Study-Guide-1-GE-4.docx

1 **COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS** It is often believed that communication is the blood life of the society, it makes the world go round and makes people understand the world they are living in. In communication, English is one essential language for success. And becoming an eff...

1 **COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS** It is often believed that communication is the blood life of the society, it makes the world go round and makes people understand the world they are living in. In communication, English is one essential language for success. And becoming an effective communicator is an edge to cope with today's society. All of you can become better communicators if you just try harder. Among other things, you can start by getting a better picture of what communication is and how it works - - absorbing principles, learning concepts, and applying them in practical situations inside the classroom and in real life as members of the community. At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts. 2. Explain the difference between morals and ethics, and their importance in communication settings. **COMMUNICATION** - From the Latin *communicare*, meaning \"to share\" is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another using mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. - The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings. (Oxford English Dictionary) - A common understanding of something (Chase & Shamo, 2013) - The simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic interaction. (Seiler and Beall, 1999) - A systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings (Wood, 2004) **Communication is a process of creating and sharing meaning by using verbal and nonverbal symbols in varied contexts.** **THREE PRIMARY FORMS OF COMMUNICATION** **Verbal Communication** depends on words to deliver meaning. It is further subdivided into written communication and oral communication. Written communication can involve anything from words on a page to emails, to text messages. Oral communication involves spoke words. This can be done in person, through the phone, or over video chat. Oral communication is often quicker than written communication although meaning can be shaded using tone, inflection, and volume. **Nonverbal Communication** occurs when meaning or messages are sent or received without the use of words. Nonverbal communication can be intentional or unintentional. Physical nonverbal communication can be displayed through body language, facial expressions, touch, or eye contact. Nonverbal communication can also be used to modify the meaning of verbal communications. Some researchers believe that nonverbal communications account for 55 percent of all communication. **Visual Communication** utilizes drawings, illustrations, pictures, colors, graphs, charts, and signs to share meaning. Visual communication can be used in conjunction with verbal communication, or it can stand on its own. Visual communication is frequently used in advertising, art, and entertainment. Often, this form of communication can be left further up to interpretation than other forms of communication. In these cases, it is often the recipient of the communication who imparts at least some meaning on the message. **THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION** To achieve effective communication, one needs to understand the communication process, which is quite complex because it is difficult to pinpoint where and with whom a particular communication begins or ends. The best way to illustrate this is through a model. The communication process involves eight stages or steps: 1. SOURCE - Sender of the message - Know exactly what information to give or share 2. MESSAGE - The information you want to convey - Details of the information should be very clear 3. ENCODING - The mental process of converting your ideas or thoughts into verbal and/ or nonverbal symbols that can be understood by the receiver of the message 4. CHANNEL - The way the message or information is conveyed - It may be in the form of a face-to-face conversation, text message, phone call, video conference, letter, email, reports, memo) 5. DECODING - The receiver's mental process of the message into the meaning suggested by the verbal and/or nonverbal symbols used by the sender. 6. RECEIVER - The people or group of people who will get the message. 7. FEEDBACK - The receiver's response or reply to the message 8. CONTEXT - The situation in which the communication takes place - It includes the a. the environment - location, time, temperature b. the relationship between the communicators c. their respective cultural backgrounds and past experiences d. the topic or subject of their communication **ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION** 1. Sender (who the source is) 2. Message (what idea is being communicated) 3. Channel (through what medium the message is relayed) 4. Receiver (to whom is the message directed) 5. Effect (what the desired result of the communication is) **Models of Communication** **1. Linear Model --** Also call the transmission model, it assumes that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner-from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that communication is a one-way process. **2.