Science, Technology, and Society Past Paper PDF 2020

MODULE 6 The Information Age Sources: https://laedc.org/2016/07/22/la-times-socal-aerospace-industry-poised-grow/ https://theppcspecialists.com/technology-acceptance-model/ https://www.surveycrest.com/blog/information-age-precursor-to-infrastructure-age/ https://techweet.com/in-...

MODULE 6 The Information Age Sources: https://laedc.org/2016/07/22/la-times-socal-aerospace-industry-poised-grow/ https://theppcspecialists.com/technology-acceptance-model/ https://www.surveycrest.com/blog/information-age-precursor-to-infrastructure-age/ https://techweet.com/in-the-information-age-we-must-specialize-to-survive.html Week Covered: Week 11 Lesson Objectives: 1. define Information Age; 2. discuss the history of Information Age; and 3. understand the factors that need to be considered in checking website sources. Week 11 ACTIVITY NO.1 SEARCH, SEARCH! Using your web browser, search the following items. 1. Highest mountain in the Philippines _________________________ 2. Largest Province in the Philippines _________________________ 3. Biggest Flower in the Philippines _________________________ 4. 2020 Human Population in the Philippines _________________________ 5. Longest Beach in the Philippines _________________________ [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 68  6. Father of Information Age __________________________ 7. Sexiest woman in PH in year 2011 __________________________ 8. Highest Paying Job in PH in 2020 __________________________ 9. Most Famous Tiktoker as of today __________________________ 10. Most Followed person on Instagram __________________________ Based on your searching, what are the advantages of using internet browser in retrieving information? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY NO.2 WATCH and LEARN! Retrieve this video by accessing the given link below and answer the succeeding questions. Guide Questions: Information Age 1. Based on the video, Information Age is otherwise known as ____________________________ ____________________________ 2. What are the advantages of Information Age cited in the video? _____________________________ _____________________________ 3. What about the disadvantages? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57X49fmC0qg&t=19s _____________________________ ____________________________ Our society is best described nowadays as highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and technologically advanced because of how information can be retrieved, shared, and stored in just one click for a matter of seconds. The different components of society have been influenced greatly such as communication, economics, industry, health, and the environment. Despite our gains due to the growing development of information technology, the rapid upgrade of information also has disadvantages. Life is accompanied by endless transmission of information that takes place within and outside the human body. According to Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary, information is “knowledge communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or circumstance.” Hence, information is a very important tool for survival. The Information Age is defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible through publications and through the [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 69  management of information by computers and computer networks” (Vocabulary.com, n.d.). The means of conveying symbolic information (e.g. writing, math, other codes) among humans has evolved with increasing speed. The Information Age because it was associated with the development of computers. According to James R. Messenger who proposed the theory of Information Age in 1982, “the Information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real-time and as- needed basis. Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new age forward are convenience and user-friendliness which, in turn, will create user dependence.” History The table below traces the history and emergence of the Information Age (United States American History, 2016) Table 1. Timeline of the Information Age Year Event 3000 BC Sumerian writing system used pictographs to represent words 2900 BC Beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 1300 BC Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing were used 500 BC Papyrus roll was used 220 BC Chinese small seal writing was developed 100 AD Book (parchment codex) 105 AD Woodblock printing and paper was invented by the Chinese 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press using movable metal type 1755 Samuel Johnson’s dictionary standardized English spelling 1802 The Library of Congress was established Invention of the carbon arc lamp 1824 Research on persistence of vision published 1830s First viable design for a digital computer Augusta Lady Byron wrote the world’s first computer program [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 70  1837 Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain and the United States 1861 Motion pictures were projected onto a screen 1876 Dewey decimal system was introduced 1877 Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-speed photography 1899 First magnetic recordings were released 1902 Motion picture special effects were used 1906 Lee DeForest invented the electronic amplifying