Summer Training Guide for Pharmacy Students PDF

Chapter One: Gastro-intestinal System 1.1-Antacids 1-Antacids are basic compounds that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions. They are used in the symptomatic management of gastrointestinal disorders associated with gastric hyperacidity such as dyspepsia, gastrooesophageal reflux...

Chapter One: Gastro-intestinal System 1.1-Antacids 1-Antacids are basic compounds that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions. They are used in the symptomatic management of gastrointestinal disorders associated with gastric hyperacidity such as dyspepsia, gastrooesophageal reflux disease, and peptic ulcer disease (1). 2-Antacids are best given when symptoms occur (i.e. when required) or are expected, usually between meals and at bedtime (2). 3-Antacid suspensions are more effective and work more quickly than tablets (of the same type and quantity). 4-Patient should be instructed to chew the tablets thoroughly followed by a full glass of water to ensure maximum therapeutic effect. 5-It might be appropriate for the patient to have both; tablet antacid may be taken during a day at the work while suspension is taken at home. 6-Interactions: A-Antacids can affect the absorption of a number of drugs (via chelation and adsorption) and the majority of these interactions are easily overcome by leaving a minimum gap of (1-2) hours between the doses of each drug. B-Antacids -------increase the PH of the stomach---------cause a premature release of enteric coated tablets or granules in the stomach rather than the intestine. 7-Side effects of antacids A- AL-containing antacids tend to be constipating, Mg-containing antacids tend to cause osmotic diarrhea and are useful in patients who are slightly constipated. Thus combination products of AL and Mg salts cause minimum bowel disturbances. B- Antacids containing sod. Bicarbonate should be avoided in patients if sodium intake should be restricted (e.g. in patient with CHF, hypertension,…..). 8-Other drugs that may be combined with antacid formulations include simeticone, which acts as a defoaming agent to reduce excess gas in the stomach, and alginates, which form a gel or foam on the surface of the stomach contents thereby impeding reflux and protecting the oesophageal mucosa from acid attack (1). ١  Antacids (including those combined with simethicone, and alginate) Scientific names Trade names Dosage form (Reckitt 1 Sod. Alginate, potassium Gaviscon Suspension Banckiser) bicarbonate 2 Mg-Hydroxide 400mg Maalox Chewable tablet , Al-Hydroxide 400mg Suspension 3 Ca-carbonate 680mg Rennie Chewable tablet Mg-carbonate 80mg 4 Mg-Hydroxide, simethicone Maalox Plus Chewable tablet , Al-Hydroxide Suspension 5 Mg-trisilicate , Al-Hydroxide Gaviscon Chewable tablet Na-bicarbonate ,Alginic acid 6 Mg-Hydroxide 195mg /5mL Maalox (Sanofi-Aventis) suspension Al-Hydroxide 220mg/5mL Any extra notes: 1.2-Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) 1- PPIs are the most potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion and include omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole (3). 2-PPIs are used for the treatments of gastric and duodenal ulcers; they are also used in combination with antibacterials for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (a bacteria that is common cause of ulcer ). PPIs can be used for the treatment of dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. They are also used for the prevention and treatment of NSAID-associated ulcers (2). 3- Regimen for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori usually composed of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin, and either amoxicillin or metronidazole for 10–14 days. This regimen is called (triple therapy) (4). 4-They are most effective when taken 30 to 60 minutes before meals (4).The once daily dose usually given in the morning before meals (2). While twice daily dose given morning and night before meals. 5-Various PPI dosage forms and formulations exist and include the enteric- coated granules contained in gelatin capsules (omeprazole, esomeprazole, and lansoprazole), and delayed release enteric-coated tablets (rabeprazole, pantoprazole). The enteric coating prevents degradation of the drug in stomach acid (4). ٢  PPIs Scientific names Trade name Dosage form Omeprazole Prilosec , Gasec Cap. 10 , 20 , 40. Losec (AstraZeneca) Lansoprazole Lancid , Holicol Cap. 15 , 30. Zolon (Pfizer) Rabeprazole Aciphex Tab. 10 , 20. Pariet (Janssen , Eisal ) Pantoprazole Protonix Tab. 20 , 40. Protium (Takeda) Vial 40mg Esomeprazole Nexium (AstraZeneca) Tab. 20 , 40. Any extra notes: 1.3-Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RAs) 1-H2RAs include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine (3). 2- H2RAs are used for the treatments of gastric and duodenal ulcers. They can be used for the treatment of dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (2). 3-Cimetidine inhibits several CYP450 isoenzymes, resulting in numerous drug interactions (e.g., theophylline, warfarin, and clopidogrel) (4). Avoidance of the combination, or a reduction in the dosage of these drugs may be required (1). 4-Ranitidine has less potential for hepatic CYP450 drug interactions, while famotidine and nizatidine do not interact with drugs metabolized by the hepatic CYP450 pathway (4). 5-Cimetidine has a weak anti-androgenic effect and gynaecomastia and impotence have also occasionally occurred in men; these are usually reversible (1). ٣  H2RAs Scientific names Trade name Dosage form (chemidex) Cimetidine Tagamet Tab. 200 , 400 , 800. Amp. 20mg/1mL (GSK) Ranitidine Zantac Tab. 150 , 300. Amp.50 mg/2mL Famotidine Pepcid , Famadar , Tab. 20 , 40. Famosam Any extra notes: 1.4-Laxatives 1- Laxatives promote defecation and are used in the treatment of constipation and for bowel evacuation before investigational procedures such as endoscopy (1). 