** **Interactive model --** In this model, communication is a two-way process which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and the receiver. This indicates that the receiver is not just a mere absorber of the message from the receiver. **3. Transactional Model** -- This is a model in which people interact with and through symbols overtime to share and create meaning. -it has time element which influences how people communicate -it depicts communication as varying and dynamic -that communication occurs within systems that influence what and how people communicate. -the model does not label one as sender and the receiver, instead, are communicators **FORMS OF COMMUNICATION** 1. **Intrapersonal Communication** - Is a communication which happens within one's self. Here both Source (sender) and receiver is only one. so, the feedback works without any interruption. Example: A person can communicate himself through pain, thinking, feelings and emotion etc. 2. **Interpersonal Communication -** The process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods. It often includes face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial expressions, body language and gestures. The level of one's interpersonal communication skills is measured through the effectiveness of transferring messages to others. a. Dyadic Communication - Two persons are involved in this communication process. Here the source becomes a receiver and receiver becomes source because of dynamic communication process where the feedbacks are shared between the source and the receiver. b. Small Group Communication - More than two members involved in communication process will become a group communication. If least number of persons is involved in the group communication is called as small group communication. In this communication process, everyone becomes a Source as well as receiver through sharing information and gives feedback to another. c. Public Communication - Source or messages from a single person will reach or will be received by huge number of audiences. Feedback is quite distant because of the large number of receivers. d. Mass Communication - Basically have many audiences and they can't be grouped together in one place so a certain tool or technology for communication process is needed. But in mass communication, there is no direct access with the receiver/s so there is a need for the use of media like newspaper, radio, television, and internet. Here the audience feedback is very less or delayed. **Types of Communication According to Context** Context is the Circumstance or environment in which communication takes place. Such circumstance may include the physical or actual setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed. It focuses on certain communication processes and even groupings of people that constitute a communication situation. **1. Intrapersonal Communication** The Latin prefix intra- means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with other names such as self-verbalization or self-statement **2. Interpersonal Communication** The Latin prefix inter- means between, among and together. An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal communication takes place. However, as it occurs, a transaction does not necessarily take place since it can only be a simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a person, or ordinary conversations that happen between and among the interactants. This may occur in dyads or small groups, also known as group communication. **3. Extended Communication** Extended communication involves the use of electronic media. With electronic media, messages are transmitted quickly, your own thinking, behavior and attitude may be influenced by the views you hear. It is important then that you weigh what you hear and assess them against those beliefs that you hold onto, so you do not get easily swayed by other people's convictions. **4. Organizational Communication** The focus is on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts. Organizations comprise individuals who work for the company. For an organization to be successful, a system of communication should be put in place. A set of rules or standards for communication protocol should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established. **2 types of Organizational Structure** 1\. Formal structure allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in the organization. This may make use of four approaches: **a. Downward Communication** is the type that flows from upper to lower positions. The flow of communication is top down or from a superior to a subordinate, usually asking certain individuals to perform a certain task. **b. Upward Communication** is bottom- up in which subordinates send communication to their superiors bearing their views/ feedback on organizational policies, issued related to their jobs, and the like. **c. Horizontal Communication** is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance to task through proper coordination. **d. Crosswise approach** is diagonal in nature as employees from different units or departments working at various levels 2\. Informal structure comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as "grapevine" messages coming from the different levels of the organization. This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by uncertainty. **5. Intercultural Communication** It is a communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. This particularly happens with non-verbal communication. **Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style** This focuses on the communication setting and the mode of delivery 1\. **Formal communication** employs formal language delivered orally or in written form 2\. **Informal communication**. It involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members, or acquaintances about anything under the sun. the purpose is simply to socialize and enhance relationship. **KEY PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONNTS (Elem** 1. **Interpersonal communication is inescapable**. I tis not possible for humans not to communicate. Even the attempt of not wanting to communicate communicates something. Your poker face as you communicate to somebody also means a lot. You communicate through both words and behavior, and if you are alive, you can still behave; hence, you can communicate from others not only through words but also through voice tone, gesture, posture, bodily movement, facial expression, clothes worn, and so on. Because of this fact, since people are not mind readers, you are often judged through your behavior, not your intention or purpose. 