Study Guide Cellular Respiration PDF

Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Study Guide Reading and Resources Mader and Windelspecht, Chapter 6 (pp. 129-145) Khan Academy video: Cellular respiration | Biology archive | Science | Khan Academy ATP Synthase animations: ATP Synthesis | HHMI BioInteractive V...

Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Study Guide Reading and Resources Mader and Windelspecht, Chapter 6 (pp. 129-145) Khan Academy video: Cellular respiration | Biology archive | Science | Khan Academy ATP Synthase animations: ATP Synthesis | HHMI BioInteractive Video ATP synthase in action Vocabulary Aerobic - cellular respiration with oxygen (electron chain); 30-38 ATP Anaerobic - fermentation (without oxygen); only glycolysis occurs; less ATP produced Glycolysis - 2 ATP used to start; First step of cellular respiration; glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvates (G3P) produces net of 2 ATP; happens in cytoplasm Pyruvate - 2 pyruvates for 1 glucose, is made during glycolysis; 3 carbons ​ Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) - happens twice, once for each pyruvate; we breathe out the CO2 that it produces; happens inside the mitochondria. Oxidation with the NAD+ forms 3 instances of it and one instance of FAD. (3 NADH & 1 FADH2) for each time the cycle runs. Electron transport chain - makes a lot of ATP, electrons are pulled through oxygen; produces a lot of ATP (30-38). Plasma membrane. Electrons are carried by NADH & FADH2. Chemiosmosis - Movement of ions across membrane that results in electrochemical gradient; empowering ATP synthesis ATP synthase - enzyme; catalyzes the formation of ATP. Synthesizes ADP & Phosphate Mitochondria - the powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs Mitochondrial matrix - the inside of a mitochondria, held by the inner membrane. Christa - fold in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Outer/inner mitochondrial membranes - Double membrane that holds the mitochondrial matrix and allows many reactions to occur within its large surface area. Intermembrane space - small space in between the outer & inner membranes. Where the electron transport chain occurs. ADP/ATP - ADP + Phosphorus = ATP. ATP hydrolysis releases a lot of energy - Phosphorus → turns back into ADP. NAD+/NADH - -​ NAD+ ; coenzyme of oxidation reduction; when oxidized, takes 2 electrons + Hydrogen -​ Oxidizes a metabolite → accepting electrons -​ Reduces a metabolite → giving up electrons -​ NADH; The product of this oxidation -​ NAD+ 2e- + H+ → NADH FAD/FADH2- used instead of NAD+ sometimes, FAD accepts 2 electrons & 2 hydrogen ions to become FADH2  Cellular Respiration Collaborative Exercise 1.​ Draw a basic eukaryotic cell and label the following parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus. 2.​ Zoom in on a mitochondrion that you drew in question 1. Draw the mitochondrion up close and label the following parts: outer mitochondrial membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae, intermembrane space, matrix.  3.​ In your own words, summarize what happens during glycolysis. Make sure you say where in the cell this process happens, what the reactants are, and what the products are. The glucose molecule first begins glycolysis. Here, it gets split into 2 pyruvic acids consisting of 3 carbon atoms each from the original 6 in the glucose. This process leads to the generation of 4 ATP, 2 of which are used in the process, so it's a net generation of only 2 ATP. This also leads to the formation of 2 NADH molecules. This process happens in the cell membrane/cytoplasm. 4.​ In your own words, summarize what happens during pyruvate oxidation (your book calls this step the “preparatory reaction”. Make sure you say where in the cell this process happens, what the reactants are, and what the products are. Write later 5.​ In your own words, summarize what happens during the citric acid cycle. Make sure you say where in the cell this process happens, what the reactants are, and what the products are. Next, the pyruvic acids travel to the Krebs cycle. One goes in first, turning into 3 carbon dioxide molecules. This process happens in the mitochondria. This leads to the production of 4 NADH molecules, 1 FADH2 molecule and 1 ATP. This process repeats once for each pyruvic acid, resulting in a total of 6 carbon dioxide, 8 NADH molecules & 2 ATP. 6.​ In your own words, summarize what happens as electrons are passed to the proteins that make up the electron transport chain. Next, the molecules travel to the electron transport chain. Here the NADH & FADH2 molecules release their hydrogens, which travel through the inner mitochondrial membrane with electrons. Each NADH molecule reaction produces 3 ATP, and each FADH2 molecule reaction produces 2 ATP. This is due to the potential energy from the loss of the Hydrogen molecule. The hydrogen molecules then create H20 by binding with the oxygens outside the chain. The total production from this process is 38 ATP. 7.​ Why is oxygen important for cellular respiration to proceed? Without oxygen, cells are forced to respirate anaerobically, which is much less efficient. They only gain 2 ATP from each glucose molecule rather than 38 ATP. If this happens for too long, it could lead to the cell no longer functioning due to not having enough energy- since according to the second rule of thermodynamics, it won't be completely efficient.  8.​ Explain why both glucose and oxygen must be available for cellular respiration to proceed. What would happen if you deprived an organism of one or both of these things? Write later