2- Type of laxative Type of laxative Example(s) Approximate onset of action 1-Stimulant laxative Senna, Bisacodyl, Sodium Oral:6-12hours picosulfate, and Glycerin (supp.) Rectal: within 1 hour 2-Bulk-forming laxative Methylcellulose, Bran , Sterculia 1-3 days and Ispaghula (Metamucil®) 3-Lubricant(faecal softeners) Liquid paraffin 6-8 hours 4-Osmotic laxative Lactulose 1-2 days 3- Product selection guidelines Patient Preferred laxative Pregnant women Bulk-forming laxative, or Lactulose may be used. Breast-feeding mother Bulk-forming laxative Children Glycerin(supp.) , Lactulose Advanced age(elderly) Bulk-forming laxative , Also Lactulose and Glycerin (supp.) are safe. A-Stimulant laxatives: 1- Prolonged use may result in loss of colonic smooth muscle tone. Stimulant laxatives should therefore be used for only short periods of a few days. ٤  2-Bisacodyl tablet is enteric-coated; therefore, it should be swallowed whole and should not be taken within one hour of antacid or milk as this will lead to dissolution of the coating and release of the drug into the stomach and cause gastric irritation. 3-Usual Doses :Senna tab., Bisacodyl 5 mg tab. Adult dose: usually 2 tablets (usually take at night to produce the effect next morning). While the dose of supp. Is one supp. (usually in the morning). Glycerin suppositories:The patient should expect to have bowel movement quickly (within one hour). 4-Senna may colour the urine yellowish-brown at acid pH, and red at alkaline pH (1). B-Lactulose (Osmotic laxative): 1-It can be taken by all age group , and can be safely used in pregnancy. 2-It is intensely sweet in taste (but it is safe for diabetic patients). 3-Adult laxative dose : 15 ml twice daily. 4- It discourages the proliferation of ammonia-producing organisms. It is therefore useful in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (in patients with liver cirrhosis) (2). C- Bulk-forming laxative 1-The laxative effect can take several days to develop. 2- Bulk-forming laxative preparations should be taken immediately before going to bed, because there may be a risk of oesophageal blockage if the patient lies down directly after taking them. 3-When recommending the use of a bulk laxative, the pharmacist should advise that an increase in fluid intake would be necessary. D- Liquid paraffin: its use decline nowadays due to many disadvantages. Laxatives (try to include the different types of laxatives ) Scientific name Trade names Type Dosage form(s) 1 Streculia Normacol Plus Bulk forming Granules (Norgine ) Frangula 2 streculia Normacol Bulk forming Granules (Norgine ) 3 Bicodyl Dulcolax Stimulant Tab. 5 Laxidyl laxative Supp. 5 , 10. 4 Glycerine Glycerine Stimulant Supp. 2 , 4 laxative ٥ 5 Sennoside Senade Stimulant Tab.7.5 , 13.5 Senokot (Reckitt laxative Syrup7.5mg/5mL Benckiser) 6 Castor oil Castor oil Stimulant Castor oil liquid laxative 7 Lactulose Laxolac Osmotic Syrup.65g/100mL Lactolac Any extra notes: 1.5-Antidiarrhoeals Note :the main aim in the management of acute diarrhoea is the correction of fluid and electrolyte depletion with rehydration therapy; this is especially important in infants and young children and antidiarrhoeals are not generally recommended for this age group. 1.5.1-Antimotility drugs (Loperamide , (Diphenoxylate+Atropine)) 1-Antimotility drugs are not recommended for acute diarrhoea in young children (2). In the UK, diphenoxylate hydrochloride is not licensed for children under 4 years of age (1). In the UK, loperamide is not licensed for children under 4 years of age. In the USA, loperamide is not recommended for children under the age of 2 years (1). 2- Adult doses : Loperamide: Initially 2 tablets followed by 1 tablet after each loose stool. Diphenoxylate+Atropine: 4 tablets initially followed by 2 tablets every 6 hours. 1.5.2- Adsorbents (pectin +kaolin) 1- Adsorbents such as kaolin are not recommended for acute diarrhoeas (2). 2-Kaolin can form insoluble complexes with some drugs in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce their absorption; oral doses should not be taken at the same time (1). 1.5.3- Oral rehydration solution (ORS) 1- Only water should be used to make the solution and that boiled and cooled water should be used for children < 1 year. ٦ 2-Stability of ORS after reconstitution: After reconstitution, any unused solution should be discarded after 1 hour of preparation unless it stored in refrigerator where it may kept for up to 24 hours. 3-Dose of ORS : See table Antidiarrhoeals Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Diphenoxylate 4mg Lomotil , Entero-stop Tab. Atropine 0.25 mg 2 Loperamide Imodium , diarr-stop Tab.2mg Vancotil. Drop 2mg/mL 3 Loperamide 2mg Imodium Plus (McNeil) Cap. Simeticone 125mg Any extra notes: 1.6-Antispasmodics 1.6.1-Antimuscarinics (e.g Hyoscine butylbromide) 1- Used for symptomatic relief of gastro-intestinal disorders characterized by smooth muscle spasm (1). 2-Antimuscarinics are contra-indicated in patients with prostatic enlargement (2). 1.6.2-Other antispasmodics ( mebeverine) are used to relieve pain in irritable bowel Syndrome (2). Antispasmodics Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Hyoscine N-butyl Antispasmine Tab. 10 , amp.20mg/2mL bromide Buscopan (Boechring ingelheim) Drop.10mg/mL , syrup 5/5mL 2 Mebeverine Dusptalin M.R cap.200mg , Colofac (Abbott healthcare) tab.100 , 135. 