STS Midterm Reviewer PDF

- the caveman discovered how to make and use tools and A. Printing Press - Johann Gutenberg managed to invent evolved processes that added value to his life. the printing press after the Chinese invented woodblock - the totality of the use and the application of his know...

- the caveman discovered how to make and use tools and A. Printing Press - Johann Gutenberg managed to invent evolved processes that added value to his life. the printing press after the Chinese invented woodblock - the totality of the use and the application of his knowledge, printing, a more efficient method of printing using a cast skills, tools, and materials, constitute what we today type. describe as “technology”. B. Telescope - invented by Galileo Galilei that can magnify - the history of the development of S&T is one of the 20 times larger than a regular glass. important concerns in studying the subject Science, - used to discover important astronomical discoveries such Technology, and Society. as craters and mountains in moon. C. Compound Microscope - invented by a Dutch Antecedents pertain to the precursor to the unfolding or Zacharias Janssen in 1590’s existence of something. - microscope is used in many scientific studies in the area of medicine, forensics and genetics. CHAPTER 1 - S&T in Ancient Times D. Heavy plough - because of the invention of heavy Ancient period (3000 BC to 500 AD) - start of early plough, northern Europe saw rapid economic prosperity. civilization that also gave rise to the major advancement of E. Gun powder - (850 A.D) Chinese alchemists science and technology. accidentally invented gunpowder. - allowed the civilization to flourish through establishing - prior to the invention of gunpowder, swords and spears better ways of transportation and navigation, were used in battles and wars. communication and record keeping - the invention of gunpowder has allowed advanced warfare such as fiery arrows, cannons, and grenades. I. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT TIME F. Paper Money - paper money was first used by the A. Ancient Wheel - people from ancient civilization used Chinese in the 17th century. animals as means of transportation. - before, merchants and traders used precious metals such - the invention of it is credited to the Sumerians. as gold and silver. B. Paper - (3000 B.C) the ancient Egyptians began writing - they realized that using paper money brought advantages on a papyrus. because it is easier to keep and transport. - made up from a pith of plant called Cyperus Papyrus. G. Mechanical clock - helped the people in accurately - before the invention of papyrus, writing and record keeping keeping the track of time. is done on stones and tablets. - the sophistication of clockwork technology drastically C. Shadoof - tool used/invented by ancient Egyptians to changed the way of spending the day and work patterns irrigate land. were established. - hand-operated device used for lifting water - its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN AGES counterweights. - the booming world population during the 19th century D. Antikythera Mechanism - discovered in 1902 and onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece. faster rate. - a mechanism similar to a clock for it has a circular face - people needed efficient means of transportation to trade and rotating hands. more goods and cover a larger distance. (machines that - this mechanism is used to predict astronomical positions required animals to operate must thus be upgraded). and eclipses - faster and easier means to communicate and compute E. Aeolipile - known as the Hero’s engine. should be developed to establish connections between and - steam-powered turbine which spins as the water container among nations. at its center is heated. all these needs resulted in the development of industries. - one of the “temple wonders” at that time. A. Pasteurization - Louis Pasteur (french biologist) II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MIDDLE AGES microbiologist and chemist invented pasteurization, the - the start of the Middle Ages was marred by massive process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria invasions and migrations (wars are prevalent during this that allow them to spoil faster. time) - through this process, milk could be stored and consumed - great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, for a longer period. navigation, food and farm production. - other contributions of Pasteur to S&T and Medicine - the wars have resulted in population decline. included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, - in the later part of this period, there was a significant and vaccination. increase in population. B. Telephone - the more people got acquainted through - the major advances in scientific and technological trade and discovery, the more they wanted a way to keep development took place in this period. these links securely and communicate with each other in Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone) Period real time. - occcurred during the end of the Paleolithic and - thus, Alexander Graham Bell's telephone development beginning of the Neolithic period. was one of the most significant developments at the time. - there was a gradual change in human lives and C. Engine powdered airplane - invented by Orville Wright the growth of forest and deserts, gathering and Wilbur Wright. agricultural food to food production. - they demonstrated that slightly tilted wings are the key - people began to learn to fish along rivers and features of a flying aircraft. shores, make pottery and use bow. D. Television - invented by Scottish engineer John Logie Baird in 1920s. Neolithic (New Stone) Period - British Broadcasting Corporation used this for its earliest - the stage of cultural and technological television programming in 1929. development based from agriculture which was - this first television is mechanical and not the same as the characterized by domestic plant such as television we have nowadays. rice, corn, beans and also wild animals such as goats, cattles, sheeps and pigs. CHAPTER 2 – S&T ACROSS HISTORY - they use stone tools and pottery, weaving and - the birth of technology began even before