Study Guide for Test 1 PDF

Study guide for the Test # 1 Covers ( Ch 1& 2, 3 ) Chapter # 1 & 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms? a. They make their own energy. c. They evolve through time. b. They grow and develop. d. They a...

Study guide for the Test # 1 Covers ( Ch 1& 2, 3 ) Chapter # 1 & 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms? a. They make their own energy. c. They evolve through time. b. They grow and develop. d. They are composed of one or more cells. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: BatCrazy OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 2. Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as a. homeostasis. c. reproduction. b. evolution. d. sensation. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: BatCrazy OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Understanding 3. DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life; a. it forms the protective outer membrane of cells. b. it is produced expressly for reproduction and is found only in egg and sperm. c. it is the blueprint that guides the growth, development, behavior, and reproduction of all organisms. d. its absence in viruses is the basis for classifying them as nonliving. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: BatCrazy OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Understanding 4. The roots of a sunflower plant growing downwards while the shoot grows upwards and the flower turns towards the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms? a. They reproduce using DNA. b. They evolve through time. c. They make their own energy. d. They sense the environment and respond to it. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: BatCrazy OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Understanding 5. A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms? a. They reproduce using DNA. b. They obtain energy from the environment to support metabolism.  c. They can evolve as groups. d. They sense the environment and respond to it. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: BatCrazy OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 6. Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses? a. composed of one or more cells; obtain energy from their environment; reproduce using DNA (or RNA) b. reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups c. maintain a constant internal environment; obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells d. obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells; maintain a constant internal environment ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: BatCrazy OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Understanding 7. When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific a. hypothesis. c. theory. b. observation. d. correlation. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 8. A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics? a. It is always provable and clearly states what is already known to be fact. b. It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable. c. It provides an explanation consistent with accepted theological ideas and does not need to be tested. d. It does not require testing by experimentation or additional observations. It is not falsifiable. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 9. Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists? a. Yes. Scientists want to receive recognition and monetary reward for their work. b. No. There is no reason for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists. c. Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field. d. No. Communication between scientists is discouraged because it can confuse the details of the experiments. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 10. A scientific hypothesis must be ; if not, science cannot evaluate it. a. provable c. accepted b. testable d. rejected  ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 11. Whenever we , we are proceeding scientifically. a. invoke a supernatural power as an explanation for how a natural phenomenon occurred b. stop questioning our observations c. try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions d. develop an unchangeable and definitive explanation ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 12. Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened or animals/plants that lived millions of years ago? a. Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures. b. No. The laws of physics that exist today are not the same laws of physics that existed in the past, so there is no way to compare plant or animal fossils to those of modern organisms and deduce the function of fossilized structures. c. Yes. Genetic manipulation of fossils allows scientists to directly test metabolic and behavioral characteristics of plants and animals from the past. d. No. There is no way to analyze plant or animal fossils that lived millions of years ago because the laws of nature that exist today have changed dramatically from the past. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 13. Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by “doing something scientific.” Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific? a. No, because she is too young to think like a scientist. b. No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation. c. Yes, because scientists always make measurements. d. Yes, because scientists always construct graphs with the data they collect. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 14. Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees? a. Yes, because it is obviously the Bt crops killing the bees. b. Yes, because there cannot possibly be any other explanation for the loss of the honeybees. c. No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees. d. No, because there is no reason to suspect that an insecticide would kill honeybees.  ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 15. The hypothesis that a common ancestor gave rise to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation? a. Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior. b. All living organisms use energy acquired directly from the environment or from other organisms. c. All living organisms reproduce. d. Each type of living organism adheres to the general principles of the biological hierarchy. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 16. Which of the following statements is true? a. Once a hypothesis has been proposed, it can never be challenged. b. A valid scientific hypothesis is self-evident and does not need to be tested by experimentation. c. The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions. d. If properly designed, experiments always prove hypotheses to be wrong. