Study Guide for Exam 1 - Aya C. PDF

**Study Guide for Exam 1 (February 10)** **Lecture 1 --Introduction to Health Psychology (chapter 1)** - What is the definition of health psychology? - How have the causes of mortality changed since the 1900s compared to recent trends? Increased mortality due to chronic, lifestyle-re...

**Study Guide for Exam 1 (February 10)** **Lecture 1 --Introduction to Health Psychology (chapter 1)** - What is the definition of health psychology? - How have the causes of mortality changed since the 1900s compared to recent trends? Increased mortality due to chronic, lifestyle-related illnesses.\ 1900s: Acute, infectious disorders = tuberculosis, pneumonia 2000s: chronic, non-communicable diseases, and cancer 2020-2023: Global pandemic: joint effects of infections due to communicable diseases - **What are non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and can you provide some examples? What are communicable diseases, and can you provide some examples**? - What is an experiment? How is it different from correlational research? Experiment has a study in which two or more different groups (experimental group and control group) are created to which people are assigned randomly, and their reactions are measured. Experiment will cause the reaction, and we compare the two different groups, while correlation doesn't cause the results to happen and whether the change in variable matches with the results - What is a randomized clinical trial (also known as a randomized controlled trial) or RCT? Why is it considered the "gold standard" of evidence? A type of experiment conducted to evaluate treatments or interventions and their effectiveness. The RCT is considered the "gold standard" for testing if a treatment is effective - What is correlational research? Correlational research measures whether a change in one variable correlates (corresponds) with changes in another variable Ex: studying biological correlates of happiness and studying psychological correlates of relapse after quitting smoking (disadvantage -- difficult to determine the direction of causality) - What is a prospective research design? Looks forward in time to see how: people change and the correlation between two variables changes over time. Conducted to understand the risk factors that relate to health conditions Ex: longitudinal research -- longevity studies - What is a retrospective research design? Research that looks backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation Ex: identifying the risk factors that lead to the development of COPD or severe COVID-19 illness - Can you define these terms from the field of epidemiology: morbidity, mortality (how are morbidity and mortality different?), prevalence, incidence (how are prevalence and incidence different?), quality of life. Morbidity = number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time Mortality = numbers of deaths due to particular causes Prevalence = proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic Incidence = the number of new cases per population in a given time period Quality of life: key factor to consider beyond morbidity and mortality = health-related quality of life measures has been developed - What is epidemiology? **What does the term "etiology" mean? Differentiate epidemiology from etiology**. Epidemiology = Study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population Etiology = study of the cause or origin of a disease, focusing on identifying the factors that contribute to a particular illness Etiology primarily looks at the specific causes of a disease at the individual level, while epidemiology examines the broader picture of disease patterns across a population **Lecture 2 -Systems of the Body (chapter 2)** - What are the main divisions of the nervous system (central versus peripheral, and subdivisions of the central and peripheral nervous systems). Central nervous system: primary control center of the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord Subdivisions = brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: a network of nerves that runs throughout the head, neck, and body Subdivisions = somatic nervous system (controls voluntary movement) and autonomic nervous system (controls organs that operate involuntarily) - Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describe their primary functions. Sympathetic nervous system (mobilizes the body for action) and parasympathetic nervous system (maintains and restores equilibrium) One controls the body and its actions while the other keeps it together - Name and locate the four lobes that make up the cerebral cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital). Frontal lobe in the front. Parietal lobe in the back and top. Temporal lobe is the bottom. Occipital lobe is in the very back. - What are some of the most common disorders of the nervous system we discussed in class, and can you match their names to their definitions? Epilepsy = disease of the CNS marked by seizures Parkinson's disease = progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, a group of nuclei in the brain that control smoother motor coordination. Characterized by constant tremor Cerebral palsy = chronic, nonprogressive disorder marked by lack of muscle control Multiple sclerosis = disease caused by damage to the myelin sheath covering nerves; can cause numbness, double vision, motor and cognitive problems Huntington's disease = a genetic disorder characterized by mental and physical deterioration. It is caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called Huntingtin. Genetic tests can identify carriers of the gene for this disorder Polio = a highly infectious viral disease that affects mostly young children. It attacks the spinal nerves and destroys the cell bodies of motor neurons Paraplegia = paralysis of the lower extremities of the body