Psychology and Law Exam Study Guide PDF

Study Guide for First Exam of CJC 377/PSYC 372 Psychology and Law Course 1. Name the four Daubert Criteria, know how judges must apply the Daubert Standards according to SCOTUS, the findings associated with how well judges can discern valid science from junk science Four criteria in Daub...

Study Guide for First Exam of CJC 377/PSYC 372 Psychology and Law Course 1. Name the four Daubert Criteria, know how judges must apply the Daubert Standards according to SCOTUS, the findings associated with how well judges can discern valid science from junk science Four criteria in Daubert: - Adequacy of the reliability and validity of the research methods/procedures (test retest) - Error rates - Peer review and publication - General acceptance by experts Daubert allows judges to have a flexible approach. They are not required to use the four Daubert criteria and in prior cases judges have used other criteria. - Based on a sample of 144 judges, judges admitted studies that were fundamentally flaw 17% of the time. - Internal validity threats were missed by most judges: 87% did not find the confound; - 91% did not note experimenter bias; - 92% missed the lack of a control group. 2. Know the Frye standard and that most states use the Daubert Standard to assess what expert testimony or scientific evidence can be admitted in courts Frye standard is that it has to be generally accepted by the scientific community 3. Be able to describe or identify how the legal field and psychology field are different Legal field: focus on history, focuses on prescribing regulations to control and assessing blame for noncompliance, truth is what legally can be proven, advocates based on values/political beliefs, makes assumptions about human behavior Psychology field: focus on present and future, focus on explaining and predicting to control, facts occur at group level and more difficult to apply to individual level, facts are more uncertain and evolve through consensus of findings, scientists try to limit bias from political beliefs and values, provides empirical data on human behavior acting solo or in groups 4. Be able to apply the three models of how psychology informs the legal field: social fact, social framework, social authority 5. What is the central purpose of an amicus curiae brief from the APA's perspective? Depends upon the court, guided by rules, between 1979-1989 APA filed 52 briefs. APA measures impact by whether the brief contributed to the court making a more informed decision rather than whether the court accepted APA's position; inform judges 6. Know that expert witnesses do not have immunity from civil lawsuits in some states and in the United Kingdom, and that the attorneys that hired experts can sue them for malpractice in some states. 7. Know the three models of how expert witnesses testify in courts and the countries covered in class that use each model Adversarial Model (US and Israel): judge does not play a gatekeeper role in the admission of expert testimony in Israel Appointed by the Court (Brazil follows Inquisitorial Model where all questions are filtered through the judge) Panel of Experts (Hot Tubbing Technique in Australia) 8. Know what Neal et al (2019) found about the admission of psychological assessments in court and that attorneys rarely challenge junk science in court trials. About half of assessments had no evidence of validity and only 67% of those with evidence were generally accepted. Attorneys rarely challenge junk science Only 5.1% of psychological assessment evidence was challenged for any reasons, and its admission was suppressed in only one-third of the challenges (Neal et al., 2019). - Defense attorneys' challenges to forensic science invalid techniques (e.g., bite mark analysis) are rarely successful - Judges lack the training to detect weak and flawed research - Judges use intuitive rather than systematic thinking in judging the validity of scientific evidence 9. Know how Dr. Phillip Goeff defines racism: behaviors not feelings 10. Generally know the findings from Kovera about racial disparities in outcomes, and that Black boys are judged to be older than White boys in social psychological research and how to best approach systemic racism Best way to approach systematic racism is to address it at the system level not individual; system wide policies and procedures 11. Know what policies or practices increase or decrease racial profiling - Increases: Punishment and deterrence, stereotyping - Decreases: interacting with members of other races 12. Know the overall findings of Voigt et al (2017) - According to communication theory of respect, certain communications deliver messages that the listener is respected. - These attributes are: 1. Apologizing 2. Giving Agency 3. Softening of Commands 4. Formal titles In study one, individuals rated 414 unique officers' utterances during traffic stops as recorded by their cameras. These were randomly sampled from the utterances of 1,440 stops during April of 2014 by the Oakland Police Department and involved 245 officers. These ratings then were applied to the total sample of 36,738 useable officer utterances to assess whether officers used more respectful language with White drivers than Black drivers. 13. Know the meaning of systemic racism, procedural injustice/justice, substantive or distributive injustice/justice Systematic Racism: policies and laws facilitate unjust and unfair treatment as well as outcomes for racial minorities compared to white people Procedural Justice: disparities in interpersonal treatment - Disrespectful and rude treatment - Not actively listening - Not providing an explanation for their decision Distributive/substantive Justice: disparities in outcomes 14. How does Goffman describe how people are labeled as deviant? it depends on the context 15. Know the Definitions of stigma, Stigmatization, Dehumanization, Power Three components of power: control over resources, to influence, and to control other people's time Forms: structural, interpersonal, individual 16. When are people more likely to dehumanize others? - Power - When someone has high social dominance - 17. Know four strategies to resist authority's orders and the strategies used by participants in Milligram's study who successfully resisted authorities. Strategies used by successful participants: Started early, diversified their techniques, and sustained resistance Four: 1. Critical thinking and questioning the legitimacy of orders 2. Refusal to participate 3. Seeking social support 4. Appealing to higher moral principles 18. Know the conclusion of these Supreme Court Cases: Boykin vs. Alabama, Bordenkircher vs. Hayes, Miranda vs. Arizona Boykin vs. Alabama: Boykin v. Alabama was a 1969 Supreme Court case that established that a guilty plea must be voluntary to be admissible. Bordenkircher vs. Hayes: Bordenkircher v. Hayes was a 1978 Supreme Court case that established that prosecutors can use legitimate discretion during plea bargaining. The case also recognized the risks of plea bargaining and the importance of transparency and honesty in negotiations.  Miranda vs. Arizona: Miranda Rights 19. Know the difference between implicit bias and prejudice 20. Know the difference between Dehumanization and Negative Zero Empathy 21. Know which personality disorders are associated with Negative Zero Empathy Psychopath, narcissist, borderline 22. Know the general findings from Fessinger et al., 2024 and Baker et al., 2024 on legal advice to juveniles and guilty pleas - Only 20 states require the presence of a parent during the questioning of their minor child. - Parents generally advice their children to tell the truth (Baker et al., 2024; Fessinger et al., 2024). - The majority of parents incorrectly believed that the police have to tell parents that their children are being viewed as witnesses or suspects (Baker et al., 2024) - Over 40% of parents incorrectly believed that people could not walk away from a police officer who is questioning you (Baker et al., 2024). - The majority of parents did not know these possible consequences of a juvenile adjudication: suspension/expulsion from school; on college record; driver's license could be suspended; banned from public housing; affect rental applications; employers could ask about juvenile records; banned from military (Baker et al., 2024). - Racial minority and White parents provided similar advice to their children -- to tell the truth or admit guilt for a reduced sentence (Fessinger et al., 2024) and did not predict whether advice was given (Baker et al., 2024). - The majority of youth reported not receiving advice before their plea (72%) and most reported not having a defense attorney (70%). 23. Describe the stereotype content model and how it shows that dehumanization can result in a variety of behaviors. Be sure to explain which dimension of the stereotype content model is associated with physical aggression or attacks. (short answer Susan Fisch video) High competence and low warmth are met usually with aggression or attacks because of the feelings people outside of the group have towards them A blue and white table with text AI-generated content may be incorrect.