se-115-reviewer.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|44963577 SE-115- Reviewer Secondary Education Major in English (Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsore...

lOMoARcPSD|44963577 SE-115- Reviewer Secondary Education Major in English (Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 SW 115 REVIEWER PERLMAN (1957) FRAMEWORK - Social Case Work is a process used by certain human welfare agencies to help individuals to cope more effectively with their problems in social functioning. SOCIAL WORK MARY RICHMOND (1915) INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS, - Social Case Work may be defined as the art of doing different COMMUNITIES things for and with different people by cooperating with them to achieve at one and the same time their own and society’s betterment. SOCIAL ADMIN SOCIAL ACTION/SOCIAL REFORM WHY MARY RICHMOND (1917) WHAT SOCIETAL RESEARCH - Social case Work is the art of bringing about better adjustments in the social relationship of individual men or women or PHILOSOPHY SOCIAL WELFARE VALUES POLICIES, PROGRAMS children. BELIEFS ABOUT AND SERVICES JARRET (1919) MAN HUMAN BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES AND THE SOCIAL - Social Case Work is the “art oof bringing an individual who is in ETHICSS ENVIRONMENT a condition of social disorder into the best possible relation with all parts of his environment.” SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE TAFT (1920) (HOW) - Social Case work means “social treatment of a maladjusted GOAL HELPING PROCESS individual involving an attempt to understand his personality, FUNCTIONS HELPING MODELS AND APPROACHES behavior and social relationships and to assist him in working ELEMENTS TOOLS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS out better social and personal adjustments.” Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 WATSON (1922) Home for Intemperate Women - Social Case Work is the art of untangling and restricting the Volunteer efforts were frequently marked by a condescending attitude twisted personality in such a manner that the individual can toward the recipients of services. adjust himself to his environment. Volunteer services: SAFRAD 25 members of a Junior League spent half a day a week in assisting - “Social Case Work is a method employed by a social worker to activities in the local comprehensive mental health center help individuals find a solution to their problem of social The Medical Wives Auxiliary perform a variety kind of tasks in local adjustment which they are unable to handle in a satisfactory way hospitals. by their own effort.: Volunteers from churches and religious groups minister to the sick, the poor, the destitute and unfortunate HOW DID CASEWORK BEGIN? Working as volunteer is characteristic of the American way of life. United States 1965 1800s USDOL reported 22 M individuals made contributions to some health, Organizations and associations were formed and the act of helping education or welfare service on a voluntary basis became more formalized. 1974: 37 million were listed as volunteers Seminaries, inns, churches, hospitals, prisons, schools The emergence of the social work profession Interaction with the needy, the ill and other social problems; 1915-1950 distribution of books and sending of missionaries in certain places. Developing out of volunteer work came social work as an occupation 1800s Special relief Department of the United States Sanitary Commission – Home for Little Wanderers the first to employ social workers as Special Relief Agents (mostly Penitent Female Refuge women) Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Clients: soldiers and their families experiencing social and health Paid staff were required to deal with such complex situations problems during the civil war Early 1870s The agency later ceased functioning and social workers temporarily The concept of state boards spread to other states disappeared. and many achieved greater administrative responsibilities 1863 1900s Massachusetts Board of Charities (MBC)was established. Responsibility for program management was achieved Coordinated services in almshouses, hospitals, and other institutions. 1877 Functions were basically inspection and advice. The establishment of the American Charity Organization Society was Initiated by Samuel Gridley Howe and the director was Frank B. one of the earliest organized efforts in U.S.A. to help the poor. Sanborn It was founded in Buffalo, New York as a voluntary organization. The board gained wide acceptance. It was patterned after the Charity Organization of London, which was 1863 started seven years earlier. The causes of poverty identified by the MBC: Functions: Physical degradation and inferiority Finding means to help the poor Moral perversity Preventing the poor from taking advantage of the numerous Mental incapacity uncoordinated social agencies that had developed in many communities Accidents and infirmities To organize individualized services geared to this purpose. Unjust and unwise laws Customs of society Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 “Friendly visitors” – they were trained people to contact clients. Greater mobility They believed poverty could be eradicated thru the introduction Increase in population and accompanying social problems implied the of additional scientific increase in public and private social services Techniques: planned intervention or treatment 18th and 19th centuries: 1905 Industrialization The first medical social work department was established by Ida Greater mobility Cannon at the Massachusets General Hospital Increase