in ancient times. settling in villages. - there are Three-Age System that was introduced in the - agriculture continue to expand across most of the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, an inhabited regions giving way to urban civilization. Archeologist and a Curator of the National Museum, - end of this period is the beginning of the age of Denmark, Copenhagen through this book entitled Ledetraad metal tools. til Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Guide to Scandinavian Antiquity). - the system was originally formulated to classify 2. The Bronze Age (300BC – 1200BC) - it was artifacts in the possession of the museum based on the stared when tools and weapons were already materials to which they were made of. widely made with copper and bronze through the metal extraction from ore, the process is THREE PREHISTORIC PERIODS called smelting (which was discovered by 1. The Stone Age (2.5 mya – 3000BC) - period of weapons Sumerians of Mesopotamia), then pouring it made by stone, wood, bones into a mold for shaping. - it was divided into two periods by John Lubbock, - bronze could be done by blending copper and tin. Paleolithic and Neolithic period. 3. The Iron Age (1500BC – 450AD) - this began with the Paleolithic (Old Stone) Period smelting pits with advanced quality to produce higher - known to be the longest time in human history temperatures that could smelt iron ore (Reardon, 2011). which began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. The Middle Age (450 – 1450AD) - along period of history in - humans were believed to be an ape-like creature Europe. to a true homo sapiens. - it is the time of castles and peasants, guilds and - they were hunter-gatherers who used stone-made monasteries, cathedrals and crusades. tools, bones to hunt animals and harvest wild plants - it was divided in two smaller ages, Dark Age as a source of food. (450-1000AD) was no significant science accomplishments, - they were usually nomadic or semi-nomadic with no great arts produced and no great leaders born. no permanent settlement. - during this period, early human development was High Middle Age(1000 – 1450AD) - the rise of Islam. categorized into three divisions: Lower, Middle and - inventors devised technologies like the pinhole camera, Upper Paleolithic periods. soap, windmills, surgical instruments, an Early Middle Ages. Election of commander - toward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions called it as crusades began in 1905 to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land. No one “won” the Crusades; in fact, many thousands of people from both sides lost their lives. - between the 10th and 13th centuries, most European cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style. Church builders began to embrace a new architectural style, known - they learned to use simple tools by sawing, drilling and as the Gothic (a technology developed in the Islamic world). polishing hard stones. some produced pottery with various - between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as designs that were replaced by imported Chinese porcelain. the “Black Death” (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 (ordinary cooking exists those time). million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent’s - early 10th century AD Butuan and Mindoro inhabitants population. B stared trade relations with champs of Vietnam and locals of - based from the study, today’s scientists believed that the China. (they trade some product such as beeswax, cotton, plague was caused by a bacillus called Yersina Pestis, pearl, cloth, iron pots). which travels through the air and can also be contracted - coastal areas such as in Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, Sulu and through the bite of an infected flea or rat, both of which were Southern Mindanao had more sophisticated technology common in the Middle Ages, especially on ships. compared to other areas due to their exposure to foreign trades. However, in more remote areas such as mountain CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE settlement, many Filipinos are still hunter-gatherers. (they PHILIPPINES were trading with lowlands and coastal locals for their - the Philippines is one of the most westernized nations in gathered forest products.) Southeast Asia, a unique blend of eastern and western - no written literary traditions were developed. cultures colonized the country and have been the most - pre colonial Filipinos believed in superstitions. significant influences on Philippine culture. - no worship areas. - the Philippines is known for having an abundance of - they have their own system of writing for letters and beautiful beaches and delicious fruit and rich in minerals, as messages. (Ilagan, 2018). they once called pearl of the orient seas. - the collection of islands is located in Southeast Asia and Spanish Regime were claimed in the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand - considered to be the period of modern science and Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, who technology in the Philippines. named the islands after King Philip II of Spain. They were - religious orders played the great influenced in the then called Las Felipinas. development resulted to political and socio-economic - the colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of changes which had a huge contribution to the history of the science and technology in the archipelago. country. - the Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule REMARKABLE EVENTS AND ADVANCEMENT IN THE in the Philippines. PHILIPPINES S&T DURING SPANISH REGIME - filipinos have developed different modes of transpo whether terrestrial/marine transportation. - “Intellectual Revolution” is used to refer to Greek speculation about the “nature” in the period before Socrates (600 to 400 BCE). - it is commonly known as the “Pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy”. This form of philosophy has three characteristics; the world is a natural whole, there is a natural order and human can discover laws. Precolonial Period - spanish arrived in the Philippines in 1521. - the country used to have a number of geographically scattered, self-sufficient autonomous communities called Barangays which were more a kinship or social unit rather than a political group with a simple level of technological advancement sufficient enough to meet their needs. - the early settlers who believed to be homo sapiens about 50,000 years ago were came from the mainland of Asia ad had reached and lived over Palawan and Batangas by passing over the land bridges. - they formed communities in the other parts of the country such as Sulu, Negros, Samar and regions in Luzon.  