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 17. Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis? a. Does exposure to secondhand smoke affect the probability of developing lung cancer? b. Do organic vegetables contain harmful substances? c. Should everyone drink bottled water only? d. Does a can of vegetable juice contain more salt than the same size can of iced tea? ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 18. Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Which of these experiments tests the hypothesis that Bt is killing the bees? a. Spraying Bt toxin on a field and counting the number of bees present before and after spraying. b. Collecting hundreds of bees. Half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin while the other half would be kept in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared. c. Collecting hundreds of bees and spraying half of them with Bt toxin while the other half is not sprayed with Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared. d. The number of bees in two adjacent fields would be counted before and after spraying one of the fields with Bt toxin. The survival rate of bees in both fields would be calculated and compared.  ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 19. Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method? a. What is the function of the appendix in human beings? b. Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals? c. Why do smokers develop lung cancer more frequently than nonsmokers? d. Why is it so difficult to quit smoking? ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 20. Observational studies typically point out correlations between aspects of the natural world, but they do not establish solid relationships. a. controlled c. correlative b. cause-effect d. casual ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Understanding 21. Experimental studies are an effective way of establishing a relationship between two or more aspects of the natural world because they provide a way of testing predicted interaction(s). a. controlled c. correlative b. cause-effect d. casual ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Understanding 22. A researcher wanted to determine if consuming diet sodas causes diabetes. He conducted a study in which subjects were asked to recall how many diet sodas they drank each day, on average; the subjects’ blood sugar levels were then measured. The average blood sugar levels were determined in the test subjects. Each group included an equal number of male and female participants and the groups were standardized for average weight and age. Which of these statements most accurately describes what is seen in the graph? a. There appears to be a positive correlation between the number of diet sodas consumed each day and the average blood sugar levels measured in mmol/L. However, no definite cause-effect relationship has been established.  b. There appears to be a negative correlation between the number of diet sodas consumed each day and the average blood sugar levels measure in mmol/L. However, no definite cause-effect relationship has been established. c. Drinking four or more diet sodas each day causes diabetes; a definite cause-effect relationship has been established. d. Drinking six or more diet sodas each day causes diabetes; a definite cause-effect relationship has been established. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: ProveMeWrong OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Analyzing 23. New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the a. dependent variable. c. correlation coefficient. b. independent variable. d. invariable. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Applying 24. Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the made by a hypothesis. a. variables c. predictions b. theories d. laws ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Understanding 25. Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis a. is never reexamined. b. still cannot be considered to have been proven true. c. can be used to predict the outcome of all future similar events. d. is elevated to the status of theory. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Understanding 26. David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. Which group is the control group? a. group 1 c. group 3 b. group 2 d. group 4 ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Applying 27. Which of the following represents conducting an experiment? a. dialing a telephone number b. comparing prices of computers c. checking your midterm grades online d. predicting the outcome of a basketball game  ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Analyzing 28. David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What is the specific hypothesis being tested by the inclusion of group 4 in this experiment? a. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted through the air. b. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it is only transmitted by direct contact with other infected bats. c. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus. d. Group 4 is the control. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Analyzing 29. David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What were the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? a. The independent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. The dependent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS. b. The independent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS. The dependent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. c. The independent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS. The dependent variable was the number of bats included in the study. d. The independent variable was the number of bats included in the study. The dependent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Analyzing 30. A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in this graph. Which of the following statements are supported by the information in this graph?  