Chapter 3 Science, Technology, and Nation-Building PDF

CHAPTER 3: Science, Technology, and Nation-building Chapter Introduction The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This cha...

CHAPTER 3: Science, Technology, and Nation-building Chapter Introduction The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This chapter tackles how the development of science and technology affect the development of the Philippines as a nation.  Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living; present government policies on science and technology and explain their importance to the nation; and discuss the role of science and technology in nation-building  Pre- Colonial Post Colonial Period Colonial Period Period  Agriculture and Engineering Medicine Tools and Technology Trade and Maritime Pre-Colonial Technology Period Writing System  Agriculture and Engineering RICE TERRACES ANIMAL HUSBANDRY BAHAY KUBO KAINGIN Rice Terraces: The Banaue Rice Terraces, often referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World," are a testament to the advanced farming techniques of pre-colonial Filipinos. These terraces were carved into the mountains by the Ifugao people and are still in use today. Swidden Agriculture: Also known as "kaingin" or "slash-and-burn" farming, this method involved clearing a piece of forest land by cutting and burning vegetation, then planting crops on the nutrient-rich soil. This technique was used to cultivate staple crops like rice, millet, bananas, and root crops. Water Systems: Pre-colonial Filipinos engineered intricate irrigation systems to support their agriculture. These systems included canals and waterways that efficiently distributed water to the rice terraces and other agricultural fields. House Construction: Traditional Filipino houses, known as "bahay kubo" or nipa huts, were ingeniously designed to withstand tropical weather. They were made from natural materials like bamboo, nipa leaves, and wood, and were elevated to protect against flooding and pests. These highlight the ingenuity and resourcefulness of pre- colonial Filipinos in both agriculture and engineering. Their sustainable practices and innovative techniques have left a lasting legacy on Philippine culture and society. MEDICINE Lagundi (Five-leaved chaste tree): Used to treat coughs, colds, and asthma. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera): Known for its diuretic properties, used to treat kidney stones and urinary tract infections. Tawa-tawa (Euphorbia hirta): Used to treat dengue fever and other fevers. Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa): Known for its anti-diabetic properties, used to manage blood sugar levels. Akapulko (Cassia alata): Used to treat skin diseases like ringworm and scabies. Bayabas (Psidium guajava): The leaves were used to treat wounds and infections due to their antiseptic properties. The leaves and bark were used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Source: "Traditional Filipino Healing Practices: A Historical Overview" by Amiel Pineda. Source: "Ethnobotanical documentation of medicinal plants used by the Ati tribe in Malay, Aklan, Philippines" by Cecilia Salugta Cordero et al.  TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY Stone Tools 1.Arubo Hand Axe: Found in Nueva Ecija, this hand axe is an example of Paleolithic stone tools used for hunting and gathering. 2.Polished Adzes: These were developed during the Neolithic period and were used for cultivating land. They were made from stone and polished for better efficiency. 3.Flake Tools and Cobble Tools: Found in various archaeological sites, these tools were used for various subsistence activities. Metal Works 4.Copper and Bronze Tools: During the Metal Age (500 BCE to 1000 CE), Filipinos used copper and bronze to make tools like adzes, spearheads, and arrowheads. 2.Gold Ornaments: Gold was commonly used to make ornaments, reflecting the increasing complexity of life in the islands. 3.Socketed Blades: Found in Palawan, these blades were used for hunting and other purposes.  BALA-RAO DAGGER BASTON or ESKRIMA ARUBO HAND AXE STICK KAMPILA KARAMBI TRANSPORTATI ON The most commonly used mode of transportation for the indigenous population was the “banwa,” a small boat used for fishing and traveling between islands. The “paraw” was another common boat used for transportation, particularly for trade and commerce. On land, the ancient Filipinos used the “karit” (a horse-drawn cart) and the “sakayan” (a horse-drawn carriage) for transportation. They also used the “kalanduyan,” a type of long-distance foot travel, to travel between villages and towns. The indigenous population also used the “taklong,” a type of raft made of bamboo, to transport goods such as rice and other crops across rivers and other bodies of water. Overall, pre-colonial transportation in the Philippines was primarily based on the use of water and land, with a reliance on human and animal power. These modes of transportation were essential to the daily lives of the indigenous population, allowing them to travel for trade, commerce, and WRITING SYSTEM BAYBAYI N  SUMMAR Y PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime. A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the Innovative and ingenious way of  SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD Colonial Period  SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD INTRODUCTION OF FORMAL EDUCATION: The Spanish colonizers established schools and universities, such as the University of Santo Tomas, which is one of the oldest universities in Asia. This laid the foundation for formal education and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. HEALTHCARE AND MEDICINE: The Spaniards introduced Western medicine and built hospitals, which improved healthcare and medical practices in the Philippines. AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENTS: The Spanish introduced new crops and farming techniques, which enhanced agricultural productivity. They also established botanical gardens for the study of plants. (Tobacco, Sugarcane, Coffee, Cacao, and Pineapples) INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: The construction of roads, bridges, and ports facilitated trade and communication, contributing to the economic development of the country  AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS: The Americans established the Bureau of Science, which conducted research in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, and natural sciences. This institution played a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge in the Philippines. PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES: The American colonial government implemented public health programs to combat diseases such as cholera and malaria. They also introduced sanitation and hygiene practices. EDUCATIONAL REFORMS: The Americans reformed the educational system, emphasizing science and technology. They established public schools and vocational institutions to train Filipinos in various technical skills. INDUSTRIALIZATION: The American period saw the introduction of new industries and technologies, which contributed to the economic growth and modernization of the Philippines SUMMAR YCOLONIAL PERIOD Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class. The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology.  After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda. Post However, it is important to note Colonial than some Philippine presidents posted more  One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened, including; the Philippine Atmospheric The late former Geophysical and Astronomical President Ferdinand Marcos Services Administration (PAGASA) in Sr. place of the abolished Weather Marcos saw that the key to Bureau; nation-building is the continued the National Academy of Science development of science and and Technology (NAST); and technology. the reconstituted National Science The progress in science and and Technology Authority (originally technology continued even after established in 1958 as the National his dictatorial rule and the Science and Development Board and now the Department of Science  Chapter Reflection 1. Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial times up to the present. What have you observed? 2. What do you think are the major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building? 3. What specific government policy do you like the most in terms of contributing to the development of science and technology in the Philippines? 4. What do you think are the major contributions of the Philippines to the field at present? 5. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future?  GROUP ACTIVITY 1: Cory Fidel Joseph Gloria Benigno Rodrigo Aquino Ramos Estrada Macapagal-Arroyo Simeon Duterte Aquino III Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology under the assigned administration and trace how they helped shape the Philippines as a nation. Show your findings to class through a 5- to 10-minute creative video presentation. REFERENC ES https://www.mybalitz.com/blog/2021/11/24/is-there-proo f-of-metallurgical-craft-in-pre-colonial-philippines/?form= MG0AV3 https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our-collections/arch aeology/tools/?form=MG0AV3 https://secret-ph.com/the-evolution-of-transportation-in-t he-philippines-a-history/ Science, Technology, and Society published by Daniel Joseph McNamara, SJ Vida Mia Valverde Ramon Beleno III; C&E Publishing, Inc. 2018