3. Bureau of Forestry 4. Bureau of Agriculture 5. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey 6. Bureau of Plant and Industry 7. Bureau of Animal Industry K. National Research Council of the Philippines Island (NCRP) was established in 1933. The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines was enacted in 1935. It was the beginning of the country’s transformation to a politically independent nation. - the Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country’s full achievement of independence. - schools both private and public were given a chance to do some expansion. - the government established the national economic council to address the country’s economic and financial issues. - numerous government corporations were formed such as National Power Corporation, National Abaca and other Fibers Corporation, Bureau of Mines - philippines was recognized in agricultural exporting - despite such efforts, the goal of the commonwealth capacity, However, since the Philippines industry has lack of government was not attained (due to the foreign trade support, they did not survive the competition with foreign policies that was still controlled by the American imported products. government). - education, pharmacy and medicine remained the most - the occupation of Japanese troops in the country began in developed profession in the field of science and technology 1941, led to the destruction of various institutions built in the during this period. country by science and tech. development. American Regime Period Since Independence - this period marked the rapid advancement of Science and - the country regained its independence in 1946. Technology in the Philippines. - the support of scientific research and development was continued. The contributing factors are as follows: - several univ. and colleges were established and A. Encouragement and support of the government for an extensive supervised by the DepEd and Culture. public education - number of graduates were produced. B. Scholarship grants in science and engineering - The Bell Mission of US recommended the systematically C. Org. and establishment of science research agencies exploration of the Philippine natural resources to determine D. Establishment of science-based public services its potential in defining economic development. - due to lack of basic technical information and a low The ff activities paved way for the development of s&t in national budget allocation to support the experiment needs different sectors of the country: A. Secularized public education of the Institute of Science and Technology was born with B. Department of public instruction offering free primary education additional roles in improving industrial activities and with English as medium of instruction technological advances. C. Philippine Normal School was put up to serve as the training - some organizations were expanded and agencies were ground for Filipino teachers developed. D. Secondary schools opened in 1902. - the increase in number of science institution provided the E. There was an advanced training abroad for Filipinos to replaced opportunities for local science manpower to conduct foreign faculty in the Philippines research. F. The demand for professional education was increased The six new institute were opened: G. The Private School Act of 1917 (Act, No 2076) was recognized. H. Office of Private Education was established for the 1. National Institute of Physics improvement of educational machinery 2. National Institute of Geological Science I. Bureau of Government Laboratories was created in 1901 by the 3. National Institute of Natural Science Research Philippine commission and was named as Bureau of Science 4. National Institute of Chemistry J. Many offices were recognized: 5. National Institute of Biology 1. Bureau of Health 6. National Institute of Mathematical Science 2. Bureau of Mines CHAPTER 4: THE PHILIPPINE S&T AGENDA AND Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology - the DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS KEY CONCEPTS research priorities focus on food and nutrition, security, Philippines S&T Agenda (Research and Development countryside development, competitive industry, delivery of Agenda) have five sectors, namely: social services, intelligent transport solutions, renewable - National Integrated Basic Research Agenda energy and energy storage solutions, and human security. - Health Research and Development Agenda - Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resource Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change - Energy and Emerging Technology Adaptation - its research priorities are directed toward - Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Adaptation observation and monitoring networks, technology development and application for monitoring, modeling and PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT S&T AGENDA simulation for improvement of monitoring and forecasting, Science and Technology play an integral part in human hazards, vulnerability and risk assessment development and the society because: - it can put an end to ignorance AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION - increase perception of a fact or a situation OF THE HARMONIZED R&D AGENDA 2017-2022 - awaken the ability to use all resources and creativity to ➤ Department of Science and Technology (DOST) improve the quality of life and sustainable environment. - the lead agency responsible for the preparation of the Harmonized R&D Agenda. Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022 ➤ National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) - was prepared, the (DOST), in collaboration with the - agency composed of over four thousand researchers, government to make certain that all the S&T endeavors are scientists and experts who are tasked to promote and directed toward the realization of economic and social support basic research in the country. benefits of mankind. ➤ Philippine Council for Health Research and The agenda is in line with AmBisyon Natin 2040: matatag, Development (PCHRD) maginhawa at panatag na buhay para sa lahat, which has - agency mandated as the national coordinating body for three pillars: health research in the country. Malasakit - enhancing the social fabric ➤ Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Pagbabago - reducing inequality Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD) Kaunlaran - increasing potential growth - the agency which aims to strengthen support in research and development, development of human resource and National Internal Basic Research Agenda - to express institution, diffusion of information and technology, and support in the Philippine Development Plan, National development of policies. Security Plan, and the Science for Change Program led by ➤ Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology DOST. (PHIVOLCS) Water Security - TUBIG Program (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan) - the agency which evaluates and harmonizes the agenda Food and Nutrition Security - SAPAT Program (Saganang for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. It Pagkain Para sa Lahat) is also responsible for relaying messages to people about Health Sufficiency - LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman sa the existence of danger and what can be done to prevent or Kalusugan) minimize danger. Clean Energy - ALERT Program (Alternative Energy Research ➤ Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Trends) Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Sustainable Community - SAKLAW Program (Saklolo sa Lawa) - collaborates with PHIVOLCS in evaluating and finalizing Inclusive Nation-building - ATIN program (Ang Tinig Natin) the agenda for disaster risk reduction and climate change. - his agency is also responsible for giving typhoon signals and tsunami alerts to warn people of the things to be done for their safety. Health Research and Development Agenda - the ➤ Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and research priorities for this agenda include diagnostics, drug Natural Resources Research and Development discovery and development, functional foods, hospital (PCAARRD) equipment and biomedical devices, information and - agency which conducts a round table consultation with the communication technology. representatives from other agencies doing R&D functions in agriculture, aquatic and natural resources. Agriculture Aquatic and Natural Resources - the research priorities for agriculture, aquatic and natural resources include crops, livestock, aquaculture, forestry, natural resources and environment, technology transfer, socio economics, and policy research. GOVERNMENT POLICIES PERTAINING TO SCIENCE Through collaboration of three agencies such as PAGASA, AND TECHNOLOGY PHIVOLCS and Advanced Science and Technology Institute Some policies or guidelines were created by the (ASTI), DOST also developed a more accurate and government about science and technology to contribute to responsive disaster prevention and mitigation system which nation building (Congress of the Philippines, 2009). was named: Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard). Republic Act 10055 known as the Philippine - it is the primary disaster risk reduction and management Technology Transfer Act of 2009 - which aims to provide program of the Philippines. a framework and support system for the ownership, - in partnership with the UP National Institute of Geological management, use and commercialization of intellectual Sciences and the UP College of Engineering. property resulting from research and development funded - the project began in 2012 and was almost completed in by the government. 2015, so the technology and output of the project will be Republic Act 2067 known as Science Act of 1958 - which turned over to PAGASA. focuses on the integration, coordination, and intensification of scientific and technological research and development This project has the following components: and fostering inventions, to provide funds and for other Coastal Hazards and Storm Surge Assessment and Mitigation purposes. (CHASSAM) Disaster Risk Exposure Assessment for Mitigation - Light MAJOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Detection and Ranging (DREAM-LIDAR) Project PROGRAMS IN THE PHILIPPINES Distribution of Hydro meteorological Devices in hard-hit areas in DOST - is the prime mover in formulating policies and rules the Philippines (Hydromet) in the science and technology discipline that helps in Enhancing Geohazards Mapping through LIDAR technology uplifting the country's economic status. Flood Information Network (Flood NET) Project - one of its major programs called the Balik Scientist Landslide Sensors Development Project Program was launched to motivate wet-trained overseas Local Development of Doppler Radar Systems (LADDERS) Filipino experts in their own fields, to come home to the Weather Hazard Information Project (WHIP) Philippines and share their expertise for the acceleration of the scientific agro-industrial To identify hazard-prone areas in the country, DOST - this program was developed in 1975 to become an launched its P1-billion comprehensive mapping project in instrument in reinforcing the government's scientific and 2012 named as DREAM or Disaster Risk and Exposure technological human resources. Assessment for Mitigation Program or the - the Balik Scientists have played a significant role in Three-Dimensional (3D) mapping program, generating solutions to national problems. - it uses the LIDAR system to effectively and accurately - Republic Act No. 11035 or the Balik Scientist Act was measure critical flood elevation and depth. signed into law in 2018. - DREAM is considered one of the most extensive mapping systems in Southeast Asia developed by Filipino scientists. PCAARRD - has funded a program that has produced the irradiated carrageenan fertilizer. CHAPTER 5 - SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE - this collaboration between nuclear scientists and PHILIPPINES agriculturists has led to the recognition that this product Science is basically intertwined with technology and boosts the resiliency of rice plants increasing the yield by 65 industry which are the major development areas of one percent. government. Science is taught in the elementary level, - the cara-vita organic fertilizer has been tried in the fields of secondary level with its K-12 program, and in tertiary level, Pulilan, Bulacan; Victoria and Los Baños in Laguna; specifically to those students taking up courses related to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, and Iloilo. (distributed to farmers science. Certain problems are encountered in science for free in 2016). education. Most involve the facilities such as laboratory - this 50-million worth program will benefit at least 30,000 rooms and laboratory materials. hectares of our rice lands. - the Electric Train Project in 2015 was created to enhance The Philippine Science Education System the efficiency of public mass transport systems. - The Department of Education (DepEd) oversees the - the ERT was adopted by the Department of implementation of the school curricula and school programs Transportations and Communications (Philippine Daily in both elementary and high school levels. Inquirer, 2015). - Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was created as separate entity from the former under R.A. 7722 in 1994, to oversee the system of higher education in the country and to formulate policies, plans and programs for the development of public and private higher education. - the importance of science can be best explained by the Philippine Science High School System - is specialized fact that other than it is our way of life, it is basically public high school system in the Philippines which operates intertwined with technology and industry which are the as an attached agency of the DOST. major areas of development being prioritized by our - it is regarded as the top high school in the Philippines and government. perceived among the best in ASEAN region in 2016. - it enhances the learner's questioning skills, values and - it has 16 campuses attitudes, and critical thinking skills. - for tertiary level, science is usually taught taking up - scientific learning will also be important and helpful to the courses that require science subjects. development of one's country and the preservation of its - this subject nonetheless is not required for those taking up cultural identity. law, architecture, and social sciences. - the basic education program caters to the needs of the students, such that the curriculum is designed to prepare The Problem in Science Education the students for a higher level of learning. - teaching science is very challenging. - students are taught to learn more independently, aspire for - the challenge begins with the ratio of students to the academic excellence and to hone their capacity to accept teacher and the ratio of students to the classroom. the new knowledge and technology. - the situation of laboratory rooms can be worse than this. - science is one of the subjects taught in elementary and - in some regions, there is only one laboratory room out of secondary schools under the K+12 program of the 10 public elementary schools. Department of Education. - other public elementary schools do not have science - its aim to develop learners to make judgments and apply laboratories at all (The Manila Times, 2014). what they have learned which may eventually have great - lack of science education facilities has a negative effect on health, environment or even social impacts. the performance of the students especially in their - the curriculum presents the importance science and achievement tests. technology to everyday living. - teacher qualification and preparedness are factors in the - the K+12 science curriculum provides learners with teaching and learning of science. repertoire of competencies important in the world of work - only a small fraction of teachers is qualified to teach and in acknowledge-based society. different science subjects, hence, the need for continuous capability enhancement programs (The Manila Times, The Science Curriculum Has Three Domains: 2014). understanding and applying scientific knowledge in local - building of laboratory rooms and purchase of teaching setting as well as global context, whenever possible materials are needed to at least remedy the present performing scientific processes and skills situation. developing and demonstrating scientific attitudes and - limited scholarships and few projects are some of the values government's plan to improve science education. - but this has to be expanded to the extent that we can have - there is a clear core learning standard set for science area a pool of science experts to reverse the current backward for the entire K+12 basic education. situation of science and technology in the country. - apart from this, key stage standards for science learning areas for Kinder to grade 3, grades 4 to 6, grades 7 to 10 CHAPTER 6 - SELECTED INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND and grades 11 to 12 have been prepared. TECHNOLOGIES - for grade level, the different topics of the subject are Indigenous Science - a product of indigenous knowledge divided and taught per quarter. This is called the sequence perfected by man through life experiences. of domain or strands per quarter (matter; force, energy, and Indigenous Technology - product or process resulting motion; living things and the environment; earth and space). from the continuous pursuit of indigenous science. Indigenous knowledge - may connote traditional and non- Scientific and Technological Literacy scientific knowledge because it includes superstitious - although, K+12 program is now being implemented, we beliefs and practices which maybe products of human cannot do away the fact that the Philippines is fortunate to imagination. have what we call science high school. - however, these products may also become the foundation - some of these schools offer both the regular and the of people's creativity, originality and inventiveness in science