STS-LESSON2 PDF

Science, Technology and Society SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING BUIS, RAMA, RIVAS, RODRIGUEZ, TANJAY  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE- COLONIAL  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE-COLONIAL: AGRICULTURE Rice Terraces - The Ifugao people of the C...

Science, Technology and Society SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING BUIS, RAMA, RIVAS, RODRIGUEZ, TANJAY  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE- COLONIAL  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE-COLONIAL: AGRICULTURE Rice Terraces - The Ifugao people of the Cordilleras are known for their sophisticated rice terraces, which are considered an engineering marvel. The famous Banaue Rice Terraces demonstrates advanced knowledge of water irrigation and land management, allowing them to grow rice on steep mountains. Kaingin System - “Slash-and-burn” agriculture practiced by early Filipinos. It involved cutting down trees and burning vegetation to clear land for planting. It required extensive knowledge of the forest ecosystem to prevent damages to the environment.  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE-COLONIAL: MARITIME Boat Making - Surrounded by water, pre-colonial Filipinos were expert boat builders and sailors. Constructed various types of boats such as the “balangay”, a plank-built boat used for trade, fishing and warfare. The balangay demonstrated advanced knowledge in woodworking and seamanship, which allowed them to navigate the open seas. Navigation - Early Filipinos were skilled navigators who used the stars, ocean currents, and winds to guide their travels. They engaged in trade with neighboring regions such as China and Malay peninsula, indicating a deep understanding of maritime routes and trade winds.  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE-COLONIAL: MEDICINE Herbal Medicine - Traditional healers known as “Albularyo” or “Babaylan” played a central role in the community, using plants and herbs to treat various ailments. Healing Practices - Various forms of tradition healing were practiced, including use of rituals, chants, and spiritual interventions, reflecting a holistic understanding of health that combined physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE-COLONIAL: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Barangay System - Early Filipinos lived in small, independent communities, called barangays, each led by a chieftain known as a “datu“. Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut) - A traditional Filipino house that empathize early Filipino innovation in construction. It was designed to be sturdy, well- ventilated, and adaptable to tropical climate, with raised floors to protect against floods and pests. Goldsmithing - Early Filipinos were skilled in goldsmithing. Creating intricate jewelry, bead, and other ornaments, showcasing their craftmanship and knowledge of metallurgy.  PRE-COLONIAL: ASTRONOMY & TIMEKEEPING Science, Technology and Nation Building Lunar Calendar - Using a lunar calendar to mark time, with cycles based on the phases of the moon. This was crucial for determining planting seasons, religious rituals, and festivals. Star Navigation - Seafaring communities relied on the stars to guide their travels across the seas.  Science, Technology and Nation Building PRE-COLONIAL: SUMMARY The Philippines' history with science and technology began The Philippines' history with science even before the nation was freed from American colonial and technology began even before rule. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonists, the the nation was freed from indigenous people had their own customs and culture. They American colonial rule. Prior to the maintained their communities and way of life for many years thanks to their unique belief system and indigenous arrival of the Spanish colonists, the knowledge base. indigenous people had their own customs and culture. They Science became embedded in the people's way of life in the maintained their communities and pre-Spanish Philippines. way of life for many years thanks to their unique belief system and 1. How they cultivate the crops that give them food; 2. For producing food and tending to their animals to assist indigenous knowledge base. them in their everyday activities. 3. Science is seen in how people divide days into months and years and forecast seasons and climates based on how the heavenly bodies move. 4. They found out how to employ plants medicinally and utilized science to prepare the soil for farming.  Science, Technology and Nation Building COLONIAL PERIOD  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH COLONIZATION: 1565-1898 When colonizing the nation, the Spaniards carried their own culture and traditions with them. They established concepts of topics and disciplines and established schools. That was the beginning of formal science and technology in the currently referred to as the nation's school of science and technology.  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH PERIOD: AGRICULTURE New Crops and Farming Practices - The Spaniards introduced new crops such as corn, tobacco, cacao, and coffee. Under the Spanish rule, it also introduced the tobacco monopoly in 1782. Haciendas and Large-Scale Farming - Encomienda and hacienda systems focused on large-scale farming for export to Spain and other European markets. This led to the development of sugar, rice, and abaca plantations.  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH PERIOD: MEDICINE & HEALTH Hospitals and Healthcare - The Spanish built the first hospitals in the Philippines. Earliest known hospital was the “Hospital Real“ established in Cebu in 1565. As well as “San Juan de Dios“ Hospital in 1578. Herbal Medicine - Despite the introduction of European medicine, many Filipinos still used medicinal plants, but the Spanish friars blended them with their own practices.  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH PERIOD: EDUCATION & ENGINEERING Introduction to Education and Universities - The most notable institution built was University of Santo Tomas (UST) in 1611, the oldest existing university in Asia. UST became a center for higher education and introduced the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. which brought some scientific education to the Philippines. Church Construction and Spanish Architecture - Baroque Churches reflect advanced knowledge of engineering and architecture, blending Spanish styles with local techniques. These buildings were designed to withstand natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, which were common in the Philippines.  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH PERIOD: MARITIME & TRANSPORTATION Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade - One of the most important technological achievements in transportation during the Spanish period. 1565-1815, Spanish galleons, large sailing ships, carried goods such as silk, spices, and gold between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. This trade route was a critical connection between Spain and its colonies in Asia and the Americas.  Science, Technology and Nation Building SPANISH PERIOD: RISE OF FILIPINO INTELLECTUALS Ilustrados and Propaganda Movement - Including Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, were part of the Ilustrado class who pushed for political and social reforms. They emphasized education, scientific thinking, and technological progress as necessary for the nation’s advancement.  