Study Guide - Poli Sci Midterm PDF

Study Guide -- Poli Sci FINAL 1. **THE STATE (4)** - STATE (4) - Community that claims the monopoly of legitimate use of force - Influencing of political associations -- derived from force within a territory - NEEDS (PIPRS) 1. Power needed to defend from enemies and internal riva...

Study Guide -- Poli Sci FINAL 1. **THE STATE (4)** - STATE (4) - Community that claims the monopoly of legitimate use of force - Influencing of political associations -- derived from force within a territory - NEEDS (PIPRS) 1. Power needed to defend from enemies and internal rival 2. Institutions through which State can implement policies (bureaucracy and admin) 3. Population sees the state as legitimate 4. Resources to exercise power (political struggle = violence) 5. Sovereignty - Autonomy when: another State cannot interfere with theirs, political authorities can enter into agreements - TYPES OF LEADERS AND DOMINATIONS (3) - Traditional (bureaucratic state): patriarch or patrimonial prince - Control of means of political organizations under leader (autonomous, private and executive power) - Expropriation of autonomy under private admin - Charismatic: prophet, they believe in obedience - Maintenance of dominance by force - Staff owns administrative means -- estates (autocracy ruling) - Staff separated from administrative means - Legality: legal status and competence based off of rational rules - Emergence of professional politicians under cotemporary(entrepreneurship) State. (occasional politicians, Politics as advocation, honorifical and independent politicians - SOVEREIGNTY (9) - Recognition, allows access to institutional organizations - Gives status to leaders - Control and autonomy of policies from internal and external rivals - State captures when rivals gain power - Narrow groups can act for societal interests - De facto recognition: No formal trappings, although they do have characteristics - De Jure : Other states have to recognize - REDUCTIONS 1. Invasion 2. Puppet gov. 3. Dom and pressure of the more powerful neighbor 4. Globalization - Makes it harder to resolve issues as they have an autonomy excuse - VOLENTARY REDUCTIONS 1. International law 2. International organizations 3. Economic interdependence 2. **STATE CAPACITY (4)** - PUBLIC GOODS -- POLITICAL GOODS (7) - Commodity of good provided to all member of the community and benefits all members - Non rivalrous - Non-excludable - Costs vary - Evaluation of goods by members varies - Problem of free riding (no contribution) - Need for Coordination or shared beliefs to support - STATE SIZE AND CAPACITY (2) - Size: role in the economy and society -regulation - Capacity -- achievement of goals and ability to fulfill tasks - STATE BULDING (5) - Increasing state capacity - Institutions and processes that increase efficiency - Deeping and strengthening shared values to reduce free riding and coordination -- better provision of public goods - International organizations - Unity of society during threat - STATE FAILURE (3) - Extreme state weakness- can no longer provide any goods - No security, corruption, less services, weak institutions, no economic regulations - Characteristic : armed revolts, enduring violence, demands for shared power, disharmony, worsening GDP figures 3. **DEMOCRACY (4)** - DEMOCRACY \- Responsible political pluralism, legally protected \- Teleological commitment to citizenship through contestation and respect of rights \- Low mobilization of regime, high citizen participation \- Free elections - SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE (4) - governance that determines who has the power, how power is chosen and who is held accountable - Defined by competitive elections - Governance is institutionalized and practice/accepted by all actors - Elected in uncertain and irreversible election where each turnover in power is determined by an election - DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS (2) - Fair, clean, universal suffrage, competitive, no boycott from major political actors, freedom of assembly and speech, acceptance of results - During intervals citizens seek influence of public polices - DEMOCRTATIC CONSOLIDATION (5) \- Patterned incentives and distinctives are the only game in town, through a complex set of rules and institutions \- Conditions : civil society, political society, rule of law, state bureaucracy, economic society \- Only democracy can become democratic consolidated (need state, democratic transition, free election, democratic governing) \- Obstacles: ethnic conflicts and disappointed hopes for economic empowerment in state \- Democracy is not good government, stable and orderly and specific economic model 4. DICTATORSHIP (4) - DICTATORSHIP (6) \- Limited contestation and accountability and high concentration of power \- Repression as means to ideological commitment and impunity -Small group controls the State \- Government is not constitutionally responsible of Sate -Public has no role in selection leader -Freedom restricted - TOTALITARIANISM (4) \- Eliminate all political economic and social pluralism \- Unified, articulated utopian ideology \- Inculcate every member of society in this ideology (transformation of society) through organization -Rulers are often charismatic, unpredictable successor - COMMUNISIM (5) \- Ease of pluralism, no contestations \- Society as a total unification and transformation -Leading role enshrined in constitutions \- State party controls the economy (owning means of production) -- command economy, no market, heavy industry \- Paternalistic redistribution - AUTHORITARIANISM (9) \- Maintenance of power rather that ideologically implementing -Managing public through coercion and co-optation -limited political pluralism -Without guiding ideology but distinctive mentality -Without extensive mobilization \- Military regimes: restriction of political and civil liberties, co-optation through technocratic leadership and allies in State bureaucracy and elites \- Personalist regimes : personality cult, one leader who is the ruler, co-cooptation through patrimonialism, coercion \- One party ruler: excludes other groups from power, mobilization through clientelism, all totalitarian regimes are one party \- Illiberal regimes: hold elections but playing field is skewed, incumbent is weakly constrained by rule of law or institutions, cooptation through clientelism or individual patronage 5. HYBRID REGIMES (3) - HYBRID REGIMES (1) \- Combination of democracy and dictatorship - COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIANISM (5) \- Democratic rules are accepted but aren't followed -Electoral competition, high participation, outcomes unpredictable \- Actors cannot consolidate authoritarianism -All power delegated to the incumbent in-between election -Areas of competition, electoral, legislative, judicial, media - HEGEMONIC SYSTEM (4) \- Competition is low and elections are easily won \- One party dominates institutions, and weakly constraint -Disaffected citizens -Competition is not the main source of hybridity 6. GOVERNMENT (4) - INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE \- Modern gov. normally has three forms of government: legislative, executive and judiciary \- systems: presidentialism, parliamentarianism, and mixed \- Head of State and Head of Government - PRESIDENTIALSIM \- Executive and legislature elected separately \- Gov and cabinet selected by president \- President and legislature have electoral mandate and distinction of power \- Possibility of divided government -High stakes zero sums -Needing to wait out term if president is unpopular - PARLIMETARISM \- Executive and legislative is fused \- Head of gov is not directly elected but elected by legislature \- No divided government -- only minority \- Executive does not serve in fixed terms -- PM removed at any time - SEMI PRESIDENTIALISM \- Head of State and head of gov are two different people \- President is directly elected for fixed terms \- Legislature is elected separately, PM elected by legislature 7. ELECTORAL SYSTEM (1) - ELECTORAL SYSTEM (5) \- Collection of rules that determine, nmb candidates elected, numb of districts, way voters express their views on ballot, way votes are counted, regulations on campaigns -Plurality system favors large parties -- strategical voting -Plurality favors a greater gap between winners and losers -Proportional rule system leads to frequent coalitions, they are hard to keep together -Proportional rule is better for women because there are quotas 8. CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE RULE OF LAW (4) - CONSTITUTION (3) -Basic rules of political engagement in order to live together \- Written document containing values, division of powers, and rights \- Constitutional assemblies elect representative of society - ORDINARY JUDICIARY (2) \- Apply law to concrete cases to reach a decision \- Types : criminal, civil, administrative, constitutional controversies - CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS (3) \- Constitutional review of the law, striking it down -- advisory review \- Right protection \- Balancing powers - RULE OF LAW (6) \- Equal responsibility and protection under law -Governments limited -Proscription of extra-legal punishment \- Predictable and efficient implementation of laws \- Fosters Democracy, as they require fundamental political and civil rights \- Facilitates protection of property rights, favoring economic growth 9. INSITUTIONS AND THE ROLE OF LAW (2) - INSTITUTIONS (3) \- organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and structures individuals expectations about their behavior -Embedded in peoples lives, commands and generates legitimacy and embodies rules/norms -formal institution: created communicated and enforced through sanctioned rules - INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS (2) \- based on unwritten rules and conventions communicated and enforced outside channels \- types 10. CIVIL SOCIETY (1) - CIVIL SOCIETY (8) \- organized citizen activity that is autonomous to