tube (triode) 1923 Television camera tube was invented by Zvorkyn 1926 First practical sound movie 1939 Regularly scheduled television broadcasting began in the US 1940s Beginnings of information science as a discipline 1945 Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext 1946 ENIAC computer was developed 1948 Birth of field-of-information theory proposed by Claude E. Shannon 1957 Planar transistor was developed by Jean Hoerni 1958 First integrated circuit 1960s Library of Congress developed LC MARC (machine-readable code) 1969 UNIX operating system was developed, which could handle multitasking 1971 Intel introduced the first microprocessor chip 1972 Optical laserdisc was developed by Philips and MCA 1974 MCA and Philips agreed on a standard videodisc encoding format 1975 Altair Microcomputer Kit was released: first personal computer for the public 1977 RadioShack introduced the first complete personal computer 1984 Apple Macintosh computer was introduced Mid 1980s Artificial intelligence was separated from information science [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 71  1987 Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson recipe box metaphor 1991 Four hundred fifty complete works of literature on one CD-ROM was released January RSA (encryption and network security software) Internet security code 1997 cracked for a 48-bit number As man evolved, information and its dissemination has also evolved in many ways. Eventually, we no longer kept them to ourselves; instead, we share them and manage them in different means. Information got ahead of us. It started to grow at a rate we were unprepared to handle. Because of the abundance of information, was difficult to collect and manage them starting in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, Richard Wurman termed the “information Anxiety.” In the 1990s, information became the currency in the business world. Information was the preferred medium of exchange and the information managers served as information officers. In the present generation, there is no doubt that information has turned out to be a commodity, an overdeveloped product, mass-produced, and unspecialized. Soon, we become overloaded with it. Different authors have diverse, contrasting ideas on the evolution of the Information Age. In spite of this, we can still say that information is a very important tool that helps improve our way of life. One thing's for sure, the Information Age will continue to move forward and far greater than our minds could imagine. In the article of Robert Harris, "Truths of the Information Age" (n.d.), detailed some facts on the Information Age. 1. Information must compete. There is a need for information to stand out and be recognized in the increasing clutter. 2. Newer is equated with truer. We forgot the truth that any fact or value can endure. 3. Selection is a viewpoint. Choose multiple sources for your information if you want to receive a more balanced view of reality. 4. The media sells what the culture buys. In other words, information is driven by cultural priorities. 5. The early worm gets the perm. The first media channel to expose an issue often defines the context, terms, and attitudes surrounding it. 6. You are what you eat and so is your brain. Do not draw conclusions unless all ideas and information are presented to you. 7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited. The demand for incredible knowledge, scandals, and secrets is ever-present; hence, many events are fabricated by tabloids, publicists, or other agents of information fraud. [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 72  8. Ideas are seen as controversial. It is almost certainly impossible to make any assertion that will not find some supporters and some detractors. 9. Undead information walks ever on. Rumors, lies, disinformation, and gossips never truly die down. They persist and continue to circulate. 10. Media presence creates the story. People behave much differently from the way they would if being filmed when the media are present, especially film news or television media. 11. The medium selects the message. Television is mainly pictorial, partially aural, and slightly textual, so visual stories are emphasized: fires, chases, and disasters. 12. The whole truth is a pursuit. The information that reaches us is usually selected, verbally charged, filtered, slanted, and sometimes, fabricated. What is neglected is often even more important than what is included. Computer Computers are among the most important contributions of advances in the Information Age to society. A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs on a program that contains the exact, step-by-step directions to solve a problem USHistory.org. (2017). Types of Computer Computers are associated with numerous terms and descriptions. Most people suggest the dimensions, intended use, or the computer's power. While the term "computer" can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse (hand-guided directions tool) or keyboard, processes it in some fashion, and presents the result on a screen. 