Quadriplegia = paralysis of all four extremities of the body Dementia = a serious loss of cognitive ability beyond what might be expected from normal aging - What is the endocrine system? What is its primary role? Made up of glands that secrete hormones into the blood, stimulating changes in target organs. Regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary gland (consists of the posterior lobe and the anterior pituitary lobe - Where are the adrenal glands located in the body and what hormones do they produce? - What is diabetes (definition and main symptoms), and what is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes? Diabetes: body becomes incapable of manufacturing or properly using the hormone insulin Type 1: autoimmune disorder = body destroys cells of the pancreas necessary for insulin production Type 2: body does not produce enough insulin or may not be sensitive to it (related to lifestyle) - Describe the structure of the heart (name the four chambers of the heart) and identify three common disorders of the cardiovascular system (need to know definitions for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemia). - What is blood composed of? What is plasma? - Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system and identify definitions of common respiratory system disorders discussed in class (asthma, viral and bacterial infections, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer). Respiratory system = just breathe, brings in oxygen through inspiration (causes the lungs to expand inside the thorax) and eliminates carbon dioxide through expiration (reduces the volume of the lungs within the thorax) Asthma = a severe inflammatory reaction typically to a foreign substance, including dust, dog or cat dander, pollens, or fungi Viral and bacterial infections = invasion of upper or lower respiratory tract by viruses or bacteria Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease = a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems Pneumonia = infection of the lungs Tuberculosis and pleurisy = an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that invade lunge tissue Lung cancer = tumor that starts in the lungs - Describe the structure and function of the digestive system and identify definition of common digestive system disorders. - What are the main components of the renal system? What are the definitions of the discussed disorders of the renal system (urinary tract infections, glomerular nephritis, tubular necrosis, and kidney failure)? - What are the main anatomical components of the male and female reproductive systems? Ovaries: Ovum = produced each month by one ovary (if fertilized, develops into a human being or if not fertilized, flushed out) Estrogen = develops secondary sex characteristics Progesterone = produced during second half of the menstrual cycle (declines if pregnancy fails to occur) Testes: testosterone = produced by the interstitial cells Important for production of sperm, which passes through the uterus and into the fallopian tube to fertilize the ovum Develops secondary sex characteristics - What is the main role of the immune system? Body's resistance to pathogens Natural immunity = acquired through disease and passed from the mother to the child at birth and through breastfeeding Artificial immunity = acquired through vaccinations and inoculations Immune cells serve multiple functions (kill invaders, communicate with other immune cells - How are nonspecific immune mechanisms different from specific immune mechanisms? Nonspecific immune mechanisms = present at birth and general set of responses to any kind of infection or disorder Specific immune mechanisms = acquired after birth and fight particular microorganisms and their toxins - Define and differentiate common disorders of the immune system (AIDS, lupus, tonsilitis, infectious mononucleosis, and lymphoma). AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (result of infection with HIV) Lupus = a disease involving chronic inflammation that occurs when your body's immune system attacks your own tissues and organs Tonsillitis = an inflammation of the tonsils that interferes with their ability to filter out bacteria Infectious mononucleosis = a viral disorder marked by an unusually large number of monocytes; it can cause fever, sore throat, and general lack of energy Lymphoma = a tumor of the lymphatic tissue **Lecture 3 --Health Behavior Interventions (chapter 3)** - How are health behaviors and health habits defined and how are they different from each other? Health behaviors = behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health Health habits = behaviors that are firmly established and performed automatically without awareness - What are the seven positive health habits from the Alameda County Study, and what is their relationship to mortality? Sleeping 7 to 8 hrs a night, not smoking, eating breakfast every day, having no more than one or two alcoholic drinks each day, getting regular exercise, not eating between meals, being no more than 10% overweight - Define and differentiate primary versus secondary versus tertiary prevention. Primary prevention = taking measures to combat risk factors for illness before it has a chance to develop Ex: getting people to alter their problematic health behaviors and keeping people from developing poor health habits in the first place Secondary prevention = efforts that aim to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred Tertiary prevention = strategy that aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often complex health problems and injuries - What are some examples of the determinants of health behaviors discussed in class? Demographic factors, age, values, personal control, social influence, etc. - Define educational appeals and fear appeals to change behavior. Educational appeal = appealing to people