the State \- contribute to social and economic growth \- Strong multi-ethic associations can reduce conflict \- promote democracy by constraint against State \- civil society creates social capital \- organizations lead to more trust, thus less free riding \- Social capital -- Social organization of trust of norms and reciprocity and networks of civic engagement \- Product of history, liberalism and industrialization 11. POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDENTITY (3) - CULTURAL THEORIES OF POLITICS (3) \- Place societal values rather than material \- No such thing as objective interests, created by society \- Expect different cultures to contain different values - POLITICAL CULTURE (5) \- system: identification with the nation and accept government \- process: what is expected of you as a citizen, participant, subject and parochial \- Policy: what should be appropriate -Strength : can explain variation in economic and political outcomes -Weakness : how to measure empirically, culture as a product of institutions, western bias, homogeny, cant explain political change when culture hasn't changed - IDENTITY (3) \- us vs them \- content group that is involved and perception of itself \- contestation 12. PARITIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS - PARTY -association of people who identify themselves by a public label \- primary purpose of winning control of government by means of presenting their own candidate -Function to aggregate citizen interest, develop policy programs, pick candidates, coordinate campaigns and represent citizen views \- Charismatic party: voter like the leader, not the party (No coordination and cost necessary), charismatic can't survive their leaders leaving \- Clientelist parties: voters request and receive special rewards, organization is necessary, regulated spoils once in gov , associated with corruption \- Pragmatic parties: voters expect public goods, highest coordination and cost, well-developed ideological and policy program - NEED FOR PARTIES \- Voters : information short-cut \- Candidates: organizational support, name recognition and material resources \- Democracies: without there is a huge uncertainty at elections, harder for voters to hold politicians accountable, greater probability of anti-systemic figure in power, myriad condense issues and conflicts into a manageable set of policy choices 13. CIVIL SOCIEITY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL - CIVIL SOCIETY -realm of organized citizen activity that is autonomous of the state \- organize and contribute to civil development \- multi-ethnic associations help prevent ethnic conflicts \- promote democracy bc they organize democratic movements -MODERNIZATION -- industrialization = larger middle class, leads to civic life and strong civil society -LIBERALISIM -- champions individual rights, tolerance and pluralism (one can see that post-communist states had weak civil societies) -INSITUTIONAL -- variation in strength in civil societies depends on autocracies (ITALY: amoral familism in south -- vs civic community in north; collective action problem) =\> civil society creates social capital, because of generalized trust, less free riding and collective action problems, civic communities and a greater trust - SOCIAL CAPITAL\ - social organizations (trust, norms, etc.) that improve the efficiency of society by coordinated action -virtuous cycle that enables good institutional performance in government \- product of history 14. NATIONS AND NATIONALISM - NATION - ETHNIC IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION- NATIONALISM 15. CAUSES FOR EARLY DEMOCRATIZATION - CAUSES IN EUROPE AND N-A -THEORIES \- Wealth and economic level development causes democracy; industrialization, modernization, wealth and education create socio-economic development, which promotes an open class system favoring democratic transition and democratic stability -Good institutions cause economic development and democracy; development makes democracy endure through support and legitimacy, via security of property rights and equal access to economic resources, creating a virtuous cycle of economic development and sustained democracy -Equality causes democracy, ability to participate and shape the way one is governed -Rise in equality, (redistribution) elites are magnanimous and liberalize because they don't fear revolution vs (elite-competition) rise in inequality, elites give in to avoid revolution - DEMOCRIZATION IN EUROPE AND N-A \- limits on incumbents (rule of law accountability) \- Increase on suffrage and civil right movements \- Political competition through multiparty competition 16. COLLAPS IN COMUNISM \- Enduring importance of national identity as a driver of political process - GORBACHEV \- post-Stalinist generation. -Goal communist, but wanted to increase economic efficiency and ppl's enthusiasm -Problem: corruption, aging leaders, declining economy, cynicism and malaise within society - DOMESTIC REFORMS -PERESTROIKA -- not many results 1\. purge