1. Personal Computer (PC) It is a single-user instrument. PCs were first known as microcomputers since they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the enormous systems operated by most businesses. https://nanat1997.weebly.com/types-of-computer.html 2. Desktop Computer It is described as a PC that is not designed for portability. The assumption with a desktop is that it will be set up in a permanent spot. A workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, additional memory, and enhanced capabilities for performing special group of tasks, such as 3D graphics or game development. Most desktops offer more storage, power, and versatility than their portable versions (UShistory.org, 2017). https://nanat1997.weebly.com/types-of-computer.html [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 73 3. Laptops These are portable computers that integrate the essentials of a desktop computer in a battery-powered package, which are somewhat larger than a typical hardcover book. They are commonly called notebooks. https://nanat1997.weebly.com/types-of-computer.html 4. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) These are tightly integrated computers that usually have no keyboards but rely on a touch screen for user input. PDAs are typically smaller than a paperback, lightweight, and battery powered (UShistory.org, 2017). http://itsolutiontest.blogspot.com/2015/10/personal-digital-assistant-pda.html 5. Server It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide network services to other computers. Servers usually boast powerful processors, tons of memory, and large hard drives (UShistory.org, 2017). https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/439030663652988961/ http://atozhardware.blogspot.com/2012/02/facts-and-myths-servers.html 6. Mainframes These are huge computer systems that can fill an entire room. They are used especially by large firms to describe the large, expensive machines that process millions of transactions every day. The term "mainframe" has been replaced by enterprise server. Although some supercomputers are single computer systems, most comprise multiple, high- performance, parallel computers working as a single system (UShistory.org, 2017). [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 74  https://igcseicttan.wordpress.com/1-1-type-of-computers/ 7. Wearable Computers They involve materials that are usually integrated into cell phones, watches, and other small objects or places. They perform common computer applications such as databases. email, multimedia, and schedulers (UShistory.org, 2017). https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/the-time-for-wearable-computers-has-finally-arrived The World Wide Web (Internet) Several historians trace the origin of the Internet to Claude E. Shannon, an American Mathematician who was considered as the "Father of Information Theory." He worked at Bell Laboratories and at age 32, he published a paper proposing that information can be quantitatively encoded as a sequence of ones and zeroes. [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 75  The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data transmission among innumerable computers. It was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. In case of an attack, military advisers suggested the advantage of being able to operate on one computer from another terminal. In the early days. the Internet was used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists. The Internet remained under government control until 1984 (Rouse, 2014). One early problem faced by Internet users was speed. Phone lines could only transmit information at a limited rate. The development of fiber optic cables allowed for billions of bits of information to be received every minute. Companies like Intel developed faster microprocessors so personal computers could process the incoming signals at a more rapid rate (UShistory.org, 2017). Back then, new forms of communication were also introduced Electronic mail, or email. It was a suitable way to send a message to fellow workers, business partners, or friends. Messages could be sent and received at the convenience of the individual. A letter that took several days to arrive could be read in minutes. https://www.staceyeburke.com/blog/the-top-10-reasons-email-signatures-have-issues/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taYRBBpk8yk https://neurogadget.net/2016/11/11/gmail-vs-yahoo-mail-features-improvements-comparison/45947 [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 76  Internet service providers like America Online and CompuServe set up electronic chat rooms. These were open areas of cyberspace where interested parties could join in a conversation with perfect strangers. "Surfing the net" became a pastime in and of itself (UShistory.org, 2017). Consequently, companies whose businesses are built on digitized information have become valuable and powerful in a relatively short period of time, the current Information Age has spawned its own breed of wealthy influential brokers, from Microsoft's Bill Gates to Apple's Steve Jobs to Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg. https://www.businessinsider.com/how-google-apple-facebook-amazon-microsoft-make-money-chart-2017-5 https://buzz.money.cnn.com/2013/08/29/google-stock-underperform/ [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 77  Critics charged that the Internet created a technological divide that increased the gap between the members of the higher class and lower class of society. Those who could not afford a computer or a monthly access fee