Study Guide for Exam 1 in 11011.docx

**[Study Guide for Exam 1 in 1101: Introductory Sociology]** **[What is Sociology? and The Sociological Imagination ]** 1. What is sociology? **Sociology is the study of human society and social interactions.** What are the goals of sociology? **The goal of Sociology is to understand how...

**[Study Guide for Exam 1 in 1101: Introductory Sociology]** **[What is Sociology? and The Sociological Imagination ]** 1. What is sociology? **Sociology is the study of human society and social interactions.** What are the goals of sociology? **The goal of Sociology is to understand how people live and interact, and to shed light on how the larger social world impacts individual experiences across the life course.** 2. What sorts of topics do sociologists study? **They study social institution, culture, social change, gender and sexuality, and environment and society.** 3. What are other social science disciplines? **Anthropology, Psychology, Political science, economics, geography, and criminology** How is sociology different from the other disciplines? **Anthropology: study of human cultures. studies cultural practices, beliefs, languages, and physical characteristics of human societies.** 4. What is the sociological imagination? **Connecting individual experiences to public issues or biography connected to history** Describe an example of sociological imagination. **Individual troubles=Biography=Private, Public Issue=History=Structural** 5. How does "This is Water" relate to the sociological imagination? **Being aware of ordinary realities of daily life and choosing to see them in a meaningful way.**What does it mean to "make the familiar strange?" **[Historical Overview of Sociology + Major Theoretical Traditions]** 1. Who are the founders of sociology? **Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Georg Simmel** Who is considered the Father of Sociology? **Auguste Comte** Who was the first female sociologist? **Harriet Martineau** What did their work focus on? **Auguste Comte focused on the theory of positivism. Harriet Martineau focused on human happiness.** What is *positivism*? **Positivism is a scientific method used to study society** 2. Be able to describe the following sociological thinkers and the basics of their contribution to the field of sociology: Harriet Martineau: **Observed social practiced and their effect on society, methodology, translated Comte's work (french\_ English)** Emile Durkheim: **Institutionalized sociology, sociology as a science, social facts, Typologies: Suicide, solidarity** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Karl Marx: **Critiqued functionalism and capitalism and advocated for socialism, lived during the industrial revolution, Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat** Max Weber: **Interpretative** **sociology**, **critiqued Comte's Positivism, critiqued Amrx's focus on division based solely on class** Georg Simmel: **Interactions between individuals:Micro Level, early network theory; focused on network ties and group dynamics: Dyads and triads** Jane Addams: **Fought for equality and social justice, spoke against patriarchy, created Hull House (workers would live in community to better understand issues), to understand, the poor, must live among them** W.E.B. Du Bois: **First sociological theorist to study race, PhD from Harvard; largely ignored by contemporaries, sometimes critiqued as being "too empirical", poverty among African Americans=result of prejudice and discrimination** 3. What do macrosociologists study? **They study oder and stability.** What do microsociologists study? **They social interaction interactions** What is mid-range? **How social institutions tend to function** 4. Be able to describe the basics of each of the following sociological theories and some of the primary theorists associated with each theory: -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Conflict Theory: **conflict between competing interests is the basic animating force to social change and society (Karl Max)** Symbolic interactionism: **Interpretation of shared meaning, (Core Topics: meaning making, identity, labeling, agency), (Social constructionism: all knowledge is derived from & maintained through social interaction) (george Herbert, charles horton, georg simmel, Erving Goffman, Hebert Blumer, Sheldon Stryker)** -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **[Sociological Methods]** 1. What is the research model? **A model that helps researchers organize and understand the different aspects of a research topic.** 2. What is the difference between *inductive* and *deductive* approaches to research? **Deductive: starts with a theory, develops a hypothesis, and analyzes the data collected through observation to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory. Inductive: starts wiith empirical observation, then works to form a theory** 3. What are the basic broad types of research methods? (Hint: three categories.) **Qualitative, quantitative, and experimental** 4. What is the difference between correlation and causality? **Correlation: two factors that occur together(but one doesn't necessarily cause the other one) Causation: a change in one factor results in a corresponding change on another factor.** Which one is preferred in sociology? **Causation** Which one is easier to accomplish? **Correlation** 5. What are the four types of research methods Lawston describes? **Surveys, field research, secondary data analysis, experiments** Why would you want to have different methods? What are some advantages/disadvantages to each of the different types? 6. What is public sociology? **Public Sociology is the practice of sociology that is involved with public debates and discussions.** 7. What is a hypothesis? **Statement of what you expect to find based on theory.** What does "falsifiable" mean and why is it important? **Falsifiable means something can be proven false or changed to be false. It's important because the hypothesis can be easily proven wrong and false.** 8. What are independent, dependent, moderating/mediating variables? **Dependent: The thing you're trying to protect, Independent: the thing you think is causing the dependent variable, Mediating: tells us why/how Iv affect DV (socioeconomic status -- child reading ability), Moderating: describes the strength of the relationship (Hours spent exercising- resting heart rate)**an example. 9. What are validity, reliability, and generalizability? **Validity: does the study measure what it is intended to measure?, reliability: if you conduct the study again, will you get the same results?, Generalizability: will the findings of this study apply to some other population or group of people?** 10. What body regulates the ethics of social scientific research? **Must meet certain standards -IRB, guard against physical, emotional, psychological harm, informed consent, voluntary participation** **[Culture + Media]** 1. What is culture? **Shared language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that we pass from one generation to the next in a society** What is material culture? **Physical ex: books fashion and monuments** What is non-material culture? **Non-physical ex: values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.** 2. What is a cultural lag? **A delay or gap between changes on a society's material culture** Provide an example using technology. **Technology advance but society took longer to address cyber bullying, misinformation, and privacy violations** 3. What is cultural relativism? **We can (and should) recognize differences across cultures without passing judgement on them or assigning value to them** 4. What is culture shock? Provide an example. **The doubt, confusion, or anxiety, arising from immersion in an unfamiliar culture Example: Coming from another country, speaking a different language** 5. What is code switching? **Ability to flip between two(or more) languages or sets of cultural norms to fit different cultural contexts** How might this go beyond language to include culture? **This can go beyond language by changing you talk and what words you might use, and/or the topics you discuss with different friend groups.** 6. What are cultural scripts? **Modes of behavior that are not universal** 7. What is a subculture? **A subset of the dominant culture that has distinct values, beliefs, and norms; different, not opposing** Provide an example. **Gentle parenting, being in the north but from the south, or being in the south but from the north. Being a goth or punk.** 8. What is media? **Any formats or vehicles to carry, present, or communicate information** What are some examples? **Books, poster**, **web pages, day tablets, radio** 9. What is culture jamming? **Subverting the power of the media by repurposing symbols** Provide an example. 10. How can social media be thought of as currency such as in "Generation Like?"