3 Alverine citrate Spasmanol (Meda) Cap.60mg ٧ Note: antichloinergics may be combined with benzodiazepine (librax®) or phenothiazine (stelabid®) and they are used for gastrointestinal disorders associated with anxiety; and for irritable bowel syndrome. Also they may be combined with an analgesics. Compound antichloinergics Trade names Scientific name Dosage form Librax® Chlordiazepoxide 5mg Tab. Clidinium bromide 2.5mg Stelabid® Isopropamide 5mg Tab. Trifluoperazine 1mg Antispasmine- Homotropine methyl bromide Tab. 4+350+60 co® Paracetamol Drop 2+120+30 Papverine Riabal-co® Prifinium bromide 30 mg Tab. Paracetamol 325mg Any extra notes: 1.7-Antiemetics 1-(Prochlorperazine, Metoclopramide and domperidone) are used to treat or prevent nausea and vomiting. 2-Cinnarizine is used to prevent motion sickness where the dose is taken 2 hours before travel (2). 3- Domperidone has the advantage over metoclopramide and the Prochlorperazine of being less likely to cause central effects such as dystonic reactions (a tetanus-like reaction) because it does not readily cross the blood- brain barrier (2). Important note : in patients under 20 years: the dose of Metoclopramide should be determined on the basis of body-weight (0.1 mg/kg/dose) to avoid dystonic reaction (1, 2). ٨  Antiemetics Scientific name Trade names Dosage form(s) 1 Metoclopramide Plasil Tab. 10mg Amp.10mg/2mL 2 domperidone Motillium (Janssen) Tab.10, supp. 30 , 60 , susp.1mg/mL 3 Prochlorperazine Stemetil Tab. 5 mg. Amp. 1.25% (Janssen) 4 Cinnarizine Stugeron Tab.25 , cap. 75 , Any extra notes: 1.8-Drugs for Inflammatory bowel disease ( ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease). Note: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is confined to the rectum and colon, while Crohn's disease (CD) can involve any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (4). A-Aminosalicylates (like Mesalamine, and Sulfasalazine) 1-Sulfasalazine is given orally and it contain mesalamine combined with sulfapyridine which is believed to be responsible for many of the adverse reactions to sulfasalazine, mesalamine alone can be used (4). 2-Mesalamine can be used topically as an enema or suppository for the treatment of proctitis or given orally in slow-release formulations that deliver mesalamine to the small intestine and colon (4). 3-Because the oral mesalamine formulations are coated tablets or granules, they should not be crushed or chewed. Unlike sulfasalazine, it safe to use for patients with sulfonamide allergies (4). 4-Enemas or suppositories should be administered in the evening (3). They are given rectally, particularly when disease affects the sigmoid colon and rectum (1). B-Other drugs may be used for Inflammatory bowel disease include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants ,…. ٩  Aminosalicylates Scientific name Trade names Dosage form(s) 1 Sulfasalazine Salazopyrin Tab. 500. (Pharmacia) 2 Mesalamine Ipxol (Sandoz) M.R tab. 1.2g , tab. 400mg Mezovante (Shire) Any extra notes: 1.9-Local preparations for anal and rectal disorders 1-These products are used mainly for haemorrhoids and anal fissure. 2-They are usually formulated as ointments and creams or suppositories. 3-Ointments and creams can be used for internal and external hemorrhoids while suppositories are used for internal hemorrhoids. However both are usually given twice daily (morning and evening) and after each bowel movement. 3-When used intrarectally, the ointment may be inserted using an applicator or finger but the applicator is preferred because it can reach an area where the finger cannot reach. The applicator should be lubricated by the ointment before insertion. Local preparations for anal and rectal disorders Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Cinchocaine , Hydrocortisone Proctosedyle Ointment Supp. 2 Flucinolone acetonide , lidocaine , Proctocinolone , Ointment mentol, bismuth subgallate Proctohate 3 Aluminium acetate , Hydrocortisone , Xyloproct Oin tment (AstraZeneca) lidocaine , Zinc oxide Any extra notes: ١٠ 1.10- Administration of Rectal Suppositories and enemas (5) : Suppositories 1-Gently squeeze the suppository to determine if it is firm enough to insert. Chill a soft suppository by placing it in the refrigerator for a few minutes or by running it under cool running water. 2-Remove the suppository from its wrapping. 3-Dip the suppository for a few seconds in lukewarm water to soften the exterior. 4-Lie on your left side with knees bent or in the knee-to-chest position (see drawings A and B). Position A is best for self-administration of a suppository. Small children can be held in a crawling position. 5-Relax the buttock just before inserting the suppository to ease insertion. Gently insert the tapered end of the suppository high into the rectum. If the suppository slips out, it was not inserted past the anal sphincter (the muscle that keeps the rectum closed). 6-Continue to lie down for a few minutes, and hold the buttocks together to allow the suppository to dissolve in the rectum. The parent/caregiver may have to gently hold a child's buttocks closed. 7-Remember that the medication is most effective when the bowel is empty. Try to avoid a bowel movement after insertion of the suppository for up to 1 hour so that the intended action can occur. Enemas 1-If someone else is administering the enema, lie on your left side with knees bent or in the knee-to-chest position (see drawings A and B). Position A is preferred for children older than 2 years. If self-administering the enema, lie on your back with your knees bent and buttocks raised (see drawing C). A pillow may be placed under the buttocks. 2-If using a concentrated enema solution, dilute solution according to the product instructions. Prepare 1 pint (500 mL) for adults and 1/2 pint (250 mL) for children. 3-Lubricate the enema tip with petroleum jelly or other non-medicated ointment/cream. Apply the lubricant to the anal area as well. 4-Gently insert the enema tip 2 (recommended depth for children) to 3 inches into the rectum. 