to change their behavior through education Ex: people change their health habits if they have good information about their habits Fear appeal = appealing to people to change their behavior through fear Ex: people change their behavior if they fear that a particular habit is hurting their health - Define the health belief model. Factors influencing health behavior practices: perceived health threat and perceived threat reeducation Used to increase perceived risk and perceived effectiveness of steps to modify health habits - What is self-determination theory? What are autonomous motivation and perceived competence? People are actively motivated to pursue their goals, components fundamental to behavior change (autonomous motivation and perceived competence Autonomous = experiencing free will and choice when making decisions Perceived competence = belief of being capable of something - Describe cognitive-behavioral approaches to behavior change, what are the self-control of behavior and cognitive restructuring? Cognitive-behavior therapy = uses complementary methods to intervene in the modification of a target behavior and its context Self-monitoring = understanding the dimensions of one's poor health habit before change can begin Classical conditioning = pairing of unconditioned reflex with a new stimulus Operant conditioning = pairs a voluntary behavior with systematic consequences Self-control = people learn to control the antecedents and consequences of the target behavior Cognitive restructuring = trains people to recognize and modify their internal monologues to promote health behavior change - What is self-reinforcement? Differentiate positive self-reward, negative self-reward, positive self-punishment and negative self-punishment. Self-reinforcement = systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior Positive self-reward = reward yourself by buying and eating cake Negative self-reward = reward yourself by not doing the dishes Positive self-punishment = punish yourself by doing the dishes Negative self-punishment = punishing yourself by giving up cake - What is motivational interviewing? Interviewer adopts a nonjudgemental, nonconfrontational, encouraging and supportive style Goal: to keep clients express their positive/negative thoughts regarding the behavior - How can relapse be prevented? Techniques = asking people to identify the situations that may lead to relapse and engaging participants in constructive self-talk Lifestyle rebalancing = promotes a healthy lifestyle and reduces the likelihood of relapse - What is the abstinence violation effect, and how does it relate to relapse? Abstinence violation effect = feeling of loss of control that results when a person has violated self-imposed rules Reasons for relapse: vigilance fades and negative affect (should be integrated into treatment programs from the outset - Transtheoretical model of behavior change --what are the main stages of change? 1. Precontemplation = not aware that they have a problem 2. Contemplation = know the problem now 3. Preparation = made a commitment to change 4. Action = change their behavior 5. Maintenance = keep that behavior going - What is social engineering? What are some examples of social engineering? (please see lecture and textbook) Social engineering = modifying the social environment in ways that affect people's ability to practice a health behavior Ex: changes in laws, policies, rules **Lecture 4 --Health-Promoting Behaviors (chapter 4)** - What are the health benefits of regular exercise? 1. Helps control weight 2. Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease 3. Reduces risk for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome 4. Reduces risk of some cancers 5. Strengthens bones and muscles 6. Decreases resting heart rate and blood pressure and increases strength and efficiency of the heart 7. Improves sleep 8. Improves immune system functioning 9. Promotes neurogenesis - What are the effects of exercise on psychological wellbeing? 1. Improves mood and general well-being 2. Improves sense of self-efficacy 3. Improves cognitive functioning 4. Has economic benefits - What is the minimum exercise prescription for adults? At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity at least 5 days a week (brisk walking, mowing the lawn) Or 20 mins or more of vigorous activity 3 days a week (running, biking, dancing) - Describe exercise interventions discussed in class. Incorporate principles of self-control, increase motivation, increase and maintain physical activity, promote personal values, promote general lifestyles changes - What is the effectiveness of wearable activity trackers? Extremely accurate at tracking numbers of steps, error rate increases when it comes to tracking distance, more accurate at slower speeds, calories burned can also be off by as much as 10% when compared to metabolic analyzers     - Mammography --what are the pros and cons of recommending its usage, based on breast cancer prevalence statistics? Mammograms have helped reduce breast cancer mortality, but improvements are small Recent controversial data showing comparable detection rates for mammograms compared to breast self-exams. - What is the primary risk factor for skin cancer? Primary risk factor is excessive exposure to UV radiation - What are sun safety practices? (see especially textbook section on this) Educational interventions and teaching about effective sunscreen usage - What are links between stress and changes in diet? Stress has a direct and negative effect on diet. Seeking "comfort foods"; foods high in calories, fat, sugar, and salt. Though some people lose their appetite - What are some common interventions to change diet? (see lecture and textbook) 1. Education and training in self-monitoring 2. Cognitive-behavioral interventions 3. Improving social support 4. Motivation interviewing 