Science, Technology and Nation-Building Lecture PDF

Chapter 3 Science, Technology and Nation- Building PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD COLONIAL PERIOD POST- COLONIAL PERIOD  1. explain how early Filipinos applied...

Chapter 3 Science, Technology and Nation- Building PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD COLONIAL PERIOD POST- COLONIAL PERIOD  1. explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living; 2. present government Objectives: policies on science and technology and explain their importance to the nation 3. discuss the role of science and technology in nation- building. Pre- Colonial Period Early inhabitants of the Philippine Islands There were indications that people in the Philippine islands were relatively self-sufficient and had established autonomous communities long before the Spaniards arrived. The early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level of technological development, compared with those of the Chinese and Japanese, but this was sufficient for their needs during that period of time. Source: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the- philippines_pdf  S&T in the Philippines: A Glimpse Archaeologic 50000 YA 10-15 AD – trade al findings Stone age and business with revealed inhabitants in major China, Borneo existence of areas made tools, scattered weapons and later, communities ornaments and even before pottery (2 to 10 AD) Spanish colonization the Led to Modern S&T, era “uneven Spaniards governance, technological came education (UST)…. developments” – Science Act of artillery, farming, 1958…leading houses, system of Read more at : https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the- to birth of philippines_pdf writing and weighing 1.a STONE AGE IN PHILIPPINES Philippine islands probably formed Earliest people in the Philippines reported by Detroit et al. 2019 probably belonged to 70MYA the hominin species Homo luzonensis , about Earliest people in the 67000yo. Watch the video in this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJtjKwV. Philippines GBzs! ~750,000 YA (Pleistocene Epoch) stone tools and fossils of large migrating animals such as elephants, stegodons, rhinoceros, and giant turtles found in Palawan and Cagayan Valley. Humans led a mobile existence, hunting and gathering, living in caves, and using fire and stone Stone Age Tools found in the Philippines Stone adze, 0.9MYO (Paleolithic ) Stone adzes found in Arku Cave, in Penablanca, Cagayan; Duyung Cave in Palawan; Dimolit, Isabela; and Candaba, Pampanga The oldest known ornaments made from cone shells were found in the early 1960’s in the grave of an adult male in Duyong Cave in Palawan. A shell disk with a hole in Flake tool the center was found next to his (Paleolithic ) right ear and a disk with a hole by the edge was found on his chest. Recovered from the Espinosa Ranch The shell ornaments were dated Site, Cagayan www.nationalmuseum.go 4854 B.C. 16000-8000 BC v.ph Petroglyp hs The earliest prehistoric rock drawings studied extensively were those found at the boundary of Angono and Binangonan, Rizal Province. The site is a rock shelter or a shallow cave about 63 meters wide, 8 meters deep and 5 meters at its highest point. One hundred twenty seven human figures scattered on the wall were made by engraving lines using a piece of stone on the surface of the rock shelter. The cuts vary from ten centimeters down to faint lines figures. The figures consist of circular heads, with or without necks set on a rectangular or v-shaped body. The linear arms and legs are usually flexed. Some incisions on the rock wall are triangles, rectangles and circles. Rock art is closely linked with a system of belief of a particular group of people. It is symbolic, not decorative. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph  1b. Iron Age According to Dizon (1988), probably between ca. 500-200 B.C. iron supplied by Chinese traders in exchange for forest products, gold, salt, beads, etc. and that local blacksmiths processed iron for agriculture and household implements. Surpluses were traded to other groups, promoting the continuous diffusion of iron. No standardized manufacturing, small scale Dizon, Eusebio Zamora, "An Iron Age in the Philippines? A critical examination" (1988). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI8816166. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8816166 1c. Chalcolithic Age/Metal Age 500 BC-AD 1000 “In the northern Philippines a suggestion of what could be the oldest sign of metal in this country appeared in the Musang Cave in Cagayan.This was a brass needle tenuously dated about 2000 B.C. In Palawan bronze tools, glass beads and bracelets and gold beads were dug up in the Duyong, Uyaw and Guri Caves. Duyong Cave is dated between 300 to 500 B.C. while Guri between 100 to 200 years B.C. Uyaw Cave contained jar burials with bronze adzes and spears, and was as old as the Duyong Cave. By this time the use of metals is already widespread in the old world and mainland of Asia. But its first appearance in these islands marked the beginning of a new set of changes that again altered the lifeways of the people and made the pace of life much faster than the previous ones.” Read more about the metal age in the Philippines at https://ncca.gov.ph/about- culture-and- arts/culture-profile/prehistory-of-the-philippines/the-appearance-of- metal/ Chalcolithic Age/Metal Age gold, bronze, brass and copper in the form of ornamental beads, and tools like adzes and spearheads bronze appeared only very briefly so that unlike other places of the world, there is no period in this country that can be said to be “Bronze Age Inhabitants of the archipelago learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and dike fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in Illustration of boats used for mountain regions. trading in the metal age They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built 11 warships called caracoa suited for interisland Evidence of a metal age in Southern Mindanao Read more from “Archaeological Investigation of “The archaeological excavations [in Sagel Cave Sagel Cave, located within Barangay at Maitum, Sarangani Province, Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province] Southern Mindanao, Philippines”. revealed a Metal Age (ca. 500 BC – 500 AD) non-anthropomorphic jar burial of an adult, possibly male, associated with an iron knife and a bead made from fossilised shell. This Sagel Cave jar burial enhances the already rich prehistoric jar burial tradition of Southern Mindanao and raises further questions on the development of the jar burial traditions of Island Southeast Asia Cuevasand de Leon (undated) Hukay Volume Opening of Sagel Cave, heavily guarded and the likely existence of complex 13, pp. 1-24 Metal Age communities in Southern 1 6 Mindanao.  