5-Allow the solution to flow into the rectum slowly. If you experience discomfort, the flow is probably too fast. 6-Retain the enema solution until definite lower abdominal cramping is felt. The parent/caregiver may have to gently hold a child's buttocks closed to prevent the solution from being expelled too soon. ١١ References 1- Sean C. Sweetman. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 36th Edition. Pharmaceutical Press 2009. 2-BNF 61. 3- Joseph T. DiPiro, Robert L. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 8th Edition. 2011. 4- Mary Anne koda-kimble (ed.), Applied Therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs, 10th ed.2013 5- Rosemary R Berardi. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care, 16th Edition. 2009. ١٢  Chapter Two : Cardiovascular System 2.1-Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) 1-Examples include ( captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and ramipril). 2- They act as vasodilators. The main uses of ACE inhibitors are in the management of heart failure, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (1). 3- Pronounced hypotension may occur at the start of therapy with ACE inhibitors (first dose hypotension) (1). Therefore: A- The first dose should preferably be given at bedtime (2). B- Starting dose should be low then increased gradually. 4-Other adverse effects include persistent dry cough (1)(see angiotensin II receptor antagonists below). ACE inhibitors Scientific name Trade names Dosage form (Squibb) 1 Captopril Capoten Tab. 25 , 50 , 100. 2 Enalapril Vasotec Tab. 10 , 2o. Innovace (MSD) 3 Lisinopril Zestril (AstraZeneca ) Tab. 5 , 10 ,20. Any extra notes: 4 Ramipril Altace Tab. 1.25 , 2.5 , 5 ,10 (Sanofi Aventis) Tritace 2.2-Angiotensin II receptor antagonists(A2RAs) (angiotensin II receptor blockers). 1- Examples include (Candesartan, telmisartan, losartan and valsartan)(sartans). 2- They act as vasodilators. The main uses of A2RAs inhibitors are in the management of heart failure, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (1) 3-Imortant: unlike ACE inhibitors, they are less likely to cause the persistent dry cough which can complicate ACE inhibitor therapy. They are therefore a ١٣  useful alternative for patients who have to discontinue an ACE inhibitor because of persistent cough (2). Note 2: There are many combination products in the market that contain a combination of an A2RA and diuretic (mostly hydrochlorothiazide) used for hypertension not adequately controlled with A2RA alone (2). Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (including at least one combination product with diuretic) scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Candesartan Atacand Tab. 8 , 16. (Takeda) cilexetil Amias Tab. 2, 4,8,16,32. (MSD) 2 losartan Cozaar Tab. 50 ,100. 3 Valsartan Diovan (Novertis) Tab. 80 , 160. 4 Irbesartan Sabervel or Aprovel Tab. 75, 150 , 300. 5 Telmisortan Micordis (Boehringer ) Tab. 20, 40 ,80. MicordisPlus (Boehringer) Tab.40/12.5, 80/12.5, 80/25 Any extra notes: Valsartan +Hydrochlorothiazide Diovan Plus (Novertis) tab.80/12.5 ,160/12.5, 160/25 Losartan+ hydrochlorothiazide Angezaar – H Tab. 50/12.5, 100/12.5 2.3-Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (beta-blockers) 1-Examples include (Atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, and propranolol). 2-Beta blockers are used in the management of: A-Cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and some of them are used for heart failure (1). B-They are also given to control symptoms of sympathetic overactivity, anxiety states, hyperthyroidism, and in the prophylaxis of migraine (1). C-Some Beta blockers used as eye drops (e.g. timolol) to reduce raised intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma (1). 3-Important: A- Bisoprolol , carvedilol , metoprolol and nebivolol are the beta-blockers that are used to treat heart failure (other beta- blokers are contraindicated). ١٤  B-When used for heart failure, β-blockers should be started in very low doses with slow upward dose titration (start low, go slow) e.g : Carvedilol start with 3.125 mg 6.25 mg 12.5 mg 25 mg) 4-Beta-blockers can precipitate bronchospasm and should therefore usually be avoided in patients with a history of asthma (2). 5-Abrupt cessation of β-blocker therapy should be avoided (abrupt discontinuation of β-blockers may be associated with tachycardia, in addition to increased BP). For these reasons, it is always prudent to taper the dose gradually over 1 to 2 weeks before discontinuation (2). Beta-blockers (try to select different scientific names) scientific name Trade name Dosage form 1 Atenolol Tenormin Tab. 25, 50 ,100. 2 Metoprolol Topral Tab. 50, 100. Betaloc (AstraZeneca) 3 Carvedilol Coreg Tab. 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 ,25. 4 Propranolol Inderal Tab. 10, 40. Inderal LA (AstraZeneca) Tab. 80 ,160. 5 Bisoprolol Cardicor (Merck Serona ) Tab. 1.25, 2.5 , 3.75, 5 ,7.5 , 10. 6 labetalol Trandate (phor Safer) Tab. 50 , 100 , 200 Any extra notes: Nadolol Corgard (Sanofi Aventis) tab.80. 2.4- Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) 1-CCBs include : A-Dihydropyridine CCBs (examples amlodipine, nifedipine): They have a greater selectivity for vascular smooth muscle than for heart and therefore their main effect is vasodilatation (1). B- Non-Dihydropyridine CCBs (examples diltiazem and verapamil): They have a greater selectivity for heart than for vascular smooth muscle. 2-The main use of CCBs is in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension (both types of CCBs) ; some are also used in cardiac arrhythmias (non-dihydropyridine CCBs) (1). ١٥ 3-CCBs (especially dihydropyridine CCBs) can cause ankle edema as a side effect (2). 