Biology Study Guide PDF

Chapters 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2 1. De ne biology and know the different types of biology. Scienti c study of life. 2. Understand the role biology plays in our everyday lives. Living and nonliving things and the interactions between the two (ex. bacteria and ecosystems) 3. De ne life. Being able to be se...

Chapters 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2 1. De ne biology and know the different types of biology. Scienti c study of life. 2. Understand the role biology plays in our everyday lives. Living and nonliving things and the interactions between the two (ex. bacteria and ecosystems) 3. De ne life. Being able to be self sustaining 4. Be able to list, de ne, and give examples of each characteristic of life. Respire (break down molecules), grow, excrete (remove waste from organism), reproduce, metabalize, move, responsive to environment 5. List (in order) and be able to give an example of the order/organization of organisms (organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere). atom, molecule (dna) , organelle (chloroplast), cell, tissue, organ (leaf), organ system (above tree), organism (tree with roots bc roots means it's living), Population (multiple trees), community (populations in savanna), ecosystem (the savanna), biosphere (earth) 6. De ne natural selection and evolution. when a trait is adapted to survival and reproducing those characteristics. causing for the increase of the characteristics over time (evolution) 7. De ne cell. Basic unit of life: every organism consist of one or more cells 8. Understand the metric system and examples of items for each unit of measurement (Ex. bacteria would be measured micrometers). 9. Know the scienti c discovery or idea of Robert Hooke. First person to see outlines of cells 11. Know the features that all cells have in common. plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes 12. De ne and compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 13. Be able to list the similarities and differences between animals and plant cells. 14. Know the location/characteristics and function of cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion. 15. Understand why organisms are classi ed. based on similarites and differences 16. Know the cell type, characteristics, presence/absence of nucleus, and examples of the three domains on the Tree of Life. Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Chapter 1.3 1. De ne science and theory. Science: process of learning about the world and asking questions and testing them Theory: explanation of something that has been tested and supported by evidence 2. Be able to list the steps of the scienti c method (in order) and give an example of each step. Make observation, ask a question, consult prior knowledge, formulate a hypothesis, make predictions, design experiment, collect and interpret data, consult prior knowledge, draw conclusions, peer review, publish 3. De ne and give examples of hypothesis, tentative explanation for one or more observation 4. De ne and give examples of predictions. anticipated outcome of the test of a hypothesis 5. De ne and give examples of alternate hypothesis When the hypothesis claims that there is an effect on the population 6. De ne and give examples of null hypothesis When the hypotheses says that there is no effect on the population 7. De ne experiment. procedure carried out under controlled conditoins in order to discover unknown or test/ establish hypothesis 8. De ne and give examples of control groups. untreated group used as a basis for comparison with a treated group in an experiment 9. De ne and give examples of experimental group. 10. De ne and give examples of sample size. number of subjects in each experimental group 11. De ne variable. any changeable element in an experiment 12. De ne and give examples of independent variables. a factor that is hypothesized to in uence a dependent variable (x - axis, horizontal ) 13. De ne and give examples of dependent variables. response that may be under the in uence of an independent variable (y- axis vertical) 14. De ne and give examples of confounding variables. Chapter 2 1. De ne matter, element and molecule. Matter: subatance that takes up space and is made of atoms element: a pure substance consisting of atoms containing a characteristic number of protons molecule: a group of atoms bonded together (smallest unit of chemical compound) 2. De ne an atom and know its components. Atom: a particle of matter; composed of protons neutrons, and electrons 3. Know the charge and location of protons, neutrons, electrons. Electron: Negative Charge & Surrounding the nucleus Neutron: No Charge & In Nucleus Proton: Positive Charge & In nucleus 4. Know the difference between ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds Ionic Bonds: The electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charge Covalent bond: two atoms share elections (most molecules are covalent) Hydrogen Bond: weak chemical bond between opposite partial charges on two molecules or within one large molecule 5. De ne ion. An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons, giving it an electrical charge 6. Be able to list the properties of water and describe each characteristic Low density as a solid (ice creates barrier so organism can survive under), High speci c heat ( more heat energy for temperature change), Capillary Action ability of liquid to ow against gravity), High surgace tension (hydrogen bonds strong on top - why things oat on water), Universal solvent (water can disolve ionic and polar molecules), Cohesion (how water is able to ow and stick to surfaces) 7. Understand the pH scale. 8. Be able to distinguish between acids, bases, neutral. Give examples of each and know where Neutral: neither acidic or basic (water), Acid: A molecule that releases hydrogen ions into a solution (sour foods), Base: Molecule that either releases hydroxide ions into soultion or removes hydrogen ion (baking soda) they fall on the pH scale. 9. List the elements that are found in organic compounds (biological macromolecules). carbon, hydron, oxygen, and nitrogen 10. List the 4 types of organic compounds (biological macromolecules). 11. De ne polymer and monomer. carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids 12. List the monomers for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Lipids: glycerol and fatty acid chains Proteins: amino Acids Nucliec Acids: Nucleotides 13. List the elements found in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Carbohydrates: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) Lipids: C,H,O Proteins: C,H,O, Nitrogen (N) Nucliec Acids: C, H, O, N, phosphorus (P) 14. List the number of sugars found in monosaccharide and give an example. One sugar unit: glucose 15. List the number of sugars found in disaccharide and give an example. Two sugar molecules linked together; sucrose (one glucose and one fructose together) 16. List the number of sugars found in polysaccharide and give an example. More than ten sure units linked together (starch, cellulose, glycogen) 17. List the characteristics of fats/lipids. hydrophobic, nonpolar, made up mostly of hydrocarbon chains 18. List the functions of lipids. help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones 19. List the functions of proteins. controls activitesof life, insulin controls amount of sugar in blood 20. Know the function of enzymes. Help speed up chemical reactions in human body 21. List 2 examples of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA 22. List the components of nucleotides. 5 carbon sugar - ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA, one phosepahate group (attached to sugar carbon atoms) 23. Compare DNA, RNA, ATP. DNA stores genetic info as double helix, RNA is single strand that helps translate dna insturctions, ATP is primary storage unit of chemical energy 24. Be able to analyze a food label. 25. Compare simple and complex carbohydrates, provide examples, and know the amounts that should be consumed. examples of simple carbs include table sugar, honey, and fruit juice, while complex carbs include whole grains, beans, and starchy vegetables 26. Compare essential fatty acids, unsaturated fats, saturated fats, trans fats, provide examples, and know the amounts that should be consumed. Saturated fats have single bonds between their carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have double bonds, and trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat that is arti cially produced.