RICE TERRACES OF CORDILLERA Banaue rice terraces- system of irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of north-central Luzon, Philippines, that were created more than 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people. The terraces are irrigated by water from catchment areas in the rainforests above it. It is said that the terraces is one of the most spectacular engineering feats to have been accomplished in the ancient world. If all the terraces were put end to end, they would equal to half the circumference of the earth.  Pre – Colonial Form of Government The Filipinos lived in settlements called barangays before the colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards. As the unit of government, a barangay consisted from 30 to 100 families. It was headed by a datu and was independent from the other group. Usually, several barangays settled near each other to help one another in case of war or any emergency. Pre- Colonial Period systems of farming, animal - raising were implemented -early Filipino settlers used plants and herbs for medicines -modes of transportation (whether terrestrial or maritime) COLONIAL The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the archipelago. PERIOD The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. COLONIAL HOUSES In this era, the nipa hut or Bahay Kubo gave way to the (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. NIPA HUT The Nipa hut is also known as bahay kubo. Is an indigenous house used in the Philippines The native house has traditionally been constructed with bamboo tied together and covered with a thatched roof using nipa/anahaw leaves. Philippine culture as it represents the Filipino value of BAYANIHAN, which refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective.  BUILDINGS THAT WERE BUILT DURING COLONIAL SPANISH BAHAY NA BATO The Colonian Filipino House, is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. INTRAMUROS Intramuros was considered Manila itself. Located along the southern bank of the Pasig River. was built by the Spaniards in the 16th century and is the oldest district of the city of Manila. Its name, taken from the Latin, intra muros "Within the walls", meaning within the wall enclosure of the city/fortress also describes its structure as it is surrounded by thick, high walls and moats. PACO PARK was once a cemetery during the Spanish period. The cemetery stopped interment and burial in 1912 (don’t know why) and in 1966 it was converted into a national park. This beautiful chapel was built inside the walls of the Paco Park and it was dedicated to St. Pancratius. SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH This is a Roman Catholic church. located inside the historic walled city of Intramuros in Manila. EDUCATION IN SPANISH ERA Education was “religion centered” Formal education system. Primary level to the tertiary level of education. The school focused on the Christian Doctrines. There was a separate school for boys and girls  Colegio de San Ignacio The first college school for the boys. It was established by the Jesuits headed by Fr. Antonio Sedeño It was built in SCHOOL FOR THE Manila in 1589 BOYS SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Colegio de Santa Potenciana Santa Potenciana College or Colegio de Santa Potenciana was the first school for girls It was established in 1589 in the Philippines. It was intended to provide shelter for the orphans of the military EFFECTS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES The friars influences from their lessons based on the Christian Doctrines or teaching. Education during the Spanish regime was privileged only to Spanish students Several educated Filippinos referred to as ilustrados may consider one of the major effects of education in the Philippines.  Post- Colonial Period After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines under different administrations continued to pursue programs in science and technology  When the Spaniards came to the islands in the 15th century, industries such as mining, agriculture, fishing and pottery were already in place and contacts with other Asian nations had been long established.  Presidents of the Philippines who contributed to Science and Technology: Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) REPUBLIC ACT NO. 766 created an office to be known as the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL) Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) National Science Development Board (NSDB), the government’s arm on all science matters. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) RA 3850 also known as "Philippine Inventors Incentives Act" Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1972) (1972-1986) Under his presidency, NSDB was renamed the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA). Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Executive Order 784 COMVOL was restructured and renamed Philippine Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLC) and Corazon Aquino (1986- 1992) During her presidency, NSTA was renamed the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Investors and Invention Incentives Act (RA 7459) (1992-1998) Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687). "Doctors to the Barrio Program." Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) DOST initiated a Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND Philippines 2000). The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) Three additional support industries  Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) RA 10601 covers research, development, and extension (RDE) Read more at: http://dost.gov.ph/10-transparency/about-dost/9-the-dost- in-brief.html PH S&T AGENDA DOST-PCAARRD  The life of all Filipinos in 2040: Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag na Buhay  PH S&T AGENDA Reduci ng Enhancing inequal Increasing the social ity potential fabric growth Something to Ponder on: Dr. Allan Soriano, OYM, Mapua University Technology MUST have an intended purpose or use in a commercial scale.