5. Training in self-regulation 6. Adopting strong implementation intentions 7. Family interventions 8. Community interventions 9. Cost-effective interventions 10. Telephone counseling 11. Social engineering - What are the primary theories for why we sleep? Energy conservation theory, bodily restoration theory, cerebral restitution theory - What are the effects of lack of sleep on health? (see lecture and textbook) Insufficient sleep affects cognitive functioning, mood, job performance, quality of life - How does the amount of sleep need per night change across the lifespan? Babies and kids need a lot more sleep and as we get older, we don't need as much as sleep as them. - Describe strategies for a good night's sleep (see lecture and textbook). Avoid exposure to bright light before bed (role of melatonin), avoid using electronics within the last 1-2 hrs before bed, maintain regular bedtimes and wake times throughout the week and also on the weekends, avoid caffeine during the late afternoon and evening **Lecture 5 --Health-Compromising Behaviors (chapter 5)** - Describe alcohol dependence statistics discussed in class: - Mortality statistics Alcohol is the third-leading cause of preventable deaths - Costs to society 249 billion dollars annually include lost earnings, treatment costs for alcoholism and other disease, cost of motor vehicle accidents, law enforcement expenses - What is substance dependence? Use of drugs or alcohol that continues even when significant problems related to their use have developed - Can you differentiate problem drinking from alcoholism? Problem drinking = alcohol consumption that results in social, psychological, and medical problems Alcoholism = physical dependence on alcohol and inability to control drinking - What is the connection between alcohol consumption and stress? Some people do it as a coping mechanism because it reduces anxiety and tension, but in the long run stress levels increase and cause other damages to our systems - What are some treatment programs for alcoholism? Cognitive-behavioral modification programs, providing employment opportunities social support, treatment programs (detoxification, abstinence intervention programs vs controlled drinking interventions - How often do people with alcoholism experience relapse? 50% of treated patients relapse withing 3 months and practicing coping skills or social skills for high-risk-for-relapse situations is critical to successful intervention - Is mild alcohol consumption (one drink per day) beneficial for health or not? What is the main controversy surrounding alcohol consumption recommendations? Some say that having one drink a day isn't too bad compared to drinking a lot. However, drinking no alcohol drinks would be much better for our health - What are some chronic diseases associated with smoking cigarettes? Lung cancer, heart disease, chronic lung disease - What is the role of pro-smoking media in encouraging smoking? Did an experiment with "Die Hard" Movie, smokers and nonsmokers, watch movie segments with or without smoking Initial experimentation, peer pressure, interacting with other smokers, lack of discipline and monitoring in schools, familial attitude and influence, low socioeconomic status - Define the "synergistic" effects of smoking. Synergistic = causing or involving synergy = the combined power of working together that's greater than the power achieved by working separately Boosts the damaging effects of other risk factors ex: high cholesterol - What are some examples of successful interventions to reduce smoking? (please see both lecture and textbook) Changing attitudes toward smoking, CBT approaches effective in adults, nicotine replacement therapy effective with initial cessation, interventions based on the stages of change/transtheoretical model of behavior change results inconsistent, social support and stress management very effective, relapse prevention very important and effective, interventions with adolescents - What is the effectiveness of social influence programs to prevent smoking in adolescents? Goal is to catch potential smokers early and attack the underlying motivations that lead to smoking Implemented in schools: emphasize the negative effects of smoking, convey a positive image of the nonsmoker, peer groups are used to foster nonsmoking Social influences programs are effective in reducing rates of experiment smoking among adolescents, less clear that they prevent regular smoking **Lecture 6 --Obesity and Eating Disorders (chapter 5)** - How is obesity defined and what are the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States? Obesity = BMI over 30 US is the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity - What are some of the biological/health outcomes correlated with obesity? Increases risks in surgery, anesthesia administration, childbearing Avoiding health care services due to weight stigma Can lower the drive to exercise Associated with early mortality Linked to colon cancer risk Stigma can cause psychological, social, and economic stress - What is weight stigma (definition) and how is it related to weight gain? Defined as negative attitudes toward obese persons. People think that weight stigma will help people lose weight/motivate them, but it does the opposite effect for most people - What is an obesogenic environment and how does portion size relate to the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the U.S.? Defined as environments that promote gaining weight and are not conducive to weight loss In the US, it has the \#12 highest rate of overweight and obesity in the world Portion sizes for most dishes in the US have doubled or tripled in the past 20 years - Results from NHANES study: how do home-prepared meals compare to fast food and full-service restaurants in terms of calorie content and nutritional content? Fast food has the highest