corrupt bureaucrats 2\. scientific and technological advancements 3\. Price liberalization 4\. Small cooperatives legalized - GLASNOST -- excitement over historical and identity discussions \- use to mobilize masses to use Perestroika 1\. freer press 2\. abolish censorship - DEMOKRATIZATSIYA \- increase legitimacy of regime by giving more power to legislature -competitive (not multiparty) elections \- Intense public discussion sand debates, appearance of ideologically diverse factions - RESULTS OF POLICES \- mobilization around national identities -Latvian and Siberian nationalism -Gorbachev fears that border change will result in many others does not allow it \- National mobilization wave 1988-998 \- EE regimes used Glasnost and Demokratizatsiya which increased autonomy. USSR would have needed to use repression, thus Gorbachev allowed EE to do it their way \- class identity wiped out and replaced national identity, thus Gorbachev didn't act. 17. DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE EU - REGIME TRAJECTORIES OF POST-COMMI VARIABLES\ - Legacies ; Communist : harsh regimes have destroyed cleavages which could produce competitive politics. DOES NOT HOLD UP AS VARABLE -- Yugoslavia/ Baltics Post-Communist De-centralized authority : elites would accept democratic institutions, bc thus no bourgeoisie = democracy = no market. DOES NOT HOLD UP AS VARABLE (differences now between Belarus, Russia and Ukraine) Habsburg Factor : Constitutionalism and Bureaucratic rectitude = democracy, bc elites used to accept constraints, so they are willing to accept democratic competition DOES NOT HOLD UP AS VARABLE (Croatia and Poland had more problems during the 1990's than Baltics who were under USSR regime) Pre-Communist experience with statehood: State before = democratic state afte. State is a prerequisite for democratic consolidation \- Choices during transition Religion: orthodoxy leads to no democracy bc subordinates religion to sate. DOES NOT HOLD UP AS VARABLE (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, difference in democracy) End of History : democracy is the only option bc communism lost the I deational debate Return to Europe : more European culture leads to democracy bc soviet occupation forced communism onto EE, was thus easier to embrace democracy afterwards \- External Governance Passive leverage of EU: EU was an attractive role model, making it desirable 1. Democratic stability 2. Market access essential to market building 3. Regulate relations with powerful neighbors Good intentions however, reinforced domestic trajectories 18. DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING - BACKSLIDING -gradual deterioration of conditions( institutions) associated with democratic governance. Democratic regimes = deterioration in democratic qualities \- 2/3 domains need to experience backsliding: competition, participation and accountability - SWERVES \- Illiberal swerves are episodic temporary and reversible -Illiberal turns are more permanent shifts in states political orientation - ILLIBERAL TURN SIGNS \- Abolition of the term of limits \- Attacks on Judiciary -- Capture of courts \- Expansion of Executive Authority \- Undermining of accountability institutions \- Partisan attacks -- political control of the media and disablement of civil society \- Loss of electoral integrity -change in electoral rules - ORBAN IN POWER \- won 53% of votes but received 68% of seats constitutional majority. \- Changed appointment procedures of the CC -- government party can nominate justices -Restricted the CC jurisdiction -Election commission prematurely terminated \- Media council imposing fines \- Weakened prime ministerial authority checks -Loyalist in presidency \- Illiberal state -2014 -Gerrymandering -Tapering with institutions 1. Opposition is not touched 2. Gov doesn't suppress protest 3. Individual and civil liberties respected 4. Minimalist definition of democracy respected 19. RIGHTS, REVOLUTION AND JUDICIALIZATION OF POLITICS - RIGHTS REVOLUTION \- Expanded litigation by civil groups, expanded right protection by courts and constitutional rights -Personal rights; Right to life and dignity, freedom of religion, right to privacy, right to habeas corpus -Civil rights : freedom f movement, freedom of association, freedom of expression -Political rights : citizenship rights, voting rights -Socio economic rights depend on the constitutions of countries - PROTECTION OF RIGHTS \- Yes, above democratic competition. Intrusted to a minority, they will be violated, whereas if there is legal system have more prominence in public life \- No, political competition favorizes democracy, ordinary ppl should be able to decide how to live their life, protecting democratic rights - JUDICILIAZATION OF POLITICS \- Policy-Making power of Judges at the expanse of politicians and administrators \- courts more engaged in striking down measures \- Strict guidelines of interpretation (law is only constitutional if courts say so) \- Legislatures and executives are informed and try