in population and accompanying social problems implied the Medical social service invigorated the quest for professional skill increase in public and private social services and technique and the implications of casework theory and practice. It demanded new and special instruction and expertise 1898 as opposed to relief and economic dependency. The Charity Organization in New York initiated a summer training “Human kindness alone cannot solve tangled social problems” course on social work education Ida Cannon 1904 Medical social work: The course developed inhto a one-year training program within the Medical social workers became interested in professional New York School of Philantrophy education as a means of moving from the “warm-heart” position 1921 into an understanding of the psychic or social conditions at the base of patient distress The American Association of Social Workers was created, the first major professional social work body With professional education, it would be possible to move into a colleague relationship with the physician 1955 18th and 19th centuries: National Association of Social Workers was created based on the amalgamation of 7 smaller specialized social work associations Industrialization Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 As of 1977, it had 154,000 members Primary motivation: religious: to do good to others for the salvation of their souls. 1995: NASW’s 40th anniversary This was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities 1974 in the country The CSWE approved the accreditation of the undergraduate programs The Spanish missionaries administered in SW or social welfare Hospitals Orphanages PHILIPPINES Asylums Pre-historic period Schools Social welfare centered on mutual protection and economic survival among the people in the “barangays” 1885 Spanish Period The Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls, was established Communities were formed into “pueblos” creating large 1565 concentrations of people in an area resulting in: Parochial School of Cebu – the first school to be established Health and sanitation problems Other schools were soon established Personal maladjustments 1589 Colegio de San Ignacio Economic dislocation 1595 San Ildefonso College Destitution or indigency due to the punitive methods of the Spanish 1601 Colegio de San Jose conquerors 1717 College de San Felipe Encomenderos provided the sick and the poor with aid 1754 Artillery School Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 1859 Ateneo de Manila (out of the original school: Obras To coordinate the welfare activities of various Pias in 1817) Charitable organizations 1694 Santa Isabel 1910 School for the deaf and blind 1750 Santa Rosa 1917 1696 Santa Catalina Associated Charities of Manila After the 1850s, public school started to be put up in the country Functioned as a “community chest”, centralized the receipt and 1 There were 593 primary schools distribution of donations to different charitable organizations in the country 1905 Philippine chapter of the American Red Cross Hospitals, asylums, orphanages and schools were subsidized by the Spanish gov’t with some donations from philantrophic individuals PHILIPPINES The outbreak of the revolution against the Spanish government in the Prominent Persons: country led to efforts that were directed mainly at the sick and wounded Filipino soldiers who needed medical care Dr. Jos Fabella – Director of PWC “Hermanos”, a religious order and women Josefa Jara Martines – obtained a diploma in social work from the New York School of Social Work in 1921. Provided leadership in nursing the wounded in the battlefields particularly after the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal on Dec. 30, 1896 Commonwealth Period (Manuel L. Quezon) 1908 Filipinos took over the government The Philippine General Hospital was established Rural charity clinics 1915 A home for mentally defective children and for the aged in Welfareville Public Welfare Board legislative act no. 2510 Anti-usury laws Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 8-hour labor law; minimum wages Laws related to insurance, pensions, women and child labor 1941 Commonwealth Period (Manuel L. Quezon) Dr. Jose Vergara, then superintendent of Associated Charities of Manila appreciated the value of psychiatric work in the US, employed Housing projects social workers to work with children and youth. Relief boards and other bodies First social workers functioned as caseworkers in working with Creation of the Department of Health and Public Welfare children and youth Bureau of Public Welfare was closed during the war and reopened in The association was absorbed by the Bureau of Public Welfare to carry 1946. out its public assistance program. 1947 it became the Social Welfare Commission under the Office of the 1954 President The Department of Health issued a circular requiring national, This signified the formal recognition of social welfare as a provincial, city emergency hospitals to employ social workers responsibility by the state A Medical Social Service Unit was installed in the Bureau of Hospitals. Casework was the very first professional method of social work This development promoted the practice of casework in the medical intervention practiced in the Philippines and psychiatric settings in public and private hospitals ad clinics. Was first introduced by the Associated Charities of Manila, a family 1976 welfare agency that employed “home visitors”. The Dept of Social Welfare became the Department of Social Services 1920s and Development (DSSD) From the traditional, institution-based social welfare to community- Psychiatric social work was introduced in Welfareville, then the seat of oriented programs and services which underscored people’s own government child-rearing institutions capacities for problem-solving Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 1978 - Community-based programs and services - Locally funded and foreign assisted projects Conversion of departments into Ministries - Disaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation. 