were denied these possibilities. Many decried the impersonal nature of electronic communication compared to a telephone call or a handwritten letter. https://medium.com/meltmedia-blog/education-in-technology-the-digital-divide-f294c4f6f812 On one hand, the unregulated and loose nature of the Internet allowed pornography to be broadcast to millions of homes. Protecting children from these influences or even from meeting violent predators would prove to be difficult. Nowadays, crimes in various forms are rampant because of the use of social media. Cyberbullying is an issue that poses alarm worldwide. Consequently, we need to be aware of the possible harm and damage due to abuse of these advances in the Information Age. [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 78 Applications of Computers in Science and Research One of the significant applications of computers for science and research is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to store, organize, and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the form of sequences and structures of proteins--the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids--the information carrier (Madan, n.d.). https://blog.f1000.com/2017/02/01/f1000prime-f1000prime-faculty-launch-bioinformatics-biomedical- informatics-computational-biology/?platform=hootsuite Early interest in bioinformatics as established because of a need to create databases of biological sequences. The human brain cannot store all the genetic sequences of organisms and this huge amount of data can only be stored, analyzed, and be used efficiently with the use of computers. https://phys.org/news/2015-04-online-bioinformatics-tool-significantly-multiple.html While the initial databases of protein sequences were maintained at individual laboratories, the development of a consolidated formal database, known as SWISS- [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 79  PROT protein sequence database, was initiated in 1986. It now has about 70,000 protein sequences from more than 5,000 model organisms, a small fraction of all known organisms. (Madan, n.d.). Computers and software tools are widely used for generating these databases and to identify the function of proteins, model the structure of proteins, determine the coding (useful) regions of nucleic acid sequences, find suitable drug compounds from a large pool, and optimize the drug development process by predicting possible targets. Some of the software tools which are handy in the analysis include: BLAST (used for comparing sequences): Annotator (an interactive genome analysis tool); and Gene Finder (tool to identify coding regions and splice sites) (Madan, n.d.). https://taverna.incubator.apache.org/introduction/taverna-in-use/bioinformatics The sequence information generated by the human genome research, initiated in 1988, has now been stored as a primary information source for future applications in medicine. The available data are so huge that if compiled in books, the data would run into 200 volumes of 1,000 pages each and reading alone (ignoring understanding factor) would require 26 years working around the clock. The much-celebrated complete human genome sequence which was formally announced on the 26th of June 2000 involved more than 500 x 1018 (500 million trillion) calculations during the process of assembling the sequences alone. This can be considered as the biggest exercise in the history of computational biology (Madan, n.d.). [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 80  Moreover, from the pharmaceutical industry’s point of view, bioinformatics is the key to rational drug discovery. It reduces the number of trials in the screening of drug compounds and in identifying potential drug targets for a particular disease using high- power computing workstation and software like Insight. https://healthunits.com/news/will-pharmacogenomics-reach-physicians-clinic-anytime-soon/ This profound application of bioinformatics in genome sequence has led to a new area in pharmacology-Pharmacogenomics, where potential targets for drug development are hypothesized from the genome sequences, Molecular modeling, which requires a lot of calculations, has become faster due to the advances in computer processors and its architecture (Madan, n.d.). https://healthunits.com/news/will-pharmacogenomics-reach-physicians-clinic-anytime-soon/ In plant biotechnology, bioinformatics is found to be useful in the areas of identifying disease resistance genes and designing plants with high nutrition value (Madan.n.d.). [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 81 How to Check the Reliability of Web Sources The Internet contains a vast collection of highly valuable information but it may also contain unreliable, biased information that mislead people. The following guidelines can help us check the reliability of web sources that we gather. It is noteworthy to consider and apply the following guidelines to avoid misinformation. (Lee College Library, n.d.) 1. Who is the author of the article/site? How to find out? ○ Look for an “About” or “More About the Author” link at the top, bottom or sidebar of the webpage. Some pages will have a corporate author rather than a single person as an author. If no information about the author(s) of the page is provided, be suspicious. ○ Does the author provide his or her credentials? ○ What type of expertise does he or she have on the subject he or she is writing about? ○ Does he or she indicate what his or her education is? ○ What type of experience does he or she have? ○ Should you trust his or her knowledge of the subject? ○ Try searching on the Internet for information about the author. ○ What kinds of websites are associated with the author’s name? Is he or she affiliated with any educational institution? ○ Do commercial sites come up? Do the websites associated with the author give you any clues to particular biases the author might have? 2. Who published the site? How to find out? ○ Look at the domain name of the website that will tell you who is hosting the site. For instance, the Lee College Library website is: lee.edu” This tells you that the library website is hosted by Lee College. ○ Search the domain name at http://www.whois.sc/. The site provides information about the owners of registered domain names. What is the organization’s main purpose? Check the organization’s main website, if it has one. Is it educational? Commercial? Is it a reputable organization? ○ Do not ignore the suffix on the domain name (the three-letter part that comes after the “.”). The suffix is usually (but not always) descriptive of what type of entity hosts the website. Keep in mind that it is possible for sites to obtain suffixes that are misleading. Here are some examples:.edu= educational.com= commercial.mil = military.gov = government.org = nonprofit 3. What is the main purpose of the site? Why did the author write it and why did the publisher post it? [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 82  To sell a product? To provide general information on a As a personal hobby? topic? As public services? To persuade you of a particular point To further scholarship on a of view? topic? 4. Who is the intended audience? Scholars or general public? Which age group is it written for? Is it aimed at people from a particular geographic area? Is it aimed at members of a particular profession or with specific training? 5. What is the quality of information provided on the website? Timeliness: When was the website first published? Is it regularly updated? Check for dates at the bottom of each page on the site. Does the author cite sources? Just as in print sources, web sources that cite their sources are considered more reliable. What type of other sites does the website link to? Are they reputable sites? What types of sites link to the websites you are evaluating? Is the website being cited by others? STUDENT’S REFLECTION 1. How can Information Age help to promote sustainable development? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. How does solution-oriented mindset be cultivated by Information Age? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. How can Information Age improve your: 3.1. critical and innovative thinking ____________________________ 3.2. interpersonal skills ____________________________ 3.3. intrapersonal skills ____________________________ 3.4. global citizenship ____________________________ 3.5. healthy lifestyle ____________________________ 3.6. media and information literacy ____________________________ 4. How does the Information Age help to promote Science & Technology in the Society? [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies (TVCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 83  ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. As an individual, how do you confront your social media friend(s) who share(s) fake news or fake information on social media platforms? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ REFERENCES Bautista, D.H.S, et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. MaxCor Publishing House Inc. Quezon City, Philippines Harris, R. (n.d.). "Truths of the Information Age." Accessed February 26, 2017. http://www.virtualsalt.com/infotrue.htm. Illinois Valley Community College. (n.d.). "List of useful and reliable web sources." Accessed August 2, 2017. https://www.ivcc.edu/ library.aspx?id=4038. Lee College Library. (n.d.). “How Can I Tell if a Website is Reliable?”. Accessed August 2, 2017. https://www.edb.utexas.edu/petrosino/Legacy_Cycle/mf_jm/Challenge%201/website% 20reliable.pdf. Madan, M. (n.d.). “Bioinformatics-an aid for biological research.” Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/genomes madanm/articles/bioinfo.htm. Messenger, J. R. (1982). “The Theory of the Information Age.” Accessed February 26, 2017. http://www.informationage.org/briefhistory.html. Rouse, M. (20140. “Information Age” Accessed February 27, 2017. http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Information-Age. Serafica, J.P.J, et.al. (2019). Science, Technology, and Society 1st Edition. REX Bookstore, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines United States American History. (n.d.). “The Information Age timeline.” Accessed February 26, 2017. http://u-s-history.com/pages/h3974.htm. US History.org. (n.d.). “Living in the Information Age.” Accessed February 26, 2017. http://www.ushistory.org/us/60d.asp. Vocabulary.com. (n.d.) “Information Age.” Accessed February 26, 2017. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/information%20age. Date Retrieved: September 13, 2020 [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). 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