to rectify laws if they don't pass \- Spread to institutions \- bargaining open \- finding the truth trumps compromising solution (not interest based) \- Majoritarian principle 20. POLARIZATION AND BACKSLIDING -Poland : Minister of Justice tightening control over the Courts, giving himself higher power in appointments and dismissals of court presidents, and go against judges which have to be appointed by the SJC. - RULE OF LAW AND BACKSLIDING IN HUNG AND POL -- INTERPRETATIONS \- Reforms were necessary to improve justice provision \- Rule of law has collapsed, the courts are powerless and subservient \- Reforms are institutional and worrisome in their cumulative effect EXAGERATED? -Many democratic countries have control over judicial appointment and careers, but they are independent judiciaries (Canada MJ- lower court judges, PM- Supreme court Judges) -However -- dangerous in the comprehensiveness and cumulative effect on reforms (no law within itself is anti-democratic). \- Rule of law backsliding happens when there is weaponizing of law - THEORIES \- Leaders preferences are the driving force (ignores context that leader came to force) \- Political Institutions would be democracy eroding, thus the backsliders have wrong type of institutions (emergence of institutions within what is possible there is not a right or wrong) -Economic performance in a downturn means high inequality where people support populist \- Polarization: produces backsliding because voters trade off democratic principles for partisan interest -Democratic norm erosion: two essential norms of democracy erode (informal institutional) Mutual toleration and Institutional forbearance 21. CRISIS IN SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY - DEMAND FOR BACKSLIDING \- erosion of democratic values, norms and beliefs within a society -- reflection of attitudes and preferences of citizens -Decline in public support for democracy and its principles (rule of law, free elections, etc) \- Increase in tolerance and preferences for authoritarian practices - MEASURING \- Voting for undemocratic party or candidate: Real or Fictitious ? \- Support in non democratic options and norms: General regime, evaluation of democracy overtime, democratic values, beliefs and priorities, evaluation of democratic norms -Support for undemocratic reform and polices -Behaviorist political science literature : support for backsliding more in the US in young ppl, acceptance of authoritarian practices 22. POPULISM AND THE FAR RIGHT - POPULISM \- Parties and movements that argue that elites are untrustworthy and ordinary people are underrepresented \- "Thin centered" populism : society only has two homogenous and antagonistic groups, pure vs the corrupt elite. Left-right centered categorization - TYPES \- Left leaning : redistribution and state control of resources, prosecution of corrupt officials, reducing FDI and privileging local investigators -Right leaning : emphasize law and order, nativism, immigration threat, globalised threats to nation -Technocratic populist : claim the people will benefit if the rate is run as a firm - CONCERNS \- leads to a reduction of right form group of exclusion -people who disagree with populists are framed as traitors \- populist movements tend to attack and undermined formal institution - RADICAL RIGHT \- Characteristics: nativism, authoritarianism, traditional values \- Use the far right party to protest against behavior and polices, but do not believe in this far- right ideology \- When sovereignty is contested, then support from RR is often followed Mainstream and RR interaction 1. Adversarial strategy- mainstream tries do delegitimatize by ostracizing it 2. Accommodation strategy : engagement with RR by including them in coalition and taming them by forcing them to move to the center of to signal national unity 3. Cooptation strategy: mainstream is competitive and does not offer coalition by seeks cooptation through stealing of proposals 4. Neutral strategy: mainstream ignores radical actor 23. DEMOCRACY DEAD? - ROMANIA -Georgescu: elites are bad and corrupt. Traditional values, protectionist and conscriptionist. Gained votes though media (addressing economic anxieties) -Won because of the rise of the right and inflation, suggesting democratic backsliding in elites, as the trust in media has declined, Romania has been doing well economically and CC blocked a far right candidate previously -Accountability in institution as they are working to protect the electoral process from interference through laws \- CC received complaints alleging campaign violation. Recount of votes -Romanian demonstrating judicialization of politics - CRITERIA FOR DEAD DEMOCRACY \- Executive aggrandizement \- Contested sovereignty \- Dominant party winning two consecutive elections - COUP D'ETAT \- need to include a set of perpetrators from within the apparatus, targeting sitting executive, while employing tactics that are illegal, overt and use force (impeachments, resignations and insurrections are not included)