1980s THE NGO’S The Ministry of Social Services and Development (MSSD) - They supplement government efforts Defined as “private, non- banner program: the Self-Employment Assistance profit, voluntary organizations that are committed to the task of case management system socio-economic development and established primarily for service.” 1987 The number of NGO’s began to grow after the EDSA Revolution in Pres. Corazon Aquino signed Executive Order No. 123 reorganizing 1986. the MSSD and renaming it Department of Social Welfare and Development. “Evolving from mere welfare or relief agency to the greater task of NGO’S CLASSIFICATION development.” 1. Primary NGOs – also called Pos, direct organizations of the 1990s-Early 2008 beneficiaries themselves. 2. Secondary intermediate – composed of different professions October 10, 1991 RA 7160 or the Local Government Code was passed providing services to the beneficiaries. The DSWD devolved its functions, programs and services, direct 3. Tertiary – usually a network of NGOs established for mutual services workers, budget and assets and liabilities to the local assistance or for special purposes. government units starting 1992. 4. 1999 The national of DSWD became learner and more responsive. 5. Philippine Council for NGO Certification was launched by Four categories of Social Services: NGO networks to regulate the operation of NGOs - Center-institution based services. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 6. Certifies NGOs applying for donee institution status based on The University of the Philippines and Centro Escolar University also specific standards: professionalism, transparency and started offering social work oursesat the graduate leve accountability 1956 7. Has certified 858 applicants out more than 1,500 applications The Civil Service Commission gave an examination for social workers. over a period of 9 years 1965 Passage of RA 4373, An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work PHILIPPINESS and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines The mother of the SW profession in the Phils: Completion of Bachelor of Science in Social Work degree 1,000 hours of supervised field practice, passing of government board examination The Associated Charities (1917) in Social Work for licensing or registration as a social worker. First to use casework First to use social workers as full time, paid employees The passing of RA 4373 is generally considered as the formal The first hire a trained social worker as its Executive secretary (Josefa recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines. Jara Martinez then later Asuncion A. Perez who was also educated in the US) As of December 2006 (16,134) licensed social workers in the Philippines. 1947 The seven or eight social workers who had gone to the US before the - From charity and relied to social development and war to pursue formal social work education formed the Philippine empowerment Association of Social Workers (PASW) - From the sick and homeless to individuals, families and Nurturing the development of the social work profession communities Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 - Developments in social welfare under the Spaniards, the The new psychoanalytical knowledge pertaining to human behavior Americans, the Japanese was found useful in understanding clients and their problems. - The professionalization of Social Work Hence, caseworkers eagerly absorbed this and focused their attention - Social work education on psychic forces within the individual. - Supportive laws - The rise of NGOs and Pos as partners Economic depression - Networking and Alliance -building 1930s - The evolution of the DSWD - PASWI Casework had to consider the economic factors which were causing distress to clients. INFLUENCES ON CASEWORK PRACTICE Realization that economic distress could lead to emotional distress and Mary Ellen Richmond (1861-1928) breakdown. A social work pioneer Establishment of governmental public assistance programs Worked as Treasurer of the Charity Organization Society 1930s The first to develop a structured social work A major outcome of the depression: Published “Social Diagnosis” in 1917 – formalized a communicable Voluntary agencies were relieved from the tasks of providing economic body of techniques in different settings where social workers were help which enabled the caseworkers to devote more time in dealing found with clients' interpersonal problems. From “self” to interaction with others Freudian Psychology 1940s 1920s ego psychology was used by caseworkers based on the observation of Freudian psychology had a strong impact on casework. human beings as regards their differential coping and adapting abilities in times of stress. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 - A problem is the disequilibrium between an individual and his environment. The worker’s goal is to work collaboratively with The new studies on human behavior brought to light the potentialities the client and find an optimal fit between the individual and his of the human personality for healthy adaptation to life's stresses. physical and social surroundings. 