PSYC 424 Fall 2024 Study Guide - Final Exam PDF

PSYC 424 Fall 2024 Study Guide: Final Exam 1. What sub-divisions of the thalamus relay the sensory information? (the lateral geniculate nucleus relays visual inputs; the medial geniculate nucleus relays auditory inputs; the ventral posterior nucleus relays s...

PSYC 424 Fall 2024 Study Guide: Final Exam 1. What sub-divisions of the thalamus relay the sensory information? (the lateral geniculate nucleus relays visual inputs; the medial geniculate nucleus relays auditory inputs; the ventral posterior nucleus relays somatosensory inputs, slides) 2. What are the dorsal & ventral stream for auditory and visual processing? (slides; Chapter 6, p.226) What is the dichotic listening paradigm? (to present different auditory info. to ears separately; used to study selective attention; slides) 3. Know the theories of sound perception: frequency theories, place theory, frequency-volley-place theory, and frequency-place theory. (slides; Chapter 7, p.255) 4. What are two binaural cues that permit us to locate sounds? (inter-aural intensity differences and inter-aural timing differences, slides) What is the sound shadow? Understand why the sound shadow is more apparent for higher frequency sounds. (slides) What are neural pathways of sound localization? What are lateral and medial superior olives’ functions, respectively? (Chapter 7, p.256; slides) What are coincidence detectors? (slides) 5. Know the functions of Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language. (slides) What is the function of the Angular Gyrus? What is the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in language processing? (slides; Chapter 7, pp.260-263) What are expressive aphasia and repetitive aphasia? What is the difference between dyslexia and alexia? (slides; Chapter 7, pp.260-262) 6. What is the difference between the cognitive processing of a second language acquired late in life and the first language? (Lexical knowledge is stored in the declarative memory system; grammatical knowledge of L1 and L2 are stored in the implicit memory and the declarative memory, respectively; slides) 7. What is the adequate stimulus for the visual system? (light) What colors have the shortest and longest wavelengths? (purple, red) What are three dimensions of color? (hue, brightness, and saturation; slides; Chapter 6, p.205) 8. What are three types of eye movement? (vergence movement, saccadic movement, pursuit movement; slides) Know the structure of the eye (slides; Chapter 6, p.206) and the distribution of photoreceptors. What are photopic and scotopic vision? (slides; Chapter 6, pp.207-208) 9. What is the difference between a visual field and a receptive field? (slides; Chapter 6, pp.217-218) What is the retinal disparity, and how does it help us to identify the distance to objects? (slides) PSYC 424 Fall 2024 10. Know the pathway of visual information processing and how visual information processing is lateralized. (slides; Chapter 6, pp.221-226) What is the retinotopic map? (slides) 11. Understand the theories of color perception: the trichromatic theory, the opponent process theory, and the Hurvich-Jameson theory (slides; Chapter 6, p.213) What are completely color blindness and partial color blindness? (slides) 12. What is the mechanism underlying the phenomena, Hermann grid illusion and Mach bands? (lateral inhibition, slides; Chapter 6, p.217) What are on-center and off-center ganglion cells? (slides; Chapter 6, p.219) According to Hubel and Wiesel, what are simple cells and complex cells? (slides; Chapter 6, pp.223-224) What is the spatial frequency theory? (slides) 13. What are two types of receptors for skin senses? (The free nerve endings: detect temperature and pain; the encapsulated receptors: detect touch; Chapter 8, p.293) Be able to name receptors for touch: Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkle’s discs, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini endings. (Chapter 8, p.294; slides) Know that sensitivity depends on the density of receptors. (slides; Chapter 8, p.294) How do capsaicin and menthol creams alleviate pain? (capsaicin: fatiguing TRPV1 receptors; menthol: stimulating TRPM8 receptors; slides) 14. What are the vestibular organs? (Three semicircular canals, the utricle and the saccule, slides; Chapter 8, p.289) 15. What are three major types of muscles? (skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles; slides) What are two principle movements? (flexion and extension, slides) And, what are antagonist and agonist muscles? (need to refer to a given movement, slides) What is the function of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs? (slides) 16. What are body senses pathways? (Chapter 8, pp.295-296; slides) How is the somatosensory system organized? (Chapter 8, p.297; slides) 17. What are the roles that the premotor, the supplementary, and the primary motor area play in the control of movement? (Chapter 8, pp.309-310; slides) Be able to describe the roles of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum in coordinating body movements? (Chapter 8, pp.305-307; slides) 18. Know the difference between the dimensional models of emotion and discrete emotion theory? (Chapter 12, p.442; slides) What are two dimensions of most dimensional models of emotion? (arousal and valence; slides) 19. Understand Schacter-Singer theory, James-Lange theory, and Cannon-Bard theory? What are experiments supporting Schacter-Singer theory and James-Lange Theory, respectively? PSYC 