a. The hypothesis was proven beyond a doubt because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study. b. The hypothesis was proven because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study. c. The hypothesis was not supported because all members of the control group died while most of the members of both treatment groups survived through the end of the study. d. The hypothesis was supported because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Analyzing 31. Scientists are human beings and are, like all human beings, susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is a. popular magazines. c. peer-reviewed publications. b. the Discovery Channel. d. Wikipedia. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Understanding 32. You are coughing and producing a wheezing sound as you breathe; you also have a fever. You go to the doctor who listens to your chest, takes X-rays of your chest, and determines that you probably have something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario? a. You are coughing, wheezing, and have a fever. b. You probably have croup. c. You probably have whooping cough. d. You probably need antibiotics. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Applying 33. In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a. It is not a guess. It is not static. It is tentative and dynamic and can be adjusted when new, compelling evidence is discovered. It is typically an overarching explanation that best fits all of the available information or evidence.  a. law c. hypothesis b. mathematical theorem d. theory ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Understanding 34. The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific a. theory. c. fact. b. hypothesis. d. experiment. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Applying 35. You often experience numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on your right hand. You go to the doctor who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down your arm. The doctor’s preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n) a. theory. c. experiment. b. fact. d. hypothesis. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Analyzing 36. Which of the following would be a theory? a. Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions. b. A fungal infection is responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species. c. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild. d. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Understanding 37. In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch’s original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the a. theory of evolution. c. theory of relativity. b. germ theory of disease. d. law of gravity. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Understanding 38. Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful? a. Scientific knowledge is absolute knowledge. b. Scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge.  c. Scientific knowledge is a static and unchanging collection of facts. d. Scientific knowledge is rigid collection of invariable facts. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: CatchingtheCulprit OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Applying 39. Which of the following would be a fact? a. Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions. b. A fungal infection is solely responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species. c. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild. d. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: NoEndinSight OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Understanding 40. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism? a. cells → tissues → organs → individual b. tissues → organs → cells → individual c. individual → cells → organ systems → tissues d. organ systems → organs → tissues → individual ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: NoEndinSight OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Applying 41. A tissue is defined as a. a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body. b. two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds. c. the basic unit of life. d. a network of organs which perform a wide range of functions. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: NoEndinSight OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Remembering 42. Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of a. a cell. c. an organ. b. a tissue. d. an organ system. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: NoEndinSight OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Understanding 43. The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks’ team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the a. biosphere where the bats lived. c. ecosystem where the bats lived. b. biome where the bats lived. d. community where the bats lived. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: NoEndinSight OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Applying Chapter 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are all examples of a. compounds. c. elements. b. macromolecules. d. amino acids. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 2. The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the a. isotopes. c. neutrons. b. protons. d. electrons. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 3. Nitrogen has seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven electrons. What is the atomic mass of nitrogen? a. 0 c. 14 b. 7 d. 21 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 4. Chemists often represent the structure of atoms using p, n, and e to indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Which atom would have an atomic weight of 30? a. 15 p, 15 n, 15 e c. 15 p, 0 n, 15 e b. 10 p, 10 n, 10 e d. 0p, 15n, 15 e ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Applying 5. O2, also termed atmospheric oxygen, is considered to be a molecule but not a compound. Why not? a. It contains no covalent bonds. b. It contains a double covalent bond but not a single covalent bond. c. To be considered a compound there must be a minimum of three atoms; atmospheric oxygen is too small. d. Compounds are defined as molecules constructed from two or more different elements.  ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Evaluating 6. How many atoms are present in a single molecule of C8H10N4O2? a. 4 c. 12 b. 8 d. 24 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Applying 7. The chemical reaction that represents photosynthesis is 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. What are the reactants? a. H2O and CO2 c. H2O and O2 b. C H O 6 12 6 and CO 2 d. C6H12O6 and CO2 ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Applying 8. Which of the following is an organic compound? a. water (H2O) c. ammonia (NH3) b. methane (CH 4) d. carbon dioxide (CO2) ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Applying 9. A group of astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples? a. The compounds must be covered with ammonia (NH3) and water vapor. b. The samples must lack water, but contain DNA. c. The samples must contain carbon atoms. d. The specimen must lack water, pesticides, and added hormones. