Study Guide SOC 100 PDF

Study guide SOC 100: Ch 1: Sociological sympathy: the skill of understanding others as they know themselves Ex: someone who without hearing the music sees a roomful of people who begin to dance may see people moving but will miss its role in producing joy and sparking romance The Sociological Ima...

Study guide SOC 100: Ch 1: Sociological sympathy: the skill of understanding others as they know themselves Ex: someone who without hearing the music sees a roomful of people who begin to dance may see people moving but will miss its role in producing joy and sparking romance The Sociological Imagination: distinguished between individual problems and societal issues Harriet Martineau: wrote the first sociological research method book “How to Observe Morals and Manners W.E.B. Du Bois: introduced quantitative research methods (numerical data) (trying to communicate facts about black people to a racist audience ( to understand must put urself in shoes) understanding black life in USA require extremely credible tools- statistics used to keep research taken seriously) Emile Durkheim: coined the term social facts Social Facts: products of human interaction with persuasive or cohesive power that exists externally to an individual Ex: many people around the world greet by shaking hands (social fact) it stuck around bc has persuasive and coercive power. Ppl expect it and doing otherwise is considered weird or rude In-depth interviews: a research method that involves intimate conversation between researcher and research subject. Ex: capture responses of a few people in great depth (semi-structured) couple dozen or a hundred usually asking - great to understand how people experience their lives and form opinions -open-ended questions Experimental Research in a Laboratory: test of a hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions -Experimental: members that go through the experience that the researchers may believe might influence the dependent variable Self-narrative: a story we tell about the origin and likely future of ourselves Recall where we’ve been and where we’re going (non amnesiac brain) vs. amnesia patient (blank slate) The Looking-Glass self (Cooley): self-concepts could only arise socially in the presence of other people (interpret and imagine the views of others. ( a self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think others see us. Other ppl are looking at glasses (mirrors) that reflect a vision from which we form our self-concepts she’s a shy one – labeling her with a personality trait – when they stick (looking at friends family etc. anyone can influence our self Self-concept: a collection of thoughts, feelings, and evaluations that a person has about themselves ( understanding of who they are (abilities, values, and social roles) Self-awareness: the ability to understand that the self is separate from others must be able to recognize and label their own feelings thoughts and behaviors. I/Me (Mead): me = object of thought, the self we see in the mirror our personal person the one that is us, as we try to graduated from school “See Ur employee of the month, then hey that’s me!” – who were proud of The I= subject of thought the person feeling pride or embarrassment part of the self that’s judging making judgment calls sets our goals and evaluates our progress “don’t mess this up” “Do they like me” Social learning: transmission of knowledge and practices from one individual to another via observation, instruction, or reward and punishment. Explains how ppl learn through observation and imitation of others Ex: killer whales have di_erent languages in di_erent groups of orcas also eat di_erent foods Principles of Ethical research: pursuing projects that will benefit society outweigh risk and harm to research subjects Informed consent confidentiality anonymity respect for participants, minimizing harm social responsibility, integrity, honesty transparency David Maclean: ‘memory holding sense of self, standing in bus station didn’t know who he was (walk the talk and read he could) email password and things learned in school, couldn’t remember anything about his life or the people he knew – retrograde amnesia couldn't remember anything before the injury Personal example : wake up from deep sleep don’t know where are Quantitative v. Qualitative research: Qual: careful consideration and discussion of the meaning of nonnumerical data (interview, text, observation) Quant: examining numerical data with mathematics (WEB DU BOIS) The theory of the mind: the recognition that other minds exist followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others mental states (imagine what’s going on in others’ minds) Chapter 2: Culture: di_erences in groups shared ideas as well as objects practices and bodies that reflect those ideas Social construction: shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space (layer objects with ideas fold concepts into one another and build connections between them) same culture share similar social constructs- all human communication depends on social constructs (how we cross our legs Pitbull or poodle) Social Networks: webs of ties that link us to each other and through people ties to people who were not directly linked – for example, social media (maybe friends with people we have never met Culture-as-value: the idea that we socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong , when violated our brains tell us this is wrong produce psychological state that makes us feel disgusted Socialization: lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures Culture-as-rationale: the idea that were socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong (gut feeling “I love this I hate this) Social network Analysis: mapping of social ties and exchanges between individuals or groups : scientists use app for runners that logged their miles anf shared their mileage with friends (if a friend ran fewer miles the user would start to reduce their miles as well Ethnocentrism: a practice of assuming that ones own culture is superior to the cultures of others ( idea that our own culture is normal or good and that the cultures of others are weird or bad) Cultural relativism: the practice of noting the di_erence between cultures without passing judgement = put e_ort to understanding cultures that are unfamiliar to us even if o_ensive to us Embodied culture: physically present and detectable in the body itself: measured in shape size and form of our bodies and how our bodies have learned to react to their environments and the skills we acquire- culture shapes our bodies. Types of Social Constructs: gender age money race class education - Signifiers ; emojies diamond ring jewish star Christian cross - Categories; pets (subset of animals) - Binaries: good and evil friends and enemies, legal and illegal - Associations : rainbow and flags (LGBTQIA, pride), roses and diamonds (love) - Sequences : hug kiss fondle marry buy a house have kids (ideas arranged into specific chronological order) - Hierarchies: ideas placed into ranked relationships (better to be young than old ) - Cultured capacities: culture influences us to acquire culturally specific skills (hunt and fish, play tennis or soccer, knit or sew) cultural innovations (the typewriter and the cell phone – change what our bodies learned to do) Cultural competence: understand and navigate our cultures with ease Chapter 3: Intersectionality: the recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities ( Crenshaw ) Examples of how our intersecting identities influence our lived experiences: crenshaw boack women not hired for genral motors- argued they hire women- white women, argued they hired black people- black males. No single identity truly captures anyone’s life experiences How blood has been used to define groups: Blood quantum rule: law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have at east a certain level of Indigenous ancestry One drop rule : anyone with any trace of black ancestry should be considered black (including multiracial) Kimberle Crenshaw: introduced and developed intersectionality; study of how overlapping intersecting social identities particularly minority identities (oppression, domination, or discrimination. Controlling Images: persuasive negative stereotypes that serve to justify or uphold inequality (black women feeling the word stereotype didn’t do justice to the degree of harm these representations did to them nor how damaging stereo are to wider debates about public policy. CI do more than characterize members of low status groups Patricia Hill Collins: identify the ground which they stand rather than claiming neutral space , race primary over gender or where social class trumps all. Doing identity: active performance of social identities Social identities: people are inclined to form social groups and incorporate group membership into their identity to take steps to enforce group boundaries and maximize positive distinction and group success. Status Elites: people who carry many positive regarded social identities influence large amount of people bc of power wealth and privilege Status: high or low self esteem High: identities which we have high regard seen as generally more valuable ( higher assumed better, nicer , smarter, more valuable Prejudice: attitudinal bias against individuals based in their membership in a social group Content analysis: involves counting and describing pattern or themes in media analysis can be quantitive, qualitative or both Computational sociology: research method that uses computers to extract and analyze data. make eaily accessible information Status beliefs: shared cultural beliefs that some social groups are more competent and worthy than others- central part ofd stereotypes and are used to justify social inequality