calories, then full-service restaurants have less calories than fast food, however, home food is the best option for the lowest calories - What does research show about the effectiveness of dieting and risks for future weight gain? What is yo-yo dieting? Most patients who diet and lose weight regain most or all their weight within 5 years. The best strategy is lifestyles changes are linked to better health outcomes even when very little weight is lost. Yo-yo dieting is successive cycles of dieting and weight gain - What is the set point theory of weight? Each individual has an ideal biological weight, which cannot be greatly modified - Define leptin and ghrelin. Identify their role in hunger and satiety. Leptin and ghrelin (hormones) signal to the brain whether the body has enough energy. Leptin = satiety hormone inhibits appetite Ghrelin = hunger hormone stimulates appetite - What are the causes of obesity during childhood? Genetics, forceful feeding style, sedentary lifestyles Depends on the number and size of an individual's fat cells - Identify preventative measures for obesity. Training parents on sensible meal planning and eating habits, changing lifestyles at a young age, social engineering strategies, school-based interventions - Anorexia vs. bulimia --what are the distinguishing symptoms for each disorder? Anorexia = obsessive disorder amounting to self-starvation (body weight is well below optimum level Bulimia = characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and purging - What is the U.S. government's recommendation for the composition of a healthy meal? See **half should be fruits and vegetables (mostly vegetables)** **other half should be grains (healthy calories) and protein while grain is more than protein** **Lecture 7 --Stress (Part 1) (chapter 6)** - What are the definitions of stress and stressor? Stress = negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes Stressors = events that cause stress - Define primary versus secondary appraisal of stressors. Primary = understanding what an event is and what it will mean / events are appraised for their harm, threat, or challenge Secondary = assessing whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands or the environment - Fight-or-flight response: definition, and which biological systems are activated? Body is energized and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system when a threat is perceived Mobilizes an organism to attack the threat or to flee - What is the General Adaptation Syndrome and what are the three stages of the stress response? Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - Describe the main ideas in Taylor's "tend-and-befriend" theory. In addition to fight or flight, people and animals respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturing behavior toward offspring - Describe the function of the HPA axis: which hormones are involved, and which glands secrete them? Hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone CRH stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the pituitary gland ACTH travels through blood to the adrenal glands and stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) - What does the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm look like? When waking up its very high, then when going to sleep it goes down and it rises up again - Differentiate hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) from hypocortisolism (Addison's Disease). Hypercortisolism = fatty deposits around face and upper back, weight gain around midsection, fat loss from arms and legs Hypocortisolism = adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones - What are the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation (examples: pupil dilation, secretion by sweat glands) Sympathetic nervous system arousal, activated during the "fight-or-flight" response, stimulates the medulla of the adrenal glands, adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine - What are the four pathways through which stress is thought to cause illness? The neuroendocrine pathway, autonomic nervous system pathway, the immune system pathway, and behavioral pathway - Define and differentiate acute versus chronic stress. Acute stress = discrete event that's time-limited and has negative valence Chronic stress = ongoing stressful conditions, with no clear onset or offset; typically long-lasting - What are some of the effects of chronic stress on the brain? Causing structural changes, impairing cognitive function, particularly memory and decision-making, and increasing the risk of developing mental health issues - What is allostatic load? Identify some examples of measures of allostatic load. Physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes from repeated or chronic stress Ex: decreases in cell-mediated immunity or lowered heart rate variability **Lecture 8 --Stress Part 2 (chapter 6)** - What is an acute stress paradigm? Lab based, standardized protocol, people performing stressful tasks become psychologically distressed and show physiological arousal, usually pared with measurement of biomarkers before, during, and after, combine elements of performance stress, social evaluation, uncontrollability - What is the Trier Social Stress Test and how is it conducted? A standardized laboratory procedure used to induce psychological stress in research participants by simulating a stressful social situation, typically involving a mock job interview where individuals must prepare and deliver a speech followed by a challenging mental arithmetic task, all while being observed by a panel of seemingly neutral evaluators - What are life events? Provide a definition and examples of life events typically measured on life events scales used by psychologists. How are life events different from chronic, long-term stress? Holmes and Rahe scale, checklists of discrete events