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Evaluating 10. The central element found in organic molecules is a. calcium. c. silicon. b. carbon. d. sodium. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.intro OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Remembering 11. Which of the following is a monomer that can be commonly made from components in Earth’s atmosphere? a. nucleotides c. triglycerides b. amino acids d. monosaccharides ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: OnePictureAThousandExperiments OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 12. In the chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen and oxygen share electrons creating bonds between the two atoms. a. covalent c. hydrogen b. peptide d. ionic ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Applying 13. Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the bonds that form between them. a. covalent c. hydrogen b. peptide d. ionic ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Remembering 14. Which of the following distinguishes ionic bonds from covalent bonds? a. Ionic bonds form between the same two elements, whereas covalent bonds form between different elements. b. Ionic bonds hold together compounds that do not dissolve in water, whereas covalent bonds hold together molecules that dissolve in water. c. Ionic bonds hold together oppositely charged atoms, whereas covalent bonds hold together atoms that share electrons. d. Ionic bonds consist of atoms with partial charges, whereas covalent bonds consist of atoms with full positive and negative charges. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Remembering 15. When calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl−) interact with one another they bond using bonds. a. hydrogen c. covalent b. peptide d. ionic ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Applying 16. Which of the following types of bonds hold hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within an individual water molecule? a. hydrogen bond c. polar covalent bond b. peptide bond d. ionic bond ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Remembering 17. Which of the following is likely to participate in ionic bonding? a. Li+ c. He b. H2O d. C6H12O6 ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Analyzing 18. Which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds? a. Individually, hydrogen bonds are very strong.  b. They form between neighboring oxygen atoms. c. They do not involve binding with a hydrogen atom. d. They form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Remembering 19. Based on the water molecule pictured below, which of the labeled areas possesses a partial negative charge? a. A only c. C only b. B only d. A and C ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.3 MSC: Remembering 20. If iodide ions (I−) were dissolved in water, they would be attracted to a. A only c. C only b. B only d. A and C ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.3 MSC: Understanding 21. Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because a. partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another. b. the hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a single water molecule share electrons equally.  c. the oxygen and hydrogen atoms that participate in hydrogen bonding are sharing electons within a single valence shell. d. ionic interactions repel water molecules from hydrophobic oils that may be present in a solution. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.3 MSC: Evaluating 22. Which of the following explains why ice floats on water? a. The crystal structure of ice is more regular than that seen in liquid water. b. The distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water. c. The cool temperature of ice reduces the extent of molecular motion relative to liquid water. d. When ice forms, the hydrogen bond in the water molecule becomes nonpolar; ice behaves like oil. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.3 MSC: Understanding 23. When sodium chloride (Na+Cl−) is dissolved in water, the sodium ion a. is attracted to the hydrogen atoms of water molecules. b. is repelled by the oxygen atoms of water molecules. c. is attracted to other sodium ions that are being dissolved. d. is attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Analyzing 24. Oil and water do not mix together well because a. water is polar and oil is nonpolar. b. only identical molecules of the same chemical can easily mix together. c. water has hydrogen bonds and oil is polar. d. water and oil are covalently bonded together. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 25. You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar. The easiest way to do this would be to a. determine whether the compound is held together by hydrogen bonds. b. determine the number of electrons in the compound’s outer shell. c. mix the compound with an ionic substance to see whether its bonds can withstand the pressure. d. determine whether the compound dissolves in water. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Understanding 26. In making your morning tea, you drop a sugar cube into the hot water. You stir the mixture but no longer see the sugar cube at the bottom of your mug. In this scenario, the sugar is a. nonpolar. c. an acid. b. the solvent. d. a solute.  ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 27. In making your morning tea, you drop a sugar cube into some hot water. You stir the mixture but no longer see the sugar cube at the bottom of your mug. Based on your observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, you properly conclude that the sugar is a. hydrophobic. c. hydrophilic. b. nonpolar. d. inert. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 28. A carwash attendant offers to treat your windshield with a protective agent. This substance coats the glass, causing beads of water to easily roll off during a rain shower. Which of the following must be correct about the protective agent? a. It resists temperature changes well. c. It is a polar substance. b. It must be an acid. d. It must be hydrophobic. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 29. The pH scale measures a. the amount of water in a solution. b. the likelihood that a solution will evaporate. c. the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. d. the number of atoms found within a molecule. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: WorldofWater OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Remembering 30. In living systems, a critical component of many reactions is a. carbon dioxide. c. water. b. calcium. d. hydrogen sulfide. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: SmellofSuccess OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Remembering 31. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins? a. 90 c. 19 b. 20 d. 4 ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: SmellofSuccess OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 32. Which of the following amino acids begins the construction of all proteins in the human body? a. methionine c. proline b. leucine d. tryptophan ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: SmellofSuccess OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 33. Antibodies are an important class of human proteins that function in immune defense. If scientists fragmented antibodies under laboratory conditions, what chemical building blocks would they recover?  a. monosaccharides c. amino acids b. phospholipids d. nitrogenous bases ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: SmellofSuccess OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Applying 34. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best demonstrate that a bacterium found on an asteroid originated in outer space? a. the presence of volcanic ash on the outside of the bacterial cell b. the absence of common gases found in Earth’s atmosphere c. the presence of right-handed amino acids in the bacterium’s proteins d. the absence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules in the bacterial cell ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: SmellofSuccess OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Applying 35. An acid is a polar substance that dissolves in water and a. becomes nonpolar. b. leaves behind an OH− ion. c. accepts hydrogen ions from the solution. d. donates hydrogen ions to the solution. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: GettingtheRightMix OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 36. A solution with a pH of 3 is a. acidic. c. nonpolar. b. basic. d. neutral. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: GettingtheRightMix OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 37. Of the following values, which indicates the most basic pH? a. 5 c. 8 b. 7 d. 10 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: GettingtheRightMix OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 38. Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of free H+ ions? a. pH 1 c. pH 7 b. pH 4 d. pH 14 ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: GettingtheRightMix OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 39. After adding a small amount of Solution A to Solution B, the pH of Solution B declines from 8 to 3. Solution A must contain a. a salt. c. water only. b. a base. d. an acid. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: GettingtheRightMix OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 40. When ammonia (NH3) is dissolved in a solution, it accepts hydrogen ions from its surroundings. Ammonia is therefore a. a base. c. a salt. b. an isotope. d. an acid. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: GettingtheRightMix OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 41. Carbon atoms are bound to each other by a. ionic bonds. c. hydrogen bonds. b. polar bonds. d. covalent bonds. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: LifesFirstSteps OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Remembering 42. Which of the following factors explains carbon’s prominence in living systems? a. Carbon forms weak reversible bonds. b. Carbon bonds with up to three other atoms. c. Carbon-based molecules can form long chains and rings. d. Carbon does not form small molecules. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: LifesFirstSteps OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Remembering 43. Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids? a. All three are used to store genetic information. b. None of these macromolecules mixes well with water. c. Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers. d. All of these molecules are primarily used as energy-storage molecules. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: LifesFirstSteps OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 44. In the laboratory you identify protein in a food item that you’ve tested. Which of the following must the food item also contain? a. glucose c. amino acids b. lipids d. nucleotides ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: LifesFirstSteps OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Understanding 45. Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together. Which macromolecule is properly matched with the appropriate monomer? a. polypeptide—amino acid c. polysaccharide—nucleotide b. nucleic acid—amino acid d. triglyceride—cholesterol ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: FiftyMoreYears OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Applying 46. A disaccharide consists of two a. sugars. c. fatty acids. b. hydrocarbons. d. amino acids.  ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: FiftyMoreYears OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 47. Nucleotides a. are the building blocks of proteins. b. are involved in every chemical reaction in the cell. c. form physical structures such as hair. d. are the building blocks of nucleic acids. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: FiftyMoreYears OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 48. The genetic material found in all living things is made of building blocks called a. nucleotides. c. phospholipids. b. monosaccharides. d. steroids. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: FiftyMoreYears OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Understanding ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: FiftyMoreYears OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Understanding 49. Which of the following could be built solely from glucose molecules? a. fatty acids c. oils b. DNA d. starch ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: FiftyMoreYears OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering