Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does specific heat measure?
What does specific heat measure?
Which type of heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves?
Which type of heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves?
Which of the following materials is considered a good conductor of thermal energy?
Which of the following materials is considered a good conductor of thermal energy?
What happens to the movement of molecules when a substance is heated?
What happens to the movement of molecules when a substance is heated?
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In convection, how does heat transfer occur in fluids?
In convection, how does heat transfer occur in fluids?
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What type of wave requires a medium to travel?
What type of wave requires a medium to travel?
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What is the wavelength of a wave traveling at a speed of 200 m/s with a frequency of 500 Hz?
What is the wavelength of a wave traveling at a speed of 200 m/s with a frequency of 500 Hz?
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Which statement is true about electromagnetic waves?
Which statement is true about electromagnetic waves?
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What relationship is demonstrated by higher frequency waves?
What relationship is demonstrated by higher frequency waves?
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What phenomenon describes the change in direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another?
What phenomenon describes the change in direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another?
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In which medium do sound waves travel the fastest?
In which medium do sound waves travel the fastest?
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What is the correct wave speed equation?
What is the correct wave speed equation?
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What occurs during constructive interference?
What occurs during constructive interference?
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If a wave has a frequency of 46 Hz and a wavelength of 1.7 meters, what is its speed?
If a wave has a frequency of 46 Hz and a wavelength of 1.7 meters, what is its speed?
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Which of the following is an example of a mechanical wave?
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical wave?
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What effect does the Doppler effect describe?
What effect does the Doppler effect describe?
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What happens to a wave's energy as the amplitude increases?
What happens to a wave's energy as the amplitude increases?
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Which phenomenon allows someone to hear voices around a corner?
Which phenomenon allows someone to hear voices around a corner?
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Which of the following statements about wavelength is true?
Which of the following statements about wavelength is true?
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What is the reason light waves travel fastest in gas?
What is the reason light waves travel fastest in gas?
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Which type of wave property is illustrated when a pencil appears broken in a glass of water?
Which type of wave property is illustrated when a pencil appears broken in a glass of water?
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What is the primary function of voltage in a circuit?
What is the primary function of voltage in a circuit?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes resistance?
Which of the following statements accurately describes resistance?
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What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance as defined by Ohm's Law?
What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance as defined by Ohm's Law?
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In a series circuit, what happens when one component fails?
In a series circuit, what happens when one component fails?
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Which of the following describes a parallel circuit?
Which of the following describes a parallel circuit?
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Which material would generally have the highest resistance?
Which material would generally have the highest resistance?
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What would be the voltage required to produce 10 amps of current with a resistance of 5 ohms?
What would be the voltage required to produce 10 amps of current with a resistance of 5 ohms?
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How does the length of a wire affect its resistance?
How does the length of a wire affect its resistance?
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What is the SI unit for speed?
What is the SI unit for speed?
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Which of the following actions would result in positive acceleration?
Which of the following actions would result in positive acceleration?
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What occurs when an electric motor converts energy?
What occurs when an electric motor converts energy?
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Which method is NOT effective in strengthening a magnetic field?
Which method is NOT effective in strengthening a magnetic field?
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What does a free body diagram visually represent?
What does a free body diagram visually represent?
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What effect do balanced forces have on an object's motion?
What effect do balanced forces have on an object's motion?
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Which of the following statements about velocity is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about velocity is FALSE?
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What indicates a net force on an object?
What indicates a net force on an object?
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What does the Law of Inertia state about objects in motion?
What does the Law of Inertia state about objects in motion?
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According to the second law of motion (F=ma), what happens when force is increased?
According to the second law of motion (F=ma), what happens when force is increased?
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What accurately describes weight as compared to mass?
What accurately describes weight as compared to mass?
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What defines terminal velocity during free fall?
What defines terminal velocity during free fall?
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Which of these factors directly increases gravitational force?
Which of these factors directly increases gravitational force?
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Which statement best explains free fall?
Which statement best explains free fall?
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How is work defined in terms of force and motion?
How is work defined in terms of force and motion?
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What happens to distance when force is increased, given that the work done remains constant?
What happens to distance when force is increased, given that the work done remains constant?
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Study Notes
Unit 1, Part 1: Energy
- Energy is the ability to do work
- Work happens when motion occurs in the direction of the applied force
- Energy is measured in Joules (J)
- Two main types of energy are kinetic and potential
Energy Types
- Chemical
- Electrical
- Electromagnetic
- Mechanical
- Nuclear
- Radiant/Light
- Sound
- Thermal
Kinetic Energy
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion
- Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed
- The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has
- The more massive an object is, the more kinetic energy it has
- Forms of kinetic energy: mechanical, electromagnetic, sound, thermal, light/radiant
Potential Energy
- Potential energy is stored energy due to position
- Example: a boulder on a cliff has gravitational potential energy due to its height
- Forms of potential energy: nuclear, chemical, gravitational, elastic
Energy Relationships
- Energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred
- When a boulder falls off a cliff, its gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy
- When a ball is thrown upwards, kinetic energy converts to gravitational potential energy at its highest point
- As the ball falls, potential energy converts back into kinetic energy
Energy Transformation
- The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another
- Energy takes many forms
- PE = KE (within a system)
- Mgh = 1/2mv² (within a system)
Unit 1, Part 2: Thermal Energy
- All matter is made of atoms and molecules that are always in motion
- Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a substance
- The faster the particle motion, the higher the temperature
- The slower the particle motion, the lower the temperature
- Different states of matter and particle motion include: solid, liquid, gas
Heat Transfer
- Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from hot to cold materials
- Heat always moves from hotter to cooler materials
- There are three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation
Conduction
- Conduction is heat transfer when objects are in direct contact
Convection
- Convection is heat transfer in fluids by circulation—hot fluids rise, and cold fluids sink in a cycle
Radiation
- Radiation is heat transfer through electromagnetic waves
Conductors & Insulators
- Conductors conduct thermal energy well (e.g. silver, aluminum foil, gold, copper)
- Insulators do not conduct thermal energy well (e.g. air, glass, plastic, rubber)
Specific Heat
- Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C
- The lower the specific heat value for a substance, the faster it heats up or cools down
- The higher the specific heat value for a substance, the slower it heats up or cools down
Unit 2 - Waves
- Wave diagrams include crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude, and rest position
- Different wave types have different characteristics (e.g. mechanical waves require a medium to travel, electromagnetic waves do not)
- Mechanical waves include: compression, rarefaction, and transverse
Mechanical & Electromagnetic Waves
- Mechanical waves require a medium to travel. Examples include sound and water waves
- Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to travel. Examples include light and radio waves
Amplitude & Frequency
- The amplitude of a wave is the distance from the rest position to the crest or trough
- The greater the amplitude, the greater the energy the wave carries
- Frequency is the number of waves that pass a given point per unit of time
Wave Speed Equation
- Wave speed is determined by multiplying frequency and wavelength
- The wave speed equation is: v=f⋅λ where
- v = speed, f = frequency, and λ = wavelength
Reflection & Refraction
- Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave off a surface
- Examples of reflection include echoes from sound waves and colors from light waves
- Refraction is a change in the direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another
- Examples of refraction include a pencil appearing bent when it's in water and prisms
Diffraction & Interference
- Diffraction is the bending of waves as they pass around a barrier or an opening
- Interference happens when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium
- Constructive interference occurs when waves are displaced in the same direction
- Destructive interference occurs when waves are displaced in opposite directions
Media & Wave Speed
- Medium has the largest effect on wave speed
- Sound waves travel fastest in solids and slowest in gases
- Light waves travel fastest in a vacuum and slowest in solids
Doppler Effect
- The Doppler effect is the apparent change in the frequency of a sound caused by the motion of either the listener or the sound source
- The frequency of a sound increases as the source approaches a stationary observer, and decreases as the source moves away
Unit 3 - Electromagnetism
- Electromagnetism is the interaction between electricity and magnetism
- Magnetic fields are created by electrical currents
- Electrical currents create magnetic fields
Circuits
- An electric circuit is a complete, closed path through which electric charges flow
- All circuits must have three basic parts: an energy source, wires, and a load
- Switches are not necessary but useful components and functional for circuits
Series & Parallel Circuits
- In series circuits components connected in a single loop; all loads share the same current; the addition of another load decreases the overall voltage.
- In parallel circuits components are connected on separate paths or branches; individual loads have the full voltage available; the inclusion of loads does not affect other loads
Schematic Circuit Diagrams
- Schematic circuit diagrams use standardized symbols to represent circuit components
Voltage, Current, & Resistance
- Voltage is the amount of potential energy between two points in a circuit
- Voltage is measure in volts(V)
- Current is the rate that electricity flows, measured in amperes (A)
- Direct Current is in one direction, Alternating Current change direction constantly.
- Resistance is the opposition of flow in a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω)
Ohm's Law Calculations
- Ohm's Law (V = I ⋅ R) relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit
Motors & Generators
- Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
- Electric generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
Unit 4 – Motion, Force, & Work
Speed & Velocity
- Speed is the distance covered per unit of time, measured in m/s
- Velocity is speed in a specific direction, also measured in m/s
Acceleration
- Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, measured in m/s². Acceleration occurs when speed or direction change
Forces and Free-Body Diagrams
- A force is a push or pull, having a size and direction, measured in Newtons (N).
- Net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object
- Balanced forces result in no change of motion
- Unbalanced forces result in acceleration
Newton's Laws of Motion
- 1st Law of Motion (Inertia): Objects in motion tend to stay in motion (or objects at rest stay at rest) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
- 2nd Law of Motion: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration)
- 3rd Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Gravity and Work
- Mass and Weight: Mass is the amount of matter in an object; Weight is the measure of the gravitational force on an object
- Factors affecting gravity include mass and distance
- Objects accelerate towards Earth due to gravity at 9.8 m/s²
- Terminal velocity occurs when falling objects reach a constant speed, with resultant net force of 0N
Work & Mechanical Advantage
- Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of that force, and measured in Joules (J)
- Work = Force x Distance
- Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the output force to the input force for a machine
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts related to heat transfer and waves in this physics quiz. Questions cover specific heat, conduction, convection, and sound waves. Ideal for students preparing for exams in physics and thermodynamics.