criticisms: do not account for timing, a person's context, whether it was a welcome change or not and do not ask if the acute event is resolved or if it became chronic, the relationship between sources on these scales and illness is modest some are very high stressors while others are not. - What are perceived stress scales? Subjective perspective is primary Criticism = may be influenced by personality characteristics or response biases Ex: neuroticism - What are daily hassles and examples of hassles as defined by health psychologists? Minor stressful events that lead to psychological distress, adverse physiological changes, physical symptoms, used of health care services These are not necessarily harmful on their own but can accumulate to health problems if they are frequent Their reporting is also affected by personality characteristics - What are the advantages and disadvantages of life stress interviews? Include central life domains, allow customization for each person, can capture total stress exposure, can incorporate objective ratings Very time-intensive and costly (keeping interviewers reliable) - Acute versus chronic stress and examples of chronic stress Acute stress is short term stress that happens in response to a specific event, while chronic stress is long-term stress that persists over time Ex: work-related, relationship-based, financial - What is work overload? How is karoshi defined? Karoshi, when you are overworked and mentally out of it. Like a burnt out but worse - Compare and contrast role ambiguity versus role conflict. Role ambiguity = occurs when a person has no clear idea what they are expected to do or how they work will be evaluated Role conflict = occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals - What does the demand-control-support model of work stress state? High demands and low control combined with little social support at work lead to stress - What are the differences in life expectancy for African Americans versus Caucasians in the United States? In the US, life expectancy for African Americans is 4-5 years shorter than that of White Americans - How have labor market experiments revealed evidence of discrimination? Race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, young age, old age, appearance, religion, and disability have faced discrimination and there are research studies that have proved this Ex: the resume project. People disregarded women's resume and only looked at men's - What has research shown about the links between relationship hostility and metabolic health? When people are in relationship hostility, they tend to eat more unhealthy food and their metabolic health increases **Lecture 9 --Early-life Stress (Shonkoff article on Canvas)** - What are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)? Please provide a definition and some examples. Which ACEs are more prevalent and less prevalent in the population according to the classic study by Kaiser Permanente and the CDC (Centers for Disease Control)? 17,337 adult members of an HMO Extensive data on psychosocial and medical outcomes from medical records and surveys Asked members to compete a 10-question survey regarding their childhood experiences Most prevalence was physical abuse and less prevalent is incarcerated household member - What are some of the main results from the ACE Study? Depressed mood more than 2 weeks in past year, ever attempted suicide, severe obesity, bronchitis or emphysema for kids with 4 or more ACE had the highest score for those - What are the primary pathways from ACEs to poor health? Cumulative exposure to stressful experiences Through "wear and tear" / allostatic load mechanisms Through biological effects during sensitive periods in development Importance of prenatal period and infancy for creating a healthy foundation for development Structural and functional changes of the brain, immune system, and metabolic regulation - Prenatal undernutrition --what is it and which health outcomes is it associated with? Low birth weight metabolic changes leading to obesity and cardiovascular risk Idea of "predictive adaptation: Prenatal influences are said to lead to "programming" because they occur during sensitive periods for the development of many organs and systems - What is the new approach to health policy suggested by Shonkoff et al. (2021) in the article you read on Canvas? Focus on a multi-level, intersectoral approach that addresses the social and environmental factors impacting early childhood development - Please define and differentiate among the following three types of stress: toxic stress, tolerable stress, positive stress (this information can be found in the Shonkoff article) Toxic stress = excessive and/or dysregulated physiologic responses to adversity in young children that lead to impairments in learning, behavior, and both physical and mental health Positive stress = moderate, short-lived, physiologic responses that are turned on when needed and turned off when not needed Tolerable stress = physiologic responses that have the potential to disrupt developing organ systems but generally occur over a limited period of time that allows for recovery - What were the goals of Nurse-Family Partnerships? Improve prenatal care and support parents of children ages 0-2 Prevent child injuries, child abuse, neglect, or maltreatment, and reduce emergency department visits Improve school readiness and achievement Reduce crime, including domestic violence Improve family economic self-sufficiency Improve the coordination and referrals for other community resources and supports - What are the root causes of stress in society according to neurobiologist Robert Sapolsky? Lack of control, unpredictable situations, inadequate social support, feelings of social isolation, and the ability to mentally project oneself into abstract, potentially stressful situations