Plant Study Guide PDF

Unit Study Guide: Plants Essential Question: How are plants unique in their structure, strategies for reproduction, and adaptations for survival? Concept 1: Structure Objectives: 1.​ Create a flow chart or other visual diagram to show the structural diversity of plants. 2.​ Compare and...

Unit Study Guide: Plants Essential Question: How are plants unique in their structure, strategies for reproduction, and adaptations for survival? Concept 1: Structure Objectives: 1.​ Create a flow chart or other visual diagram to show the structural diversity of plants. 2.​ Compare and contrast nonvascular and vascular plants: ○​ Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) lack specialized tissue for transporting water and nutrients. ○​ Vascular plants have xylem and phloem for transport. 3.​ Differentiate between the types of nonvascular plants: ○​ Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts differ in habitat and reproductive structures. 4.​ Explain the two major organ systems in vascular plants: ○​ Shoot system (stems, leaves, flowers): Responsible for photosynthesis, reproduction, and support. ○​ Root system (roots): Anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals. 5.​ Describe the three types of tissues in vascular plants: ○​ Dermal Tissue: Protection (e.g., cuticle, stomata). ○​ Vascular Tissue: Transport (xylem for water, phloem for nutrients). ○​ Ground Tissue: Storage and support (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma). 6.​ Differentiate between types of vascular plants: ○​ Seedless (ferns) vs. seed-producing (gymnosperms and angiosperms). ○​ Gymnosperms (cones) vs. Angiosperms (flowers/fruits). 7.​ Draw and label a flower: ○​ Include sepals, petals, pistil (stigma, style, ovary), stamen (anther, filament), ovule, fruit. 8.​ Compare and contrast monocots and dicots: ○​ Monocots: One cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots. ○​ Dicots: Two cotyledons, net-like veins, ringed vascular bundles, taproots. 9.​ Be able to dissect and label a plant or plant structure. Vocabulary: ​ Thallus, Rhizoids, Stomata, Cuticle, Xylem, Phloem, Sepal, Petal, Pistil, Ovule, Fruit, Stigma, Style, Stamen, Anther, Pollen, Pollen grains. Concept 2: Reproduction Objectives: 1.​ Draw a diagram of alternation of generations: ○​ Life cycle alternates between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. 2.​ Describe mitosis and meiosis in plant life cycles: ○​ Mitosis: Growth and asexual reproduction (produces identical cells). ○​ Meiosis: Produces gametes/spores (genetic diversity). 3.​ Compare and contrast reproduction in nonvascular and seedless vascular plants: ○​ Both rely on spores and require water for fertilization.  ○​ Nonvascular: Dominant gametophyte stage. ○​ Seedless vascular: Dominant sporophyte stage. 4.​ Compare and contrast reproduction in gymnosperms and angiosperms: ○​ Gymnosperms: Cone-bearing, wind pollination, exposed seeds. ○​ Angiosperms: Flowering, diverse pollination methods, enclosed seeds in fruits. 5.​ Explain the purpose of a seed: ○​ Protects embryo, stores nutrients, aids in dispersal. 6.​ List at least three pollination strategies: ○​ Wind, insect, and animal pollination. 7.​ List at least three methods of seed dispersal: ○​ Wind, water, and animals. Vocabulary: ​ Sporophyte, Gametophyte, Gametes, Haploid, Diploid, Zygote, Embryo, Sporangia, Spores, Pollination, Seed dispersal. Concept 3: Adaptations Objectives: 1.​ Overview of plant evolution: ○​ Earliest plants: Aquatic ancestors → Nonvascular plants → Seedless vascular plants → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms. 2.​ Key adaptations for life on land: ○​ Cuticle: Prevents water loss. ○​ Stomata: Gas exchange. ○​ Roots and vascular tissue: Water and nutrient transport. ○​ Seeds and pollen: Reproduction without water. 3.​ How plants respond to environmental changes: ○​ Signal transduction pathways help plants detect and react to stimuli (e.g., light, gravity, touch). 4.​ Functions of key plant hormones: ○​ Auxins: Cell elongation, phototropism. ○​ Gibberellins: Seed germination. ○​ Cytokinins: Cell division. ○​ Ethylene: Fruit ripening. ○​ Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, drought response. 5.​ Analyze environmental conditions and adaptations: ○​ Desert plants: Succulence, deep roots, CAM photosynthesis. ○​ Aquatic plants: Aerenchyma, floating leaves. ○​ Climbing plants: Tendrils, thigmotropism. Vocabulary: ​ Mycorrhizae, Aerenchyma, Pneumatophores, Succulence, Phototropism, Gravitropism, Thigmotropism. Study Tips: ​ Use diagrams, charts, and labeled drawings to reinforce concepts. ​ Practice dissecting and labeling plant structures. ​ Create flashcards for vocabulary. ​ Compare different plant groups using Venn diagrams. ​ Predict plant adaptations based on different environments.