4-Nifedipine is a short acting , therefore it is commonly formulated as sustained release formulation (long acting dosage form). CCBs Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Amlodipine Amlostin or Norvasc Tab. 5 , 10. Istin (Pfizer) 2 Diltiazem Cardizem Tab. 60 , 90 , 120. Tildiem (Sanofi Aventis ) 3 Nifedipine Procardia S.R Tab. 5 , 10. Adalat (Bayer) 4 Verapamil Isoptin or zolvera Tab. 40 ,80 ,120, 160. Cardilax (Dexcel) Amp. 2.5mg/mL 5 Nimodipine Nimotop (Bayer) Tab. 30. Amp. 0.2mg /mL 6 Any extra notes: Note : Fixed-dose combination products Several fixed-dose combination products are available , their use can reduce the number of tablets or capsules taken by patients. This has been demonstrated to improve adherence compared with using two separate single-drug products. Improved adherence may increase the likelihood of achieving goal BP values (3). Fixed-dose combination products Scientific name Trade name Dosage form 1 Lisinopril 5mg Hipril-A® Tab. Amlodipine 5mg 2 Candesartan 8 , 16 Atacand Plus Tab. Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 , 25 3 Lisinopril 10 or 20 mg Zestoetic (AstraZeneca ) Tab. Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 , 25 ١٦ 2.5-Diuretics 1-Diuretics promote the excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys. They are used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension and other diseases when salt and water retention has resulted in oedema (1). 2-The principal groups of diuretics are as follows. Diuretic type examples Thiazide and related diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlortalidone Loop Diuretics Furosemide, Bumetanide Potassium (K+)-sparing Amiloride diuretics Aldosterone antagonist Spironolactone Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Acetazolamide (mainly for glaucoma) 3- Diuretics ideally should be dosed in the morning if given once daily and in the morning and afternoon if dosed twice daily to minimize the risk of nighttime diuresis (4). 4- Thiazide and loop diuretics can cause hypokalemia while K-sparing diuretics can cause retention of potassium and therefore, they are given with thiazide or loop diuretics to minimize hypokalemia (2). 5- Spironolactone has an anti-androgenic properties, therefore: A-It may cause side effects like Gynecomastia (breast enlargement ), and impotence in men. B- It has been used for its anti-androgenic properties in some cases of acne and for women with Hirsutism (hair on the face) (1). Diuretics Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Chlortalidone Hygroton (Alliance) Tab. 50 2 Furosemide Lasix (Sanofi Aventis) Amp. 10mg/mL Tab.20, 40 (pharmacia) 3 Spironolactone Aldactone Tab. 25 , 50 ,100. 4 Acetazolamide Cidamax Tab.250. 5 Hydrochlorothiazide Moduretic Tab. – Amiloride 6 Bumetanide Burinx Tab.1 , 5.amp.0.5mg/mL Syrup 1mg /5mL Any extra notes: ١٧ 2.6-Lipid-regulating drugs 1- Lipid regulating drugs are used to modify blood lipid concentrations in the management of hyperlipidaemias and for the reduction of cardiovascular risk (1). 2-The principal groups of lipid regulating drugs are the A- Statins like (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) B- Fibrates like gemfibrozil. 3-Important : The main effect of statins is to reduce cholesterol while the main effect of fibrates is to reduce triglycerides (1). 4- Important : Cholesterol synthesis in the liver peaks during the early morning (midnight to 3 a.m.) and therefore most of statins such as simvastatin should be taken in at night (1). 5- Important : patients taking simvastatin or atorvastatin should be advised to avoid Grapefruit juice (because it inhibit their metabolism increase (1) their conc. increase their side effects). Lipid-regulating drugs Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Atorvastatin Lipitor (Pfizer) Tab. 10 ,20 ,40. 2 Gemfibrozil Lopid (Pfizer) Cap. 300 ,600. 3 Simvastatin Zocor (MSD) Tab. 10 , 20 ,40 , 80. 4 Rosuvastatin Crestor (AstraZeneca) Tab. 5, 10 , 20 , 40. (Abbott healthcare ) 5 Omega-3 fatty acid Omacor Cap. 380. (may be used to reduce triglycerides) Any extra notes: Fluvastatin Lescol (Novertis) cap. 20 ,40. 2.7-Nitrates 1-Nitrates are peripheral and coronary vasodilators used in the management of angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (1). 2- Sublingual (or aerosol spray) of glyceryl trinitrate are used to provide rapid symptomatic relief of acute anginal attack while and transdermal patches of glyceryl trinitrate are used the long-term prophylaxis of angina. ١٨ ‫‪3-Other nitrate available in Iraq are Isosorbide Dinitrate (ISDN) and‬‬ ‫‪Isosorbide Mononitrate (ISMN) which are commonly given by oral route.‬‬ ‫‪4-ISMN has longer duration than ISDN : The advantage of ISMN is twice‬‬ ‫‪daily dosing (or once daily with sustained release products) which mean better‬‬ ‫‪compliance (3).‬‬ ‫‪5- Nitrate can cause headache that is usually transient, typically lasting several‬‬ ‫‪days to few weeks. Patients can use simple analgesics (Paracetamol) when‬‬ ‫‪required to control any headaches(3).‬‬ ‫)طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺣﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺠﺴﯿﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن(‬ ‫‪-١‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث اﻷﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺪر‪---‬ﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﺠﻠﻮس ﻓﻮرا ﻣﻊ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﯾﺨﺘﻒ اﻷﻟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٥‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺒﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن ‪.