2. **Interpersonal communication is irreversible**. How often have you said words in anger and wished you could all take them back? Once you have uttered something you can never take it back, and its effect remains. Anyone who says that t apologies can heal the hurt caused by offensive remarks is lying, Words are powerful they can either heal or harm others. This principle of communication best expressed in a Russian proverb which says, \"Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again.\" 3. **Interpersonal communication is complicated**. Whenever you communicate with anyone, you simultaneously interpret both his verbal and nonverbal language, and that is often both confounding and demanding. For one thing, words (verbal) alone complicate things: A word does not have just one meaning, it is usually not used in the same way, and no two people use the same word exactly alike. Added to this complexity, nonverbal symbols are vaguer than words since they are interpreted in many ways. They are primarily relational besides being both culture and gender bound. To make matters much more difficult, no form of communication is simple because whenever you communicate, there are actually at least six \"people\" involved: (a) the person whom you think you are; (b) the person whom you think the other person is; (c) the person whom you think the other person thinks you are, (d) the person whom you think the other person thinks he is; (e) the person whom the other person thinks you think you are, and (f) the person whom the other person thinks you think he is. 4. **Interpersonal communication is contextual.** In other words, communication is affected by several factors; it does not happen in isolation There are many things that need to be considered, such as the ones given below (King, 2000). **MORALS AND ETHICS** **Ethics** and **morals** relate to "right" and "wrong" conduct. While they are sometimes used interchangeably, they are different: **ethics** refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions. **Morals** refer to an individual's own principles regarding right and wrong. **Morals and ethics** ensure discipline among us; without these codes of conduct standards or rules that guide our behavior, our world will be chaotic. But how do morals and ethics differ? Morals are personal codes while ethics are societal. Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither expected nor required to follow them. Ethics, on the other hand, are rules accepted and approved by society, so they are imposing upon everyone. **ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION** Deirdre D. Johnston (1994) pointed out ten ethics in communication that you should bear in mind to avoid being labeled \"unethical\" (as cited in Chase & Shamo, 2013, pp. 140-141). 1. **Mutuality**. Pay attention to the needs of others, as well as yours. 2. **Individual dignity.** Do not cause another person's embarrassment or a loss dignity. 3. **Accuracy**. Ensure that others have accurate information. Tell them everything they have a right and need to know, not just what is true. 4. **Access to information**. Never bolster the impact of your communication by preventing people from communicating with one another or by hindering access to the supporting information. 5. **Accountability**. Be responsible and accountable for the consequences of your relationships and communication. 6. **Audience**. As audience or receiver of the information, you also have ethical responsibilities. A good rule of thumb is the 100% rule, where both the sender and the receiver have full or 100% 7. **Relative truth.** As either sender or receiver of information, remember that your own point of view may not be shared by others and that your conclusions are relative to your perspective, so allow others to respectfully disagree or see it differently. 8. **Ends vs. means**. Be sure that the end goal of your communication and the means of getting to that end are both ethical although no rule can be applied without reservation to any situation. 9. **Use of power**. In situations where you have more power than others (e.g., a teacher with a student, a boss with a subordinate, a parent with a child), you also have more responsibility for the outcome. 10. **Rights vs. responsibilities**. Balance your rights against your responsibilities even if you live in a wonderful society where your rights are protected by law; not everything you have a right to do is ethical. Communicating helps people to express their ideas and feelings, and it, at the same time, helps us to understand emotion and thoughts of the others. It is no doubt that communication plays a vital role in human life. Being able to communicate effectively is one of the most important life skills. Those with good interpersonal skills are strong verbal and non-verbal communicators and are often considered to be "good with people" to learn. Communication is a vital part of society. It plays a lot of roles, and it is essential for survival. People use it to encourage, share ideas, connect, inform, and more. Without communication, there will be a misunderstanding. And it must be used in doing what is ethical and moral to become agents of effective communication.  **REFERENCES** Ambida, Roger S., et al. (2019). **Purposive Communication.** C&E Publishing Inc. Quezon City. Barrot, J. and Sipacio, P. (2018). **Purposive Communication in the 21^st^ Century**. C&E Publishing Inc.. Quezon City. Chase, R & Shamo, S. (2013**). Elements of Effective Communication,** 4th ed. Washington, Utah: Plain and Precious Publishing. Madrunio, M and Martin, I. (2018). **Purposive Communication:Using English in Multilingual Contexts**. C&E Publishing Inc.. Quezon City. Padilla, Mely M., et.al. (2018), **Communicate & Connect! Purposive Communication**. Mutya Publishing House Inc.