Science, Technology and Nation Building AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD  Science, Technology and Nation Building AMERICAN PERIOD: 1898-1946 EDUCATION Public Education System Establishment of Higher Education Institutions - University of the Philippines (1908) Normal Schools and Teacher Training - Philippine Normal University (1901) HEALTH AND MEDICINE Modern Medical Practices - Philippine General Hospital (1907) Public Health Campaigns - Campaigns to control diseases (cholera, smallpox, malaria) Nursing and Medical Education - Philippine Medical School (1905) integrated into UP College of Medicine (1910)  Science, Technology and Nation Building AMERICAN PERIOD: 1898-1946 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Roads and Transportation - Manila Railroad Company (now Philippine National Railways) Port and Harbor Development - Manila Harbor Telecommunication Systems - Bureau of Posts (1902) AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Agricultural Research - Bureau of Agriculture (1901) - UP Los Banos (1909)  Science, Technology and Nation Building AMERICAN PERIOD: 1898-1946 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTIONS National Research Council of the Philippines (1933) Manila Observatory (1865) Bureau of Science (1901) INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING Textile and Food Processing Industries Mining and Mineral Extraction Electric Power and Utilities SOCIAL IMPACT AND LEGACY Rise of Professional Class Nationalism and Modernization  Science, Technology and Nation Building POST- COLONIAL from philcsc  POST-COLONIAL: DECLINE AND RECOVERY Science, Technology and Nation Building Post-WWII Era, 1946-1950s National Research Council of the The devastation caused by World War II Philippines (NRCP), 1933 left the country with limited resources to Served as a platform for Filipino scientists invest in scientific research and to collaborate and contribute to the technological development. It focused on development of science and technology. reconstruction and economic recovery, which delated advancements in science Establishment of Philippine Science High and technology. School, 1964 Designed to nurture students who Science Act of 1958 (RA NO. 2067) excelled in science and mathematics, Promoting and coordinating scientific providing them with a specialized research and development in the education that would prepare them for country. It aimed to revitalize the careers in science and technology. country’s commitment to science and technology.  POST-COLONIAL: ORGANIZATIONS Science, Technology and Nation Building National Food Authority, 1972 Filipinnovation, 1986 Formerly known as National Grains Promoting innovation as a key driver of Authority (NGA), tasked with ensuring economic growth and development. food security, particularly in the Collaborate in fostering an environment production and distribution of grains like conductive to innovation. rice and corn. It contributed to the advancement of food production Department of Science and Technology, technologies in the Philippines. 1987 Formerly known as National Science and Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical Technology Authority (NSTA), elevated and Astronomical Services the status of science and technology in Administration (PAGASA), 1972 the government’s priorities, giving it a Established through Presidential Decree cabinet-level representation. Tasked to No. 78. The national weather agency. oversee the country’s scientific and technological initiatives.  POST-COLONIAL: ORGANIZATIONS Science, Technology and Nation Building National Science and Technology Science and Technology Master Plan, Authority, 1987 1990 Executive Order No. 128, a pivotal Long-term vision for the development of document that redefined the structure science and technology in the Philippines. and function of DOST with a mandate to Aimed to create a self-reliant, productive, lead the country’s science and and competitive economy by harnessing technology efforts. power of science and technology. Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology, 1989 Further bolster the country’s scientific and technological development. Assessing the state of science and technology in the Philippines and recommending policies to improve research, development, and innovation.  Science, Technology and Nation Building TEN OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS  Science, Technology and Nation Building TEN OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. 4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan  Science, Technology and Nation Building RAMON CABANOS BARBA He is well known for inventing floral induction in mango plants. The significance and effect of his findings, along with his self motivation to assist others, lead him to transform how mangoes and other crops are produced across the world, therefore improving the life of those who work in agriculture.  Science, Technology and Nation Building JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO His study has revealed the astouding rate at which arctic sea ice is melting. He was prominent figure in a global project to monitor the planet’s rapidly dwindling perennial sea ice cover, and he authored a report on the subject.  Science, Technology and Nation Building JOSE BEJAR CRUZ JR. He has made important contributions the theory and practice of automated control. His work in the 1970s and 1980s on the control of leader follower system is still considered one of the major contributions of the half century in the theory of hierachical control system. He was also named an officer of the renowed institute of electrical and electronics engineers.  Science, Technology and Nation Building LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ She is a filipino scientist whose work has advanced our understanding of the biochemistry of poisonous peptides derived from the venom of fish hunting conus marine snails.  Science, Technology and Nation Building FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT He is well known for his phytochemical study on lagundi development as part of the National Integrated Research Program on Medicinal Plants.  Science, Technology and Nation Building RAFAEL DINEROS GUERRERO III He was recognized for his contributions to the improvement of sex reversal and hatchery techniques, both of which help in the commercial production of high yielding market size fish.  Science, Technology and Nation Building ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JR. A neonatologist who has had a substantial influence on science and technology in the philippines through his pioneering work on detecting prenatal exposure to drugs, nicotine, alcohol, and environmental toxins through meconium analysis, a newborn’s first stools.  Science, Technology and Nation Building LILIAN FORMALEJO PATENA She is well known for discovering the seedless lime and pomelo varieties, as wel as doing plant biotechnology research.  Science, Technology and Nation Building MARI-JO PANGANIBAN RUIZ She is well known for her abilities as an educator and graph theorist.  Science, Technology and Nation Building GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN He has played a key role in the development of optoelectronic application in radar, optical networking, and analog systems.