‬و إذا ﻟﻢ ﯾﺨﺘﻒ اﻷﻟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٥‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ أﺧﺮى ﻓﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن وإذا ﻟﻢ ﯾﺨﺘﻒ اﻷﻟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٥‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ أﺧﺮى ﻓﯿﺠﺐ اﻟﺬھﺎب ﻓﻮرا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫وان ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻌﺎف ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪم ذھﺎب اﻷﻟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺤﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺒﻮب ﺑﺸﺊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺪاع أو اﻟﺪوار أو اﻟﺨﻔﻘﺎن أو اﻟﻄﻌﻢ اﻟﺤﺎد ﻟﻠﺤﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻢ وھﺬا ﺷﺊ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺪواء اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻻﻧﺠﺴﯿﺪ ﻛﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن ) ‪ ١٠ -٥‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ( ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺄي ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﮭﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﮫ أن ﯾﺴﺒﺐ أﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺪر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﺪواء ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﺒﺘﮫ اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ وﻟﯿﺲ ﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ‪.‬وﯾﺤﻔﻆ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺎرد وﺟﺎف )وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ( ﺑﻌﯿﺪا‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻮء واﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬ﺗﺮﻣﻰ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب وﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أﺑﺪا ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻀﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺷﮭﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪواء ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺻﻞ وﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﯾﺘﺮﯾﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫‪tolerance‬‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺘﺮة اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺔ ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )‪ nitrate-free interval (NFI‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﯾﺘﻨﺎول ﺛﻼث ﺣﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﻮم ﻓﺎن اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﯾﺘﻨﺎوﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﯿﻘﺎظﮫ ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻨﺎوﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٦-٥‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت )وﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٨‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ(‬ ‫وﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٦-٥‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وھﻜﺬا ﻓﺴﺘﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺼﺒﺎح واﻟﻤﻐﺮب وﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﻠﯿﻞ ﺑﺪون دواء )اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺔ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﯾﺘﻨﺎول ﺣﺒﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﻮم ﻓﺎن اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﯾﺘﻨﺎوﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﯿﻘﺎظﮫ ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ واﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻨﺎوﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٨‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ )وﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ١٢‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت( وﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ أﻋﻼه‪.‬‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ 6- Nitrates should not be used within 24 hours of taking sildenafil or vardenafil or within 48 hours of taking tadalafil because of the potential for life-threatening hypotension (3). Nitrates Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Glyceryl Angised (GSK) Sublingual tablet 100mg trinitrate 2 Glyceryl Transiderm –Nitro (Novertis) Patch trinitrate 3 ISDN Isordil S.R TAB. 20. Isoket retard (UCB pharma) Tab. 10 ,20. (durtin ) 4 ISMN Ismo Tab. 10 , 20. Any extra notes: 2.8-Antiplatelet drugs 1- Antiplatelet drugs reduce platelet aggregation and are used to prevent further thromboembolic events in patients at risk (e.g. patients who have suffered myocardial infarction) (3). 2-The most commonly used Antiplatelet drugs in Iraq are aspirin (at low dose) and clopidogrel. Less commonly is dipyridamole. 3- A-Clopidogril may be given as an alternative to aspirin (in patients who cannot take aspirin ) (2). B- Clopidogril may be given in combination with aspirin in some conditions like myocardial infarction (2). 4-Aspirin tablet commonly formulated as enteric coated tablet to decrease GIT irritation. Antiplatelet drugs Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Aspirin (low dose) Nu-seal Aspirin (Alliance ) Tab. 75 , 300 , 81. (Sanofi-Aventis) 2 Clopidogril Plavix Tab. 75 , 300. (Boehring ingelheim) 3 Dipyridamole Persantin Tab. 100 , Amp. 5mg /mL ٢٠  Any extra notes: 2.9- Anticoagulants 1-Anticoagulants are used in the treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders (1). 2- Anticoagulants available in Iraq now are : A-Oral anticoagulants : Warfarin. B- Parenteral anticoagulants (mostly given subcutaneously)which include: 1-Heparin (called unfractionated heparin). 2- Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) like enoxaparin: which have many advantages over unfractionated heparin like lower risk of bleeding. 