1960s - People are referred to or seek the help of a social worker for their problems of living because their normal coping methods are some casework theoreticians began to examine sociological concepts not effective in dealing with the particular problems. such as: social role, social system, social class, etc., with reference to their applicability to casework situations. REASONS WHY INDIVIDUALS FIND THEIR NORMAL COPING PATTERNS INEFFECTIVE IN THE FACE OF SOME This signaled the shifting of the focus from the self of the individual to PROBLEMS: his continuous interactions with his significant others in social settings. Misconceptions about situations and relationships and lack of appropriate information: SOCIAL FUNCTIONING Wrong notions about things prevent people from handling difficult - Problems of social functioning cause distress to the individual situations effectively. Many people have superstitious beliefs about who comes voluntarily or involuntarily to a social work agency diseases which prevent them from taking prompt medical treatment which for help. can cure the disease. - Sometimes due to certain factors internal or external, he fails to vail of existing facilities and services. In such situations, the Example: social caseworker helps him. if a man believes that his child's epileptic fits are caused by the SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS possession of a devil, he is likely to try remedies which will worsen the condition. - An individual and his environment are intertwined. Changes in one bring changes in others. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Sometimes it is ignorance of existing services and resources which delays Personality features or deficiencies: action. Help is required to correct distorted perceptions and for Defective features of one's personality not only create problematic obtaining essential information. situations for oneself and others but also make one incapable of solving Illness or health related handicaps: problems of life. Physical and mental illness and health related handicaps of various types Example: make people helpless or irrational in the face of difficulties. If a little girl is brought up by her mother in the strong belief that her Example: father who deserted the family was a bad man and that all men are When in a family the father is ill, the mother will have to bear extra likewise bad, it is probable that the girl will have a difficult relationship burden and face problems alone for which she may require outside help. with her husband when she later marries. The patient and his family may need help to accept the illness of the The generalized wrong idea may get deeply implanted in the daughter's former and to make realistic plans for the present and future. personality during childhood and she may not be even aware of it as she Emotional distress resulting from stressful situations: grows into adulthood. In certain situations strong feelings are aroused which make a person There are innumerable problems of this type effecting human incapable of acting sensibly. relationships, caused by unhealthy attitudes and reactions which are deeply embedded in the personality. Example: Here, the remedy lies in helping the persons concerned to develop When a father comes to know of his adolescent son's delinquent activities insight about their own reactions and learn to act consciously and he may feel so upset and ashamed that he may want to throw the boy out appropriately rather than react automatically to situations. of the house and to sever all his connections with him. In such situations the emotionally upset person needs someone to whom he can verbalize his feelings freely. Verbalization will reduce the need to OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK act out irrationally and set the mind clear for objective thinking. - To make good rapport with the common people Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 - To find-out, understand and solve the internal problems of an - Expectation of the case worker from the client and what the case individual worker feels about the client’s ability. - To strengthen one’s ego power. - Expectation of the client from the case worker - To prevent problems - Positive result in the period of interaction/relationship - To develop internal resources 3. Accuracy of Empathy ad clear communication - Ability to think positively about other’s point of view. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CASE WORK - What extent you are sympathetic - Relationships arise out of shared and emotionally charged - Ability to perceive, feel and communicate accurately. situations. - Case workers should be sensitive to express feelings towards - Relationships contain elements of acceptance, expectation, clients by voice, posture, and good communication. support, and stimulation. 