424 Fall 2024 (S-S theory: epinephrine study & swinging bridge experiment; J-L theory: facial feedback study & ANS specificity; Chapter 12, pp.443-446; slides) 20. Be able to describe other classic studies of emotion: Ekman’s facial expression; Zajonc’s unconscious emotion; fear conditioning; emotional Stroop experiment; moral dilemma. (Chapter 12, pp.443-446; slides) 21. Know the basic function of the septum, cingulated cortex, amygdala, and prefrontal area in the emotional processing. (slides) 22. What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis? What is its role in stress? (Chapter 12, p.458; slides) Know allostasis, as a theoretical model of stress, has a different mechanism from homeostasis. (The general adaption syndrome, or GAS; slides) What is the difference in bodily systems between brief stress and prolonged stress? (GAS model: brief stress enhances function of NS, endocrine system, and immune system whereas prolonged stress exhausts bodily resources and suppress the function of bodily systems; Chapter 12, pp.459-463; slides) 23. Know instinct theory, drive theory, incentive theory, and arousal theory. (slides) What is the Yerkes-Dodson law? (slides) What is the homeostasis? How does the organism maintain the homeostasis? (negative feedback; Chapter 8, p.367; slides) 24. Where does the major thermostat locate? (the preoptic area of the hypothalamus; Chapter 10, p.399; slides) What are two types of thirst? (osmotic and hypovolemic thirst; Chapter 10, pp.394-395; slides) Which two organs have the detectors of hypovolemia? (The heart and the kidneys; Chapter 10, p.394; slides) What are the mechanisms of starting and ending eating? (slides) Know the ANS activation and hormones in absorptive and fasting phase, respectively. (absorptive phase: parasympathetic activation, insulin; fasting phase: sympathetic activation, glucagon; slides) 25. What are the four basic forms of learning? (perceptual learning, S-R learning, motor learning, and learning of relationship; slides) What are two types of memory? (declarative and non-declarative memory, slides; Chapter 12, p.380) 26. What are two are two major categories of S-R learning/conditioning? (Classical condition & instrumental conditioning; slides) What are differences between the two types of S-R learning? (Chapter 13, pp.480-482; slides) 27. Who was the patient HM? What types of amnesia had HM experienced after the surgery? (anterograde & retrograde amnesia; Chapter 13, pp.505-506; slides) What type of memory did HM can still store? (nondeclarative memory; Chapter 13, pp.505-506; slides) 28. What are phases of memory? (encoding/learning, consolidation, and retrieval; slides) What is working memory? (a temporary registration for information while it is being used, PSYC 424 Fall 2024 slides; Chapter 13, pp. 490-491) What are features of working memory? (1. It’s an active storage; 2. It’s limited; slides). Which cortical area relates to working memory? (PFC; slides) 29. What is the Hebb rule? (“Cells that fire together, wire together”; Chapter 13, p.494; slides) What are long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and associative long-term potentiation? (slides; Chapter 13, pp.495-497; slides) What are neurochemical processes in the long-term potentiation? (know how AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors work, slides; Chapter 13, pp.495-497; slides) 30. What is neurogenesis? (Increase in the number of neurons; slides) What deficits are associated with cognitive decline among older adults? (Loss of synapses & NMDA receptors; myelin loss; PFC deficits; slides) 31. Understand the concepts: zeitgeber, free-running cycles. Why does flying east cause worst effects of jet lag than flying west? (human show about 25-hour free running cycles; Chapter 9, p.336; slides) What is the inner pacemaker of circadian rhythms? (the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus; Chapter 9, p.337; slides) 32. What are melanopsin and melatonin? (melanopsin is a photopigment found in retinal ganglion cells and important for perception of light; melatonin is a hormone inducing sleep; Chapter 9, pp.346-348) 33. Know the stages of sleep and characteristics of EEG pattern at each stage. (Chapter 9, pp.342-344; slides) What two hypotheses of function of sleep? What are functions of deep sleep and REM sleep? (adaptive and restorative hypothesis; metabolic house cleaning and emotional coping, respectively; Chapter 9, pp.349-350; slides) 34. Understand how non-REM and REM sleep oscillate. (know the functions of the structures in the CNS: RAS, the raphe, the medial thalamus, and locus coeruleus and their primary neurotransmitter; Chapter 9, pp. 346-347; slides) 35. What are two hypotheses of abnormal behaviors (Continuity & Discontinuity; slides) What is psychosis? (Disturbances of reality, orientation, and thinking; slides) Understand the three categories of schizophrenia symptoms (positive, negative, and cognitive; slides) What are neural explanations of schizophrenia? (Dopamine hypothesis; ventricular enlargement; hypofrontality; hyperactivation of sensory areas; slides) 36. What are major types of affective disorders? (slides; Chapter 15, pp.577-578) What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression (slides; Chapter 15, pp.578-579) 37. What are forms of anxiety disorders? (phobia, generalized anxiety, panic disorder; PTSD; slides; Chapter 15, pp.587-591) What is the major neurotransmitter in anxiety? How does it influence anxiety? (GABA reduces anxiety; slides)