3-Anticoagulants can cause bleeding , therefore their anticoagulant effects must be monitored by laboratory test to avoid excessive bleeding : A-Warfarin is monitored by a test called international normalized ratio (INR). B- Unfractionated heparin is monitored by a test called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Anticoagulants Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Warfarin Coumadin or warfarin Tab. 1 ,3 , 5 2 Unfractionated heparin (Sanofi-Aventis) 3 Enoxaparin Celexane Amp. 1000 , 2000 , 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 4 Dalteparin sodium Fragmin (Pfizer) Amp. 12500 I.U ,25000 I.U Any extra notes: 2.10-Miscellaneous cardiovascular drugs 1-Digoxin A- The most common use of digoxin is for certain type of arrhythmia called atrial fibrillation (AF). B- Less commonly it is used for heart failure. ٢١ 2- Methyldopa: Methyldopa used mostly for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. 3- Tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid: They are used to prevent bleeding or to treat bleeding e.g. bleeding associated with menorrhagia ( excessive menstrual bleeding ). Miscellaneous cardiovascular drugs Scientific name Trade names Dosage form (Aspen ) 1 Digoxin Lanoxin Tab. 0.125 , 0.25. (Aspen ) 2 Methyldopa Aldmet Tab. 250 , 500. (Meda , 3 Tranexamic acid Cyklokapran Tab. 500 Pfizer) Amp. 100mcg/mL 4 Aminocaproic Amicor Tab. 500 acid Amp. 250mg/mL Any extra notes: References 1- Sean C. Sweetman. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 36th Edition. Pharmaceutical Press 2009. 2-BNF 61. 3- Mary Anne koda-kimble (ed.), Applied Therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs, 10th ed.2013 4- Joseph T. DiPiro, Robert L. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 8th Edition. 2011. ٢٢  Chapter Three: Respiratory System 3.1-Bronchodilators and Anti-asthma Drugs Note: 1-Administration of drugs by the inhaled route delivers the drug directly to the Airways with fewer systemic side effects than either the parenteral or oral routes (1,2). 2-Commonly inhalation dosage forms available in Iraq are inhaler, nebulizer, and turbohaler (the use of turbohaler is much easier than inhaler). How to use a metered dose inhaler How to use a Turbohaler 1. Remove the cap covering the mouthpiece and A Turbohaler is a dry powder inhaler. check that there is no fluff or dirt in the To load it prior to use: mouthpiece. 2. Shake the inhaler. 3. If the inhaler is new or has not been used for some time it will need to be tested. To test: Hold the inhaler away from body. Press the top of the aerosol canister once. 1. Unscrew the cover and remove it. A fine mist should be puffed into the air. The 2. Hold the Turbohaler upright with inhaler is now ready to use. one hand and with the other twist the grip in one direction as far as it will 4. Tilt head back slightly. go. 5. Breathe out gently. 3. Now twist back as far as it will go – 6. Place the mouthpiece in the mouth between the a click should be heard, showing the teeth (do not bite). Close lips around the inhaler is primed and ready for use. mouthpiece. 4. Breathe out gently. 7. Start to breathe in slowly through the mouth, at 5. Place the mouthpiece between the the same time press down on the inhaler to release lips and breathe in through the mouth the medicine in to the lungs. as deeply and as hard as possible. 8. Hold breath for between 5 and 10 seconds, then 6. Remove the inhaler from the mouth breathe out slowly. and breathe out slowly. 9. If a second dose is required, wait approximately 7. Replace the cover. 30 seconds and repeat the process. 10. Replace the cap and if the inhaler is a 8. Repeat the above steps if more than corticosteroid inhaler, rinse the mouth out with one puff is required. water. ٢٣ 3.1.1-Selective beta2 agonists 1-Short-acting beta2 agonists (SABAs) (such as salbutamol or terbutaline). Because of their rapid onset of action, they are considered the first choice for the treatment of acute asthmatic attack (and other conditions associated with airways obstruction) (1-3). 2-Inhaled SABAs are given ‘as required’ and NOT as Regular treatment (2). 3- Long-acting beta2 agonists Formoterol and salmeterol : they are taken regularly as prophylaxis for chronic asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 4-Note: Salbutamol may be used by some gynecologist as a uterine relaxant for pregnant women. 3.1.2-Inhaled corticosteroid (e.g. Beclomethasone Dipropionate) 1-An inhaled corticosteroid is used regularly for prophylaxis of asthma. 2-They are ineffective for acute asthmatic attack. 3- Inhaled corticosteroid may cause oral candidiasis (oral fungal infection) and this side effect can be reduced by rinsing the mouth with water after inhalation of a dose. Note : 1-Inhaler to relieve acute asthmatic attack examples: salbutamol are generally colored blue. While inhaler for prophylaxis of asthma (like corticosteroid) are generally colored brown or orange). 2- Some products contain a combination of inhaled corticosteroid and long acting beta2 agonist e.g. Symbicort ® turbohaler (budesonide with formoterol) 3.1.3-Antimuscarinic bronchodilators (ipratropium, and Tiotropium) 1- They are used by inhalation as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 2- Tiotropium has the advantage of having a longer duration of action than ipratropium. ٢٤  3.1.4-Theophylline (and aminophylline ) 1- Theophylline is a bronchodilator used in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2). 2- Theophylline is given by injection as aminophylline. Aminophylline injection must be given by very slow intravenous injection (over at least 20 minutes). 3-The use of sustained release formulation of theophylline (phyllocontine®) is preferred over ordinary tablet (immediate release tablet) and it is usually given twice daily and the sustained release tablet should not be splinted or crushed. 