were the causes of World War I? (MAIN) Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism 14. The Federal Reserve System was created to help regulate banks and create a more elastic currency. (Ch. 6, pg 223) 2. What major event sparked the beginning of World War I? The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo 15. What is the importance of third parties like the progressive party and the Populist Party? Princip, was the immediate catalyst for the war. Third parties like the Progressive Party and the Populist Party played crucial roles in American politics by addressing issues that major parties often ignored. 3. What year did WWI begin? What year did WWI end? While these parties rarely won major elections, their ideas often influenced the platforms of the larger Democratic and Republican parties. The Wars started in 1914 and it ended it 1918. 4. What was the position of the U.S. when WWI began? 16. Who was Susan B. Anthony? When WWI began in 1914, the United States remained neutral, focusing on maintaining trade with both sides and avoiding entanglement in European Susan B Anthony co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and worked tirelessly for women’s right to vote. Her efforts contributed to the conflicts. passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote. 5. What year did the United States enter WWI? 17. What U.S. President was a conservationist who is credited for starting the National Parks System? The United States entered World War I in 1917, primarily due to factors such as Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the interception of Theodore Roosevelt was a conservationist President known for his significant contributions to preserving America’s natural resources. the Zimmerman Telegram. 18. Who was Jane Addams and how did she influence women’s roles in government? 6. What are the causes/factors that led to the U.S. entering into WWI? (SLUTZ) Jane Addams influenced women’s roles by advocating for social reform, settlement houses, and women’s suffrage, expanding their participation in public life. Key factors included the Sussex Pledge, Lusitania (the sinking of), Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Ties to Great Britain (economic), and the 19. What was the settlement house movement? Zimmerman Telegram. The settlement house movement aimed to provide support and services to poor urban communities, particularly immigrants, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most famous was the Hull House in Chicago founded in Chicago. 7. What were the causes and consequences of U.S. neutrality at the start of WWI? 20. What is a muckraker? U.S. neutrality maintained economic trade with both sides while avoiding direct conflict, but eventually, provocations drew the U.S. into the war. A muckraker was a journalist or writer in the Progressive Era who exposed corruption, social injustices, and unethical practices in business and government. 8. What was the Zimmerman Telegram? 21. Who wrote the novel, The Jungle, in 1906? Explain the significance of this novel. The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication sent in 1917 by Germany’s Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to Mexico. In it he Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle in 1906 exposing the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry. Its impact led to public outrage and proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the U.S. entered WWI against Germany. In exchange, Germany promised to help Mexico significant legislation, including the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. regain territories it lost to the U.S. (e.g., Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico). 22. How did the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 change the lives of Americans for the better? 9. Who was General John J. Pershing and what was his role in WWI? The Pure Food and Drug Act required accurate labeling of food and medicines, outlawed harmful additives, and established federal inspections of food General John J. Pershing was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I. He led U.S. troops in Europe and played production. It ensured safer consumption and protected consumers from fraudulent and dangerous products. a crucial role in bolstering Allied forces, particularly in major offensives such as the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. 10. How did the United States finance World War I? 23. Who was W.E.B. DuBois? War Bonds (Liberty Bonds): The government sold bonds to citizens to raise funds for the war effort. W.E.B. DuBois was an African American scholar, activist, and co-founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He advocated for civil rights, equal education, and immediate social and political equality for African Americans. 11. What method of fighting caused a deadlock along the western front? 24.. Who was Booker T. Washington? Trench Warfare Booker T. Washington was an African American educator, author, and advisor to presidents. He founded the Tuskegee Institute, emphasizing vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans. Washington believed in gradual social progress through hard work and economic success. 12. Who was the President of the United States that guided the country through WWI? 25. What belief did DuBois and Washington have in common in regards to African American advancement in the United Woodrow WIlson was president of the United States during this time. 1914-1918 States? Despite differing methods (DuBois advocating for immediate equality and higher education, and Washington emphasizing vocational training and gradual 9 progress), they shared a commitment to advancing the rights and opportunities for African Americans. 