4. Non-Possessive warmth - Client and case worker are interdependent. - Case work relationships may have several therapeutic values. - Ability of the caseworker to give respect, acceptance, liking, - Improvement of condition caring and concern for the client in a non- dominating way. - More adjustment within the society 5. Genuineness and acceptance - Development of personality - Capacity building - Case worker must be practical in nature. - Relationships need outside help. - He must be a person of genuineness being real, honest in her/his - Case workers too have relationship reactions and part of one’s approach and never go beyond her/his limit. professional skills in their management. - 6. Authority CHARACTERISTICS - Case worker must have a capacity to handle any situation, being 1. Purpose and concern for the client system resourceful and helpful - A purpose to find-out internal problems and try to solve it - A concern to make good rapport, feel one’s feelings and aims at - Having knowledge, attitude, experience and a position to identify individualized service. and solve internal 2. Expectation at three levels Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 - problems of client Controlled emotional involvement Process of Social Casework PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF CASEWORK (The Problem-Solving Process) Most basic value: Intake the wortAh and dignity of Psychosocial study (exploration/Investigation) every human being. Psychosocial diagnosis (Assessment) Other values: Intervention / Treatment (Problem-solving process) commitment to the goal of human betterment, in terms of both Monitoring and Evaluation material and emotional well-being. Follow-up and Termination the development of human potential to the highest level possible. the need for every person to participate fully in the direction of Intake his own life. First Interview human behavior can change. Rapport Building Another set of commitments: Client comes to an agency for professional help through a (emerging from these philosophical assumptions and the idea of Caseworker individualized help), concepts of: Relationship between two persons of unequal positions and Acceptance power is developed non-condemning attitude Accept client as a person in a stressful situation confidentiality Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Respect the client’s personality and help him resolve his The nature of the solution or ends sought from the case work problems agency. THE AREAS FOR PROBING ARE: The actual nature of the agency and its problem solving means in relation to the client and his problem. The stage of the problem at which the person, through whom, and the reasons because of which, comes to this agency TOOLS IN CASEWORK STUDY The nature of request and its relation to his problem, and the cause of Interviewing his problem, as the client sees a meeting or conference (may be formal or informal) between two or Does the request relate directly to his needs/ problems? more persons for specific purpose His adjustment to his social functions in job, family, etc. an art which is used in every situation for better understanding and better relationships between the interviewer and the interviewee PSYCHOSOCIAL STUDY without interview, the worker cannot get all the possible information about the client nor can the client gain any confidence in the worker. (exploration/Investigation) Initial Interviews It is the initial assessment of client’s current, relevant past and possible future modes of adaptation to stressful situations and normal living Facts gathering begins as the worker elicits from clients the following: situations. perception of problem Contents of the casework study (Perlman) what they think led up to it The nature of the presenting problem how they have attempted to remedy it, what they believe might help now The significance of the problem. and what other people, agencies or systems are involved. The cause(s), onset and precipitants of the problem. Additional Source of Information The efforts made to cope with problem-solving. Skills required for an effective interview Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Skill in relating with the interviewee Treatment Plan Skill in observing the interviewee THREE-FOLD PURPOSE OF AN INTERVIEW: Skill in listening To obtain knowledge of the situation. Skill in asking questions To understand another person. Skill in answering personal questions To make the person understand you. Interpreting client’s response Communication Knowledge about communication can be extremely helpful to the * Guided by professionl principles social worker who will undoubtedly have many occasions to use especially in casework where he/she will Three-fold purpose of an interview: have to communicate consistently with the To obtain knowledge of the situation client through different forms To understand another person Importance of Recording in Social Work To make the person understand you By maintaining records, a worker can improve his professional THE FORMAT OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULE skills and techniques, can learn by his own errors and can thus History of the problem make his help more effective and systematic. Personal history Records not only help a worker to evaluate his own work, but he can also improve upon his own methods. Family history Records can create interest not only in the worker but also in the Problematic areas client and help in building worker-client relationship. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Records add to the body of knowledge of social work and also make this knowledge communicable. helps in determining the focus of treatment, further collection of facts Records make supervision and teaching easier and effective. and deciding the best course of action to solve the problem Records can be used for social research and planning. may be viewed as the fluid, constantly changing assessment of the client, their problems, life situations and important relationships Through records a worker can show his agency what work he has done. Records ensure continuity of work, if another replaces one TYPES OF DIAGNOSIS: worker. Dynamic diagnosis Records are useful for future references. Gives and understanding of: Records help in providing service on a systematic basis. the current problem of the client the forces currently operating within the PSYCHOSOCIAL