curricula, while other have science curriculum only. defining the world where we live in. - science curriculum is designed to have more advanced - Indigenous science covers a wide scope of areas including system and mathematics subjects. metaphysics, philosophy, and practical technologies usually - the curriculum for the Philippine Science High School accomplished by people then and now (Snively & Corsiglia, system was prepared by the DOST while that of the S&T 2000; Pawilen, 2013). Oriented schools was initiate Department of Education. Examples of Indigenous Science include: Patis or Fish Sauce - Ruperta David, who was popularly - knowledge in observing animal behavior to predict weather known as Aling Tentay was the woman behind the discovery conditions and seasons of this condiment. - traditional health habit practices - she accidentally discovered patis in the 1940s when she - the use of herbal medicines noticed that some of the salted fish that she stored in a jar - knowledge on preserving foods turned into fragments and these fragments turned into liquid - preservation and selection of good seeds for planting which tasted like the patis we are using today. building irrigation system - from then on, the business started but was only officially - classifying different types of soil for planting registered in 1949 as Tentay Food and Sauces, Inc. (Lui, - making wines and juices from fruits 2013) - local methods of growing vegetables in the yard - indigenous method of calculating or estimating Banana Catsup - after discovering tomato catsup, Maria - knowledge on mineral resources found in the community Orosa y Ylagan focused on creating another flavor of - making products such as vinegar, cheese, and nata de catsup, the banana catsup. Filipinos love to use this coco condiment for every fried food served on the table. - Orosa was also the brain behind the creation of other food Indigenous Technologies - are processes or products products like desiccated powdered form of calamansi called which are the result of studying indigenous science. calamansi nip, and a powdered preparation of soya beans called sova-lac which was used to save the lives of many Following are the indigenous technologies that have prisoners held by Japanese during World War II (Lui, 2013; emerged out of Filipino's creativity, originality and Torrecampo, 2017). inventiveness. - these technologies are now parts of our live when they Anticancer Cream -due to the increasing incidence of come to medicine, food products, industry, and other cancer, a Filipino scientist, named Rolando dela Cruz aspects of human existence. developed an anticancer cream from cashew nuts and other local herbs to treat basal skin carcinoma (BSC) which is Yoyo - a toy consisting of an axle connected to two disks considered to be the most prevalent type of skin cancer all and a string looped around the axle. over the world. - played by holding the handle (string) by inserting one - he called this cream DeBCC Anticancer Cream which won finger into a knot at its free end. him a gold medal award in the International Inventors' - used by people then, to fight against intruders and Forum in November 2005 Proudly Philippine Made, 2010; Spaniards. Pinoy p. and Profile, 2013). - a product of the creative mind of Pedro Flores, an undergraduate law student at that time. 16-bit Microchip - for a much faster computer work, - but even if the inventor of this toy was a Filipino, it was the Diosdado Banatao developed the first single-chip graphical Americans who mass produced the product which became user interface accelerator. one of the most - this chip allows the computer users to make graphical presentation using graphics for commands. Medical Incubator - this equipment was invented by Dr. Fe - data processing is made much quicker using small chip del Mundo, the first Asian student at the Harvard instead of large board (Filipino Discoveries, Inventions, University's School of Medicine. Innovations and Products, 2013). - she made this incubator out of two laundry baskets which were placed one inside the other. Mole Remover - another invention was made by Rolando - provided with hot water all around between the baskets to dela Cruz in 2000. make warmth available to them. - this is called Mole Remover which is a cream formulated - purposely invented to regulate the body temperature of to remove warts and moles on the skin (Filipino Discoveries, new-born babies (John, 2009). Inventions, Innovations, and Products, 2013; Lui, 2013). Erythromycin - In 1949, Dr. Abelardo Aguilar discovered the antibiotic erythromycin produced by the bacterium PROMINENT FILIPINO SCIENTIST AND THEIR Streptomyces erythrism found in the soil from his own CONTRIBUTIONS province in Iloilo. Due to unfaltering needs towards scientific developments, - he sent this to his employer in the U.S. to separate the Philippines became one of the countries that took the strain but unfortunately did not get the credit for the challenge and responded competitively in the call for discovery (Son, 1994). scientific changes and progress. Anecdote and biography; DR. ARTURO ALCARAZ: Philippines’ Father of coconut oil and created one of the most rentable biogas Geothermal Energy systems in the world - March 21, 1916-March 10, 2001 - The idea to generate their own energy with manure- - His significant contribution to studies of Philippine produced methane gas was offered to him and to his son, volcanology and the energy derived from volcanic sources Felix K. Maramba Jr. in 1984 by a flourishing piggery. Maya has known him as Father of Geothermal energy production Farms operated completely independent from Meralco other in the Philippines. energy requirements including its processing plant and feed - He graduated from the Mapua Institute of Technology in mill. The technology was offered free of charge. Agricultural 1937 with a Bachelor's degree in Marine Engineering and technicians fan the provinces and show people not to completed in 1941 a Master in Geology at the University of manage surplus electricity. Wisconsin, with the aid of the Government of the Philippine Commonwealth. DR. LUZ OLIVEROS-BELARDO: A passionate female - The research and establishment of geothermal energy chemist plants in the