6  US History Chapter 6: The Progressive Era US History Chapter 5: Becoming a World Power 1. What is the Roosevelt Corollary? It was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt. It stated that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to 26. Who was Ida Tarbell? maintain stability and order, especially if European powers threatened to interfere in the region. Ida Tarbell was a journalist and author known for her investigative reporting on the Standard Oil Company. 2. Define Open Door Policy. It was a diplomatic approach proposed by the U.S. in 1899, which aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China and preserve China’s territorial integrity against colonization by European powers. 27. Who was Ida B. Wells? She focused on combating lynching and advocating for racial equality, co-founding the NAACP and working tirelessly to promote anti-lynching 3. Why is 1898 an important date for American imperialism? legislation. 1898 marks a key year in American imperialism due to the Spanish-American War. The U.S. acquired territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and annexed Hawaii, signaling a shift toward overseas expansion and greater global influence. 4. What is imperialism? 28. What do socialists believe? Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s power and influence through colonization, the use of military force, or economic dominance over other countries or territories. They support policies like wealth redistribution, social welfare programs, and government intervention in industries to ensure fair treatment and resources for all. 5. Why did most Americans begin to favor the idea of U.S. imperialism in 1898? Americans supported imperialism in 1898 due to growing economic interests (markets for goods and resources), strategic military needs, the spread of democracy, and the belief in cultural superiority. The Spanish-American War further fueled this sentiment. 29. Who was Alice Paul? She was instrumental in advocating for the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, and founded the National 6. What event took place on February 15, 1898 that caused the U.S. to declare war on Spain? On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, leading to the death of 260 U.S. sailors. This event was blamed on Spain, prompting the Women’s Party to push for equal rights. U.S. to declare war in April 1898, which marked the beginning of the Spanish-American War. 7. What made Hawaii an important asset to the United States and led to the annexation of Hawaii by America? The U.S. annexed Hawaii for strategic military positioning in the Pacific and economic benefits like access to sugar plantations 30. Define suffrage. Suffrage is the right to vote 8. Who is Alfred Thayer Mahan? Alfred Thayer Mahan was a U.S. naval officer and historian who is best known for his influential book, "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (1890). He 31. What reforms were achieved by the Temperance Movement? argued that strong naval power was essential for a nation's economic and political dominance, promoting the idea of naval bases, overseas expansion, and the The Temperance Movement sought to reduce alcohol consumption, leading to Prohibition under the 18th Amendment construction of a strong merchant marine. 9. Why did the U.S. need the Panama Canal? The Panama Canal was essential for facilitating faster and more efficient maritime trade and naval movement between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It 32. What was the role of women in Progressive Era reforms? enabled the U.S. to maintain a powerful presence in both oceans, supporting trade, military strategy, and economic growth. Women played a significant role in driving social, political, and economic reforms. Their contributions helped shape many of the reforms that 10. What was the main reason President Theodore Roosevelt and the United States aided the Panamanian rebels in their aimed to improve living conditions, promote social justice, and expand democratic values. revolt against Columbia in the early 1900s? The U.S. wanted to build and control the canal to enhance its strategic and economic influence globally. 33. Which effects did the Sherman Antitrust Act aim to achieve? 11. What is yellow journalism and how did affect American attitudes in 1898? The Sherman Antitrust Act aimed to break up monopolies and promote fair competition in business. Yellow journalism refers to sensationalist and often exaggerated newspaper reporting, particularly used during the late 19th century to influence public opinion. During 1898, newspapers like those of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published inflammatory stories about events such as the explosion of the USS Maine, fueling public outrage against Spain and pushing the U.S. toward war in the Spanish-American War. 34. After WWI, the division within the United States over women’s suffrage or the right of women to _Vote_ in 13. What was Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policy in foreign affairs? the United States was ended with the passage of the _19_ Amendment. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policy emphasized diplomacy backed by a strong military to protect U.S. interests abroad. 14. How had the position of the U.S. changed at the end of the Spanish American War? it emerged as a global power with overseas territories and expanded influence 7 8