DIAGNOSIS Client (Assessment) the forces operating within the client’s social environment Psychosocial Diagnosis the forces operating between an attempt to arrive at an exact definition as possible of the social him and his environment. situation and personality of a given client Clinical Diagnosis concerned with understanding both the psychological or personality factors which bear a casual relationship to the client’s difficulty and This diagnosis is concerned with the explanation of the history the social or environmental factors which tend to sustain it of the client’s problem a search for the causes of the problem which brings the client to the worker for help Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 It is useful only when it becomes apparent that a disorder of personality accompanies the social disorder, creating & complicating it INTERVENTION / TREATMENT Etiological Diagnosis (Problem-solving process): When the client’s responses are not in accordance with the problem, the past history and its appraisal helps to understand the rigid reactions Hamilton of the client and make an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment is the sum total of all activities and service directed Steps in Diagnosis towards helping an individual with a problem Focus on problematic behaviors. Both functional and The focus is relieving of the immediate problem and, if feasible, dysfunctional modify any basic difficulties which precipitated it behaviors in the client’s environment are surveyed. The client’s The objectives of Social case work treatment personal strength as well as of those of his environment are To prevent social breakdown evaluated. To conserve client’s strength He specifies the target behaviors. Break down complex behaviors into clear and precise component parts. To restore social functioning Baseline data are collected to specify those events that appear to To provide happy experiences to the client be currently controlling the problematic behaviors. To create opportunities for growth and development The collected information is summarized in an attempt to To compensate psychological damage anticipate any major problem in treatment and as a way of beginning to establish objectives for treatment. To increase capacity for self-direction Selecting priorities for treatment is the final step of the diagnosis To increase client’s social contribution Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 For example attempts to change the attitude of the parents, teachers, spouse, employer, friends and relatives, training and employment for livelihood, METHODS OF SOCIAL CASEWORK TREATMENT group experience in accordance with the Administration Of Concrete And needs of the client. Practical Services DIRECT TREATMENT Providing help to the client to choose and use Direct treatment is given through counseling, the social resources afforded by the community. therapeutic interviewing, clarification and Money, medical care, legal aid, helping to get job or interpretation leading to an insight admission in educational institutions, aged homes, MODELS IN CASEWORK foster homes, recreational facilities and other Psychosocial Model such type of services Cause and effect are identified between the individual and environment INDIRECT TREATMENT Ego Psychology and the behavioral sciences provide important (Environmental Modification/ underpinning for practice. Essentially, this model has Freudian theory base modified and adapted for use in social work practice. Manipulation, both Physical and Social) functional model Environmental manipulation means changing the social conditions of the client so that he/she may be relieved from excessive stresses and Developed at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work in the strains. 1930s. Emphasis was on the relationship, the dynamic use of time and the use of the “agency function”. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Diagnostic categories have tended to be avoided as having limited usefulness in social work practice. For instance, how Task-Centered Model does one reconcile the concept of individuality and uniqueness with a pigeonholing of individuals into several classifications? Together, the client and caseworker reach an explicit agreement on the particular problems to be worked on, and also the Problem-Solving Model probable duration of treatment. Identified with the work of Perlman at the Chicago School. This Organized around problem-solving actions developed model was formulated and articulated in Social Casework, collaboratively by the caseworker and the client, the tasks written by Perlman and published in 1957. assigned will state a general direction for the client’s action, or a A few characteristics of the problem-solving method include the specific behavior the client is to follow. By concentrating his or identification of the problem by the person, subjective aspects of her effort in helping the client follow the program, the the person-in-the-situation, the centrality of the person with the caseworker makes use of various interventions. problem, the search for a solution to the problem, decision- Ecological Systems Theory making and action. focuses on aspects of relationships between people and their The purposes of the process are to free the client for investment environments in tasks related to the solution of the problem, involve the client’s ego in work designated to deal with the problem, and to mobilize individuals are constantly interacting with other individuals in inner and outer forces in the service of satisfactory role social systems. performance. Example: family systems, groups, institutions, or even larger Behavior Modification Model political and economic forces Influenced by Pavlov and Skinner and began to be incorporated interventions based on objective and rational awareness of such in the social work literature in the 1960s. Practice applying this forces results into positive changes for individuals as they model lends itself to research since behavior to be modified is interact in their respective systems. observable. This may be one of the chief values of behavior MONITORING AND EVALUATION modification. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Monitoring provides crucial feedback to caseworker and the client achievements during the helping period regarding: factors helpful or obstructive in achieving the objectives the efforts needed to maintain the level of achievement and the Whether the treatment program is succeeding as desired, feelings aroused by disengagement. Whether established goals have been achieved, Additional notes on termination: Whether modifications in the program are necessary and It is neither wise nor necessary for the termination to be an Whether the client is being helped in real sense. abrupt one. Evaluation It is best to discuss termination and its ramifications (implications) several times before the final interview. the process of attaching a value to the social work practice; the method of knowing what the outcomes are; a continuous The frequency and amount of contacts should be gradually process. decreased. Evaluation of the approach used and result should be taken up Termination of the helping process brings up in both the case with the client so that the efforts are meaningfully utilized. worker and client many feelings – both positive and negative– which must be verbalized and discussed. Evaluation will further strengthen the relationship between the caseworker and client and motivate the client to work towards his Follow-up is done to help client maintain the improvement. goal. TERMINATION AND FOLLOW UP THE COMPONENTS OF CASEWORK At the end, or during the period of termination, the worker should The Person discuss the following with the client: The Problem original as well as revised goals and objectives The Place Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 The Process Casework addresses itself to the solution of problems that block or minimize the effectiveness of the individual in various roles. The worker – client relationship The multifaceted and dynamic nature of the client’s problem The Problem solving work makes necessary the selection by caseworker and client some Person part of it as the unit for work. The person who comes as a client to a social agency is always under The choice of problem depends on: stress. whether the problem is the client’s problem To understand human behavior and individual difference, Grace leadership given by case worker depends upon her professional Mathew has given the following propositions: knowledge and judgment agency’s function e.g.hospital, etc. An individual’s behavior is conditioned by his/her environment and his/her experiences. Problems can be categorized as follows (Grace Mathew): Behavior refers to reacting, feeling, thinking, etc. the conditions and influences surrounding the person constitutes the environment. Problems related to illness and disabilities For human growth and development it is essential that certain Problems due to lack of material resources basic needs should be met (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) School related problems Emotional needs are real and they cannot be met or removed through intellectual reasoning Problems related to institutionalization Behavior is purposeful and is in response to the individual’s Behavior problems physical and emotional needs Problems of marital discord Problem Problem situations needing a follow-up service Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Needs related to rehabilitation of people Agencies also differ based on: Place Source of support The social agency is an organization fashioned to express the Professional authority will of a society or of some group in that society as to social Clientele they serve welfare–community decides the need of the agency. Services they offer Each social agency develops a program by which to meet the particular areas of need with which it sets out to deal. It depends Goals of the agency, etc. on factors like money, knowledge and competence of the agency Every staff member in an agency speaks and acts for some part of the staff, the interest, resources available and support of the agency’s function, and the case worker represents the agency in its community. individualized problem solving help. The social agency has a structure by which it organizes and caseworker not an independent professional practitioner delegates its responsibilities and tasks, and governing policies and procedures Hierarchy–roles and responsibilities clear, caseworker speaks and acts for the agency designated and delegated–collaboration procedures and policies, psychologically identified with its purpose and policies understand the usefulness by which it stabilizes and systematizes its operations–among workers. case worker while representing his agency is first and foremost a representative of his profession. He/she must know and be Agency functions: committed with feeling to the philosophy that guides the practice child welfare of the social work profession. family welfare Process education In order to understand what casework must include in its problem-solving process, it is necessary to consider first the kinds specialization-based, etc. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 of challenges and blockings which occur in people’s normal CLIENT-WORKER RELATIONSHIP problem-solving efforts. “Relationship” in Case Work If necessary tangible means and resources are not available to Relationship is the professional meeting of two persons for the the person. purpose of assisting one of them, the client, to make a better, a Out of ignorance or misapprehension about the facts of the more acceptable adjustment to a personal problem. problem or the facts of existing ways of meeting it. Relationship is the channel through which the mobilization of If the person is depleted or drained of emotional or physical the capacities of the client is made possible. energy. Successful treatment depends heavily on the quality of Some problems arouse high feelings in a person–emotions so relationship between client and worker. strong that they overpower his reason and defy his conscious How do we promote Positive Relationship? controls. Positive therapeutic relationship stems from the worker’s Problem may lie within the person; he may have become subject demonstration of non-possessive warmth and concern, to, or victim of, emotions that chronically, over a long time, have genuineness, accurate empathy, and non judgmental acceptance, governed his thinking and action. along with his capacity to communicate optimism and Have not developed systematic habits or orderly method of things professional competence. and planning. For client: he must mobilize some courage, hope and motivation The purpose of the casework process is to engage the person to join the worker, and to trust in his ability to help. himself both in working on and coping with the one or several Recommended worker interventions to engage the client’s own problems that confront him and to do so in such a way that he problem-solving capacities emerges as a functional being as he goes on living. Help client acknowledge difficulty Assist client in understanding the meaning of the situation Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Aid client in making decision to change Anticipatory fear- that the worker truly cannot understand their need or circumstances can also hinder effective relationship. Show sympathetic approach with client When the client is referred by some referring agency e.g. parents, Establish rapport school, court etc.; in that case the client’s willingness to engage Present and discuss facts of the case in work may be impeded. Stimulate the client to action Transference: Demonstrate to the client your ability to observe and listen “Transference is a form of displacement in which the individual Begin where the client is unconsciously displaces onto a current object those drives defenses, attitudes, feelings and responses which were Ask only necessary questions experienced or developed in relationship with earlier objects Take leadership only when needed, otherwise use client’s own (mainly persons) in the individual’s life.” resourcefulness Counter – transference: Offer interpretations of client’s situation, as well as resources Social worker also has unconscious tendency to transfer on the and direction only as needed client. Demonstrate acceptance of client The job of the case worker to recognize his feelings and must Discuss client request control them. Gather facts about request Types of Transference: Obstacles in effective worker-client relationship: Positive: People seeking help feel anxious: with feeling of shame and Parents have shown to be friendly and helpful, the client will failure to resolve difficulties. transfer a Fear of dependence on another may create apprehension. desire to help, friendship, guidance, emotional support and interest. Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44963577 Negative: Role of the consultant/educator Parents not shown interest and indifferent, the client will have The broker/ advocate role feelings of unfriendliness, suspicion and distrust. Clinical/behavioral change role: Uses of Transference (3 stages): In the clinical/behavioral change role, the caseworker focuses Understanding the transference–his behavior, unconscious need his attention on those aspects of the client's behavior which of the client. cause stress to himself or others. Utilizing the transference –integrate past and present Role of the consultant/educator experiences and earlier relationships. As an educator, the caseworker may impart information, Interpreting the transference –careful analysis of his transmit knowledge, give advice, correct perception or explain unconscious defenses. situational factors which are hidden from the client's view. Qualities of a Social Case Worker The caseworker may be required to facilitate consultation with other social workers and professionals from other disciplines and As the caseworker functions as a change agent, he/she: to provide social work practice instruction to students of social must be a person who is capable of changing himself and his work. attitudes to be in keeping with the values and principles of The advocate/broker role casework must be open to new ideas and develop the capacity for self- It is part of the caseworker's commitment to the individual client awareness. or family as regards locating resources and services for the client/s representing them when needed and advocating for the must believe that each person and each family is unique and passage of policies at the more macro level. must be studied and listened to separately. Three Major Roles of the Case Worker: Clinical/behavioral change role Downloaded by Capri Corn ([email protected])