world, particularly the Tiwi, Albay regions, Mt. - Dr Luz Oliveros-Belardo studied the chemistry of natural makiling and Mt. Banahaw (MacBan) and Leyte were his products and essential oils of Philippine plants for five key contributions. decades of her life. 33 new essential oils were isolated and their chemical and physical features were investigated by DR. FE DEL MUNDO: Inventor of bamboo incubator them. - During her more than 70-year medical career, Dr Fe del - Her work findings have been used in developing new Mundo has championed a variety of inventions. Del Mundo, flavors and natural medicine goods. a dedicated humanist, spent her life on the welfare of - The Lunsford-Richard 's Award in Pharmacy in the USA children around the world. (1956), the 1943 Philharmaceutical Association (1963), the - Since graduating in medicine at the University of the International Federation of Abogados Award (1979), the Philippines, she was the first Asian woman to study at Plaque of Appreciation University of Waseda (1981), the Harvard. Medicinal Commission Award (1983), national res - In World War II she came back to the Philippines and recognitions, was the product of her consistent work in founded a branch for children of an internment camp in phytochemical study. In the biographical listing, it counts with Japan and was in charge of the Manila Children's Hospital. 7. - Studies contributing to the invention of the incubator and an ivory relief system are attributed to her. She has EMERITA DE GUZMAN: a dedicated Filipina plant expanded to the world and rescued millions of lives Physiologist including the BRAT diet for treating diarrhea. - Her sequence of works on growth and development of the macapuno cocoon embryo is an exemplary contribution by GREGORIO ZARA: Inventor of Videophone Dr. de Guzman. As a result of this endeavor, the old - The Filipino scientist Gregorio Zara (8 March 1902–15 macapunostic nut ratio in the tropics, which produces just 3-5 October 1978) was the first two-way electronic video macapuno nuts in any receme with 14-19 nuts, has been communicator inventor of video in 1955. He invented revolutionized. In receme, Dr. de Guzman manufactured all thirty machines, all said. His other developments ranged makapunus bears 100%. from a solar-powered water heater and stove to an intoxicated aircraft engine. FRANCISCO FRONDA: National Scientist specializing in Poultry raising Fast Facts: Gregorio Zara - Dr. Francisco Fronda has invested more than 6 decades in - Known For: Inventor of the video teleph teaching, research and extension services and has made a - Born: March 8, 1902 in Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines significant contribution not just to the Philippines but also to - Died: October 15, 1978 the Asian region to the growth of a poultry industry. - Education: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, - He was named by the Philippine Animal Science University of Michigan, - Association in 1980 as the Father of Poultry Science in the Sorbonne University Philippines and was rewarded with an honor, by Her Royal - Awards and Honors: National Scientist Award (Philippines) Highness, Crown Princess of Thailand, in 1982 for his - Spouse: Engracia Arcinas Laconico groundbreaking contributions. - Children: Antonio, Pacita, Josefina, Lourdes - In the growth of the poultry and livestock industry, Dr. Fronda has no less than 500 research papers of significant FELIX D. MARAMBA: Engineer, Agricultural Engineering importance. Scholarship at Iowa State University - He also wrote a book for students in agriculture in the field - Dr. Felix D. Maramba, Sr. is remembered by a Filipino of voltry science development and co-authored a compilation scientist who produced and used biogas for his significant of books called "Let 's Say us Lift Series." contributions. It built an energy generator fuelled by BALIK SCIENTISTS - There were 14 Balik Scientists in the first two months of - Even if the Balik Scientist Act was already signed into a 2019 alone. These scientists work in the fields of health, law in June 2018, Filipino researchers and Balik Scientists agriculture, aquatic and marine, and energy and emerging (returning scientists) still experience challenges. technologies. It was confirmed that, "If this trend will continue, - Filipino researchers and Balik Scientists still face we might reach a total of 70 to 80 (Balik Scientists) this year. challenges. We will exceed our target of 60," dela Pena said, hoping - In separate interviews with the Philippine News Agency more scientists would be encouraged to go back to the (PNA), two Balik Scientists shared that among these Philippines. challenges include low salary, work overload, less exposure to world-class research and low publication rates. ACKNOWLEDGING BALIK SCIENTIST LAW - Rodrigo Jamisola, Jr., associate professor of the Botswana - The Balik Scientist Act, he said, was a sign that the University of Science and Technology, and Josefino Comiso, government is serious in promoting science. scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, both - The title Order of the National Scientists is the highest availed of the Balik Scientist short-term program, which honor conferred by the President of the Republic of the enables them to do their engagement here for 30 to 90 days. Philippines to a Filipino with outstanding achievements - Rodrigo Jamisola, Jr., in science and technology. associate professor of the Botswana University of Science - The distinction was instituted in 1976 through Presidential and Technology, and Josefino Comiso, scientist at NASA Decree 1003-A which created the National Academy of Goddard Space Flight Center, both availed of the Balik Science and Technology (NAST) as the country’s highest Scientist short-term program. recognition and advisory body in science and technology. - "The 'good' monetary benefits (of Balik Scientist law) only - In 2003, Executive Order 236 elevated the rank of National apply to short-term program. Scientists into the Order of National Scientists. - For the long-term program wherein Balik Scientists could - Since 1978, the Philippine president has conferred the rank opt to stay here for at least two or three years, the benefits and title on 36 