3.1.5-Leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast and zafirlukast) 1-They are given orally mainly for prophylaxis of asthma. 2-In addition to ordinary tablet , montelukast also formulated as Chewable tablet which contain a lower dose and intended mainly for children. Bronchodilators and Anti-asthma Drugs Scientific name Trade names Dosage forms (A&H ) 1 Salbutamol Ventolin Tablet, syrup, inhaler, and nebulizer (A&H) 2 Beclomethasone Pulvinal , Becodisk Dry powder for (USBpharma) Dipropionate Asmabec inhalation 100mcg. (Meda) 3 Theophylline Nuelin SA S.R tab 175mg (Merck serona ) Slo-phyllin S.Rcap. 60mg (MSD) 4 Montelukast Singulair Chewable tab. 4 , 10 (AstraZeneca) 5 Bambuterol Bambec Tab.10mg (A&H) 6 Salmeterol Serevent Dry powder for inhalation 7 Aminophylline Phyllocontin continuous Tab. 225 (Napp) (A&H) 8 Fluticasone Flixotide Dry powder 50 mcg. Any extra notes: Budesonide Easyhaler-Budesonide (Meda , AstraZeneca) Dry powder 100mcg Budesonide +formeterol Symbicort (AstraZeneca) Dry powder for inhalation ٢٥ 3.2-Antihistamines 1-Antihistamines are used in the treatment of nasal allergies (they reduce rhinorrhoea and sneezing)( Antihistamines are frequently used in combination preparations for the treatment of coughs and colds). Antihistamines are also used to treat urticarial rashes, pruritus, and insect bites and stings (1). 2-The antihistamines may be classified into : A- Sedating antihistamines: older antihistamines that are associated with troublesome sedative and antimuscarinic effects. Example are (chlorphenamine(chlorpheniarmine) maleate, clemastine, cyproheptadine, ketotifen, diphenhydramine, and dimethindene maleate ) (1). Drowsiness is a major problem with the sedating antihistamines and those affected should not drive or operate machinery (1). B- Non-sedating antihistamines: are newer antihistamines, they generally cause little or no drowsiness (1). Example are (cetirizine, levocetirizine , loratadine , desloratadine, fexofenadine). 3- Because of their antimuscarinic actions (like urinary retention), the sedating antihistamines should be used with caution in conditions such prostatic hyperplasia. Antimuscarinic adverse effects are not a significant problem with the non-sedating antihistamines (1). 4-Important : Cyproheptadine has been widely used as an appetite stimulant, but in the long-term appears to have little value in producing weight gain and such use is no longer generally recommended (1). 5-Diphenhydramine has pronounced sedative properties and may be used as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia(taken before bedtime) (1). Antihistamines Scientific name Trade names Dosage forms 1 Chlorpheniarmine Histadin Tab. 4 mg Piriten (GSK consumerhealthycar) 2 Diphenhydramine Allermine Tab.25 , syrup. 25/5mL 3 Cyproheptadine Periactin (Auden Mckenzte) Tab.4mg. Syrup 2mg/mL 4 Ketotifen Zaditen (Swedish orphan ) Tab. 1mg Elixir 1mg/mL (Novertis) 5 Dimethindene Fenistil Tab.4mg Oral drop 1mg/1mL 6 Loratadine Loratin Syrup 5mg/5mL Tab. 5, 10 ٢٦  (MSD) 7 Desloratadine Neoclarityn Tab. 5 , syrup 2.5mg/5mL (Sanofi-Aventis ) 8 Fexofenadine Telfast Tab. 120 ,180. (Alliance ) 9 Hydroxyzine Atarax Tab. 10 , 25. Any extra notes: 3.3-Cough preparations 1- Cough suppressants (antitussive): like Codeine, and dextromethorphan are used for dry cough. 2- Expectorants (e.g. Glyceryl guaiacolate (also called Guaifenesin)) and Mucolytics (e.g. Bromohexine ): which are used for wet cough. 3-Commonly, cough preparations contain a combination of antitussive or expectorants, antihistamine, and / or sympathomimetic (for congestion). 4-Lozenges may also be used for cough especially for pregnant women. Cough preparations Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Bromoxine HCl Solvodin® Tab. 8mg , syrup 4mg/5mL 2 Dextromethorphan Sedilar® Tab. 15 , syrup 15mg/5mL 3 Chlorphenaramine , Tussiram® Syrup phenylephrine , Ephedrine , codeine 4 Chlorphenaramine , Pulmocodin® Syrup phenylephrine , vit. C , codeine , Glyceryl guaiacolate 5 Diphenhydramine , Al- Samillin® Syrup Chloride, Na-citrate, menthol. 6 Chlorphenaramine , Glyceryl Tussilet ® Syrup guaiacolate , phenylephrine 7 Diphenhydramine , NH4 Cl , Pectomex® Syrup Tulo syrup , phenylephrine Pectomed ® 8 Dextromethorphan , Toxil ® Syrup oxomemazine , Na-benzoate Any extra notes: ٢٧ 3.4-Orally administered nasal decongestants 1-These are usually contain a combination of sympathomimetics like pseudoephedrine and phenylphrine (they reduce nasal congestion) and antihistamine (like triprolidine) (they reduce rhinorrhoea and sneezing). 2- Systemic decongestants (sympathomimetics ) should be used with caution in hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and ischaemic heart diseases (1). Orally administered nasal decongestants Scientific name Trade names Dosage form 1 Paracetamol 450mg , promethazine Coldin® Tablet 5mg , phenylephrine 5mg 2 Paracetamol , vit.C , chlorpheniramine Flu-out® Tablet 3 Triprolidine 2.5mg, Actifed® Tablet and Pseodoephedrine 60mg tablet and syrup Triprolidine 1.25mg, yellow colored Pseodoephedrine 30mg syrup 4 Actifed® syrup green colored syrup 5 Actifed® red syrup colored syrup 6 Paracetamol ,caffeine , phenylephrine Panadol cold Tablet and flu® (yellow color) 7 Paracetamol , Pseodoephedrine 30mg Panadol cold Tablet Chlorpheniramine maleate 2mg and flu® (green color) 8 Paracetamol , Pseodoephedrine 30mg Panadol Tablet sinus® 9 10 References 1- Sean C. Sweetman. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 36th Edition. Pharmaceutical Press 2009. 2- BNF 61. 3- Mary Anne koda-kimble (ed.), Applied Therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs, 10th ed.2013. ٢٨