Summary of Tourism Topics PDF

SUMMARY OF TOURISM TOPICS 1. TOURISM SYSTEM Tourist – domestic and international tourist Tourist system – tourist generating region, transit route, tourist destination region Push and pull factors contributing to tourism Tourism activities interact with - nature (environm...

SUMMARY OF TOURISM TOPICS 1. TOURISM SYSTEM Tourist – domestic and international tourist Tourist system – tourist generating region, transit route, tourist destination region Push and pull factors contributing to tourism Tourism activities interact with - nature (environmental impacts), communities (social impacts), economies (economic impacts) within local environment (environmental impacts) 2. TOURISM ACTIVITY Motivation to travel o need for relaxation, to achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment, discover unique travel experiences (eg Antarctica) Ability to travel o increase in disposable income, increase in leisure time (vacation leave), business innovations in tourism industry, lower transport costs (budget airlines), lower accommodation costs (AirBnB) Mobility to travel o expansion of public transport services and infrastructure, introduction of new modes of travel (bullet train), increase private car ownership Stages of tourism development Exploration (Jaco island) Involvement (Kuang Si waterfalls) Development (Phu Quoc island) Consolidation (Goa in India) Stagnation (Hawaii in 1990s) Decline or Rejuvenation (Blackpool in 1990s and present time) Personality type of tourists Dependable - type and venturer -type 1 3. TYPES OF TOURISM Pilgrimage tourism – Mecca, Vatican city Health tourism (South Korea for cosmetic surgery) Sports tourism (watch Premier League / football matches, watch Olympics) Heritage tourism (Machu Picchu, Great Wall of China) Film-induced tourism (Hobiton, Harry Potter world) Dark tourism (Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland) Adventure tourism (climb Mt Everest) ECOTOURISM (Galapagos, Great Barrier reef) - Hard ecotourism and soft ecotourism - advantages (increase tourists’ nature appreciation, minimise negative impacts on environment) - limitations (uncertainty over continuity of efforts in conserving nature, uncertainty over involving locals) COMMUNITY-BASED tourism (Karen tribe, homestays, agricultural tourism) - advantages (encourage locals to participate in decision making on tourism development in community, increase economic and social benefits to locals, educate and increase cultural appreciation of locals and nature protection in the area) - limitations (loss of culture, competition with large-scale tourism developments) PRO-POOR tourism Focus on improving livelihoods and well-being of the poor through training and access to micro-finance - through training and increasing access to micro-finance - limitations (inability to reduce poverty compared to direct investment in social services, economic benefits unevenly-distributed with more to non-poor locals) 4. TOURISM DEVELPOMENT Globalisation - continued growth of international tourism - tourist destination and generating regions more diverse Demand for tourism changing due to - increase popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible (second cities, Antarctica) - emergence of new experiences / types of tourism 2  Supply of tourism is changing due to - small specialist tour operators (niche travel, eg Quark expeditions) adding onto services of mass market tour operators (mass market tour packages, teg Chan Brothers in Singapore) - tourism marketing / advertisements changing to online media (Nas Daily travel youtubes, Klook website) 5. ECONOMIC IMPACTS of tourism - (positive) more employment to the locals in formal and informal tourism industry - (positive) more revenue to country - (negative) economic leakages = lesser revenue to country - (negative) tourism vulnerable to natural disasters, disease outbreak, economic downturn, political riots / protests - take note of important years affecting tourism 2001 – 911 terrorist bombing of New York (fear to travel worldwide) 2003 – SARS disease in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and parts of Asia (fear to travel in Asia) 2004 – Indian Ocean tsunami (fear of another tsunami in Asia) 2008 – global financial crisis (don’t want to travel to save money) 2009 – H1N1 flu disease outbreak in China (fear to travel in Asia) 2010 – eruption of Eyjafjallajokull (airport closure due to thick ash in Europe for few days) 2011 – Tohoku tsunami (fear of another tsunami in Japan) 2011 – Christchurch earthquake (fear of another earthquake in New Zealand) 2019 – riots in Bangkok and Hong Kong (fear of injury from riots) 2019 – Mount Agung in Bali eruption (airport closure in Bali and north Australia due to thick ash) 2020 – Covid 19 disease (worldwide airports closure) 6. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM - (positive) cultural preservation - (positive) learn culture of locals – community based tourism - (negative) commodification of cultural rituals and artforms - (negative) cultural clashes (unhappiness of locals at tourists behaviour) - (negative) rise in crimes 3 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM (positive) conservation of natural environment and preservation of biodiversity (eg Galapagos National Park US$100 entrance fees) (positive) restoration of degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (negative) more greenhouse emissions (more usage of planes and tour buses) (negative) more water and land pollution (eg closure of Maya bay to restore polluted waters and marine lives) (negative) depletion of natural resources and threats to wildlife habitats 8. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ECONOMIC sustainability More employment opportunities for locals and increase in income More provision of social services (more building of schools and hospitals) to raise standard of living of locals SOCIAL sustainability Respect authenticity of locals culture and artforms Encourage more cultural understanding and tolerance ENVIRONMENTAL sustainability - maintain essential ecological processes - Conserve natural heritage and protect biodiversity STAKEHOLDERS influence sustainable tourism development - GOVERNMENT (establish polices and create plans, enforce regulations / fines, limitations = poor enforcement / corrupted government, decision to prioritise economic development) - INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS / IGO or NGO (eg UNESCO) (consultancy and technical assistance with the locals, financial assistance, limitations = lack of funding, lack of understanding of local contexts) 4 - BUSINESSES (TOUR OPERATORS) (seek advice from other stakeholders regarding tourism practices, participate in decision-making, limitations = compromise on sustainable practices to survive / profit minded tour companies, differing understanding and ways of measuring sustainability) - LOCALS (seek advice from other stakeholders regarding tourism practices, participate in decision-making limitations = lack financial and technical assistance, prioritising economic benefits / want higher income over sustainability) - TOURISTS (develop genuine interest and want to enhance the environment, culture and economy, interact responsibly with environment and people when travel limitations = tourist options out of their budge, lack of clear information which may confuse tourists on options available) - OTHER CHALLENGES (different understandings of measurement of sustainable tourism development, differing amounts of control resources, different priorities which can make negotiation challenging) Sustainable tourism production (demands of ecosystem services lower than supply of resources, stakeholders working together to adopt responsible long term approaches) Sustainale tourism consumption (destination regions manage demand with tourism consumed responsibly by tourists, policies give locals attention while considering needs of tourists) Equitable distribution of tourism benefits (implement effective tourism management to ensure tourism benefits are enjoyed by all stakeholders, minimise negative trade-offs within or between economic, social and environmental dimensions 5