scientists, 11 of whom are UPD professors. are: PHP3 million accident/travel insurance; reimbursement 1. (+) Edgardo D. Gomez, PhD (2014) of excess baggage up to 25 kg; reimbursement of excess Professor Emeritus, The Marine Science Institute baggage of his or her spouse and dependents; round trip air College of Science fare for the scientist, his or her spouse and dependents; 2. Gavino C. Trono Jr., PhD (2014) one-time relocation allowance of PHP250,000; monthly Professor Emeritus, The Marine Science Institute housing (maximum PHP40,000 per month); PHP5,000 College of Science monthly transportation allowance; salary equivalent to at 3. Raul V. Fabella, PhD (2011) Professor, School of least Salary Grade 24; attendance to three local Economics conferences; NRCP membership endorsement; and 4. Mercedes B. Concepcion, PhD, (2010) PHP500,000 one-time incentive upon completion of Professor and Director, Population Institute (1970-1984) engagement. College of Arts and Sciences/College of Social Sciences and - Long-term benefits disappear when applying for Philosophy permanent positions. 5. Lourdes T. Cruz, PhD, (2006) - With regard to workload, Jamisola said researchers abroad Professor Emerita, The Marine Science Institute are not as loaded as those who are here. 6. (+) Onofre D. Corpuz, PhD, (2004) COMISO Professor, School of Economics - For Comiso, the publication rate for scientists in the President, University of the Philippines System, 1975-1979 Philippines are generally low compared with neighboring 7. (+) Alfredo V. Lagmay, PhD, (1988) countries. Professor and Head (1970-1976) Department of Psychology - He said there are many research results that are being Former College of Arts and Sciences presented in conferences, but the way to facilitate that 8. (+) Jose C. Encarnacion Jr., PhD, (1987) presentations into papers "is not there yet". Professor and Dean (1974-1994), UP School of Economics - Comiso also commented that the "bureaucratic 9. (+) Encarnacion A. Alzona, PhD, (1985) Professor, impediments" hinder researchers to acquire the tools and Department of History equipment they need on time. "This makes it sometimes College of Social Sciences and Philosophy impossible to get a proposed research program to be 10. Teodoro A. Agoncillo, PhD, (1983) completed on time," he lamented. Professor and head (1963-1969), Department of History DOST Secretary Fortunato dela Peña Former College of Arts and Sciences - Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Secretary 11. (+) Carmen C. Velasquez, PhD, (1983) Professor Fortunato dela Pena told the PNA on Thursday he will study Emeritus in Zoology these comments. Comiso mentioned that an increasing Former College of Arts and Sciences trend among Balik Scientists, saying that if this continues, it 12. (+) Gregorio T. Velasquez, PhD (1982) might surpass the target for this year. Professor Emeritus  Sese is an astrophysicist and an advocate of space OUTSTANDING YOUNG SCIENTISTS research and development. He is spearheading what could - According to NAST member and academician William be the Philippines' space research agency. Padolina, the country needs researchers to address various 8. Aletta Concepcion Yñiguez issues such as the growing population, planning and Assistant professor at the Marine Science Institute, UP implementing a sustainable inclusive economy, the Diliman challenges in carrying capacity, sustainable global Yñiguez's studies contributed significantly to improving the competitiveness, and the effects of environmental Philippine sardine industry and managing red tide. degradation and climate change. - Outstanding Young Scientists, Inc. (OYSI) president SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Merlyn Mendioro said the Philippines only has 189 scientists - Revolution-to change per million, whereas the ideal ratio is 380 per million - Universe Model by Nicolas Copernicus population. - Heliocentrism- earth is the center of of solar system EIGHT (8 )OF THE LEADING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS WHO - Law of Planetary Motion by Johanes Kepler- Planet is the MAKE US PROUD one who circle in the sun. - Aphelion- far from the sun 1. Lucille Abad - Perihelion- near in the sun Senior science research specialist and chief of the - Galileo Galilei- first inventor of telescope and pendulum Chemistry Research Section, Philippine Nuclear Research clock. Institute (PNRI) - 3 Motion by Isaac Newton She developed a plant vitamin – an effective plant growth Law of Inertia- no force, no motion promoter using irradiated seaweeds. This research has also Law of acceleration- distance over speed been recognized by the Japan-based Forum for Nuclear Law of interaction- action or force there is equal action Cooperation in Asia. - Law of Universal Gravitation by Isaac Newton 2. Phillip Alviola Curator at the Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines (UP) Los Baños Pre-colonial period- before 1521 Alviola helped develop methods to monitor biodiversity in Spanish regime- 1521 protected areas. He's been studying mammals, the diversity Amreican Regime- 1898 of cave-dwelling bats, and bat viruses, which earned him the Commonwealth period- 1935 moniker "Bat Man." Japanses Occupation- 1941 3. Nathaniel Hermosa II Period since independence- 1946 Associate professor at the National Institute of Physics, UP Diliman Physicist Hermosa's breakthrough research "twisted" light and "slowed" it down. 4. Mario Antonio Jiz II Senior science research specialist, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) Jiz significantly contributed to the study of schistosomiasis and the development of a vaccine against this disease. Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. 5. Lanndon Ocampo Associate professor, Cebu Technological University Ocampo developed guidelines for strategic sustainable practices in manufacturing companies. He significantly contributed to how industries could help address climate change. 6. Jeffrey Perez Supervising science research specialist, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) "Faultfinder" Perez contributed largely to the better understanding of fault lines and earthquakes in the Philippines. 7. Rogel Mari Sese Program leader, National Space Development Program