Science, Technology, and Society, PDF

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO interest to the scientists or SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY practitioner 2) Formulation of some sort of SCIENCE i...

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO interest to the scientists or SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY practitioner 2) Formulation of some sort of SCIENCE intellectual construct- a guess or - System of knowledge of the natural world hypothesis or theory explain the gained through the scientific method. aspect, problem, question or - Primarily interested in the acquisition of phenomenon knowledge. 3) Application of the construct to the - Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting aspect, problem, question or in new knowledge usually disseminated phenomenon. through science papers. 4) Assessment, evaluation or analysis of - Science is a kind of human cultural activity the adequacy of fit, compatibility or which is practiced by people known as appropriateness of the construct to scientist and formerly called natural the aspect, problem, question or philosophers and savants. phenomenon - Science is complex system of people, skills, 5) Acceptance, adoption modification or facilities, knowledge, material or physical rejection of the construct base on the resources and technologies devoted and application and assessment, directed to the inquiry into and understanding evaluation or analysis. of the natural world. TECHNOLOGY - Science as a modern science is the dynamic cumulative inquiry into nature using the - Comes from Greek words tekhne meaning scientific method. “art or craft” and logia meaning a ‘subject or Deals with the natural world. interest”. - Practical application of knowledge Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in the - Science of industrial arts and manufacture natural world. - Material products or result of human Focuses on Research fabrication and making. Discovering natural phenomena - A kind of human cultural activity or endeavor (knowledge) which is practiced by people called technologist which include engineers, craftsmen and machinists. - A complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, organization, facilities, materials, physical resources devoted and directed to the research, development, production as well operation of a new or improved product, process or services in a reproducible way. - Is concerned with the know-how resulting in a new product or process distributed for SCIENCE PROCESSES: commercial consumption or appropriated through patents. 1) Identification of an aspect, problem, question or phenomenon of nature of Deals with how humans modify, change, alter or control the natural world. repair, maintain, reproduce and Concerned with what can be or should be improve living systems designed, made or developed from natural 6) MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY- world and substances to satisfy human Planning, organization, coordination needs and wants. and control of social activities Focuses on Development ( involves CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY BASED transforming research findings into prototype ON A COUNTRY’S LEVEL OF inventions of new materials, devices and TECHNOLOGICAL SOPHISTICATION: processes ) and Innovation ( involves commercialization of prototype inventions of 1) FIRST WAVE TECHNOLOGY- Research and Development into marketable Agricultural Age- comprising the pre- products or processes.) industrial technologies which are labor-intensive, small-scale, Inventing new or better tools and materials decentralized and based on empirical TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES: rather than scientific knowledge 2) SECOND WAVE TECHNOLOGY- 1) Identification of a specific need, comprising the industrial desire or opportunity to be satisfied of technologies which were developed interest to the practitioner or since the time of industrial revolution technologist until the end of World War II. These 2) Conceptualization of design or plan to are usually capital- intensive satisfy the need or opportunity technologies and are essentially 3) Production or execution of plan or based on the classical principles of design classical physics, chemistry and 4) The use of phase biology 3) THIRD WAVE TECHNOLOGY- TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY: comprising the post-industrial or the 1) MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY- extraction, high technologies which are called fabrication, processing, combination science-intensive since they are and synthesis of materials based on the modern scientific 2) EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY- design knowledge of the structures, and fabrication of tools, instruments, properties and interaction of devices and machines molecules, atoms and nuclei 3) ENERGY TECHNOLOGY- deals with SOCIETY the distribution of various forms of energy such as solar panels, wind - an organized group of people turbines and hydrothermal associated as members of a 4) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY- based community. on machines that collect, store, - people in general thought of as living process, retrieve, transmit and together in organized communities utilize data or information with shared laws, traditions and 5) LIFE TECHNOLOGY- these are values. devices, medicines, procedures and systems designed to preserve, EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE:  1) HUNTER AND GATHERER- the most 5) Measuring primitive of all societies 6) Making inference 2) SHIFTING AND FARMING- slash and HYPOTHESIS vs. THEORY burn farming 3) AGRICULTURAL AND MINING- both HYPOTHESIS- never really proven ( di tapos ) depend on the natural resources of the world to sustain the needs of THEORY- to explain natural phenomenon people but both entail the risk of HYPOTHESIS TESTING- takes the form of environmental damage experimental or comparative method. 4) MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING- use of coal marked RESEARCH- process of acquiring new the start of industrialization knowledge 5) SYNTHESIZING AND RECYCLING- TYPES OF RESEARCH: production of synthetic food and other resources and recycling of FUNDAMENTAL/BASIC RESEARCH: nonrenewable resources. gaining new knowledge APPLIED: practical application MISSION-ORIENTED: accomplishing SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY ( Scientific Method )- a particular mission or technological process that is used to solve everyday objective problems or questions. IN BIOLOGY: LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 1) Observation ( Observations and Research your topic of interest ) ANCIENT TIMES 2) Hypothesis Formation ( predict a 1) SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION possible answer to the problem or CUNEIFORM- a set of word pictures question. It should answer the original depicted in symbols made of question and should testable ) triangular marks. 3) Hypothesis Testing ( develop and SEXAGESIMAL- using the number 60 follow a procedure ) as base, system of counting and a 4) Data Analysis ( modify the procedure form of place notation if needed; confirm the results by ZIGGURATS- Mountain of god, served testing; includes table, graph and as the sacred place of their chief god photograph ) Potter’s wheel. 5) Acceptance/Rejection of the Wheeled vehicle made of solid Analysis ( state that accepts or wooden wheels on axles now rejects the hypothesis ) regarded as the greatest SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES: mechanical invention of all time. MATERIA MEDICA -made up of 1) Observing assorted botanical, zoological and 2) Describing mineralogical ingredients. 3) Comparing seed plow 4) Classifying  sail boat 3) EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION- Egypt- intricate system of canals, dikes and located in the Northeastern part of reservoir. the African continent, a desert the City of Uruk- a great wonder not country thriving on an agricultural only because it is considered to be economy the first true city in the world The Egyptian writing was in the form Divided the circle into 360 degrees. of pictorial symbols known as Developed advances mathematical hieroglyphics, representing individual functions to permit accurately plot objects or actions. and forecast. They wrote with ink and brushes on Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for paper made of papyrus reeds. practical mathematical and Ancient Egyptians studies the observational purposes. heavens to record time, calculate Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest distances/directions, forecast the surviving law in the world. It is the seasons and predict annual flooding earliest existing legal text of the Nile river. Fabrication of copper The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on their observations of the 2) BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION regular appearance and - ancient region bordering the Tigris and disappearance of Sirius the brightest Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq star in their horizon which coincide Nebuchadnezzar ordered the with the annual rise and fall of the Nile construction of the famous “Hanging river. Gardens of Babylon” and the Isthar Another calendar was based on the Gate. phases of the moon, consisting of 29 They adopted the Sumerian and ½ days. sexagesimal system of counting in The first 365-day calendar was units, Ziggurat and cuneiform. possibly devised by IMHOTEP. Their measurements made use of They calculated the time by means of fractions, squares and square roots. waterclock- a conical earthen vessel book-keeping, a simple but adequate with hours equally marked off on the system of double-entry accounting. inside and spout at the bottom. Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope Nobles, men and women wore wigs, Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. they used a variety of preparations for Jewelry making originated from the the hair such as henna. Babylonians They used tweezers and razors to Code of Hammurabi remove unwanted body hair. The Babylonian Map of the World- Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, first map perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around the eyes to prevent Astrology, the science of studying the or even cure eye diseases. position of celestial bodies. They built pyramids such as Pyramid of Sakkara as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and Pyramid of Khufu or  Cheofs and Great sphinx- a stone Transition from the Bronze Age to Iton statue with a king;s head and a lion’s Age. boy to guard the pharaoh’s tomb.. They designed various mathematical The ancient Egyptians knowledge of models and mechanical systems to human anatomy, physiology and explain the planetary motions and medical plants enabled them to mechanical systems to explain the master the art and science of planetary positions and movements embalming the dead. on geometrical determinations and From the Hyksos, they learned logical deductions. military technology and system- horse Ancient Greeks invented the alarm driven light war chariots manned by clock- used large complicated warriors armed with bows, bronze mechanisms to time the alarm. swords and lances. They made use of water ( or The Egyptians invented and used sometimes small stones or sand). many simple machines such as ramp That dropped into drums which and lever, to aid construction sounded the alarm. processes. Watermills were also considered as They used rope trusses to stiffen the one of the most important beam of ships contributions of the Greek In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse civilization to the world. They were technology was developed, the most commonly used in agricultural famous example being the Lighthouse processes like milling of grains of Alexandria- a port for the ships that which was a necessary form of food traded the goods manufactured in processing. Egypt or imported in Egypt. Greek Philosophers: Library of Alexandria Galen made the first steps for the Obelisks and pillars advancement of the science of anatomy. Hippocrates- “Father of Greek 4) GREEK CIVILIZATION Medicine” First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion. He Greece is an archipelago in the taught that diseases have natural Southeastern part of Europe causes and that somehow the human Known as the birthplace of western body is capable of healing or repairing philosophy itself. Some of the major achievements of According to Empedocles nature the greeks include in-depth works on was a mixture of four elements: earth, philosophy and mathematics fire, air and water. Their wise men were the first to Thales of Miletus- Father of systematically separate scientific Philosophy, taught that nature was ideas from superstition and stressed composed of or convertible into the logical development of general water. principles or theories about natural Anaxagoras- argued that matter was phenomena. composed of countless tiny particles,  each made of dominant substances They constructed the Pantheon as such as water mixed with other one of the world’s greatest domed random substances. buildings and Colosseum, Rome’s Aristotle- proved the importance of stage for individual gladiatorial critical observation and systematic contest which held 50,000 means to identify and classify spectators. organisms. Chariot races and gladiatorial fights Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid- were held at Rome’s principal perfected geometry, as a single stadium, the Circus Maximus, logical system. which accommodated some 300,000 Archimedes- performed experiments people. which led him to discover the laws of Roman government were able to lever and the pulley. – invented the implement major projects such as science of hydrostatics- large churches (cathedrals measurement and use of water- and basilicas), aqueducts, power.- made planetarium powered amphitheaters and even residential by water to demonstrate the houses. movements of the sun and planets Vitruvius first described the odometer around the stationary earth. as being used for measuring distance - discovered the concept of gravity around 27BC, but evidence points Ptolemy- wrote the Almagest, towards Archimedes of Syracuse as wherein he presented his ideas and its inventor. summarized those of the earlier Greek Anaximander was one of the first astronomers about the universe. - pioneer cartographers to create a postulated the geocentric theory of map of the world. the universe Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian Gods 5) ROMAN CIVILIZATION The Roman Empire was perceived to 6) ARABIC / ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION be the strongest political and social Arabia is a rocky peninsula in entity in the west Southwestern Asia. Considered to be the cradle of politics The most influential Muslim and governance intellectual contribution to the One of the major contributions of the modern world was their synthesis of Romans is the newspaper- Gazettes- the scientific and technological contained announcements of the knowledge they learned from and Roman Empire to the people, made transmitted to the various cultures metal or stone tablets and then they encountered. publicly displayed. They introduced the Arabic system of The ancient Roman Empire was able numbers to produce the first books or codex. The Arabs interest in the They introduced the Roman numeral. pseudoscience of alchemy encouraged them to mix and  manipulate chemical elements and believed to be connected with the conduct experiments to transform visceral organs causing the pain. base metals into gold. They invented the “earthquake They were the first to use glass lens weathercock” to detect earthquake for magnification occurrence First to manufacture the black The use of toilet paper was also powder traced in China back to the sixth They produced the first gun- a century. bamboo tube reinforced with iron that Development of calligraphy, water used a charge of black powder to color, painting and block printing were shoot an arrow. invented. The first movable type printer made form pottery was developed by Pi Sheng. 7) CHINESE CIVILIZATION Chinese had an outstanding Considered to be the oldest contributions such as the invention of civilization in Asia gunpowder, a naturally magnetic iron Known as the middle kingdom, ore used to magnetize a floating located on the far east of Asia needle (prototype of the magnetic People learned the technology of silk needle in compass) to indicate production location, the use of coal as fuel, water The outstanding contribution of the wheel, the wheelbarrow, and the Shang included the creation of flexible bamboo pole that speedily magnificent bronze vessels, discovery enchanted the transport of heavy of lacquer, the development of the loads, the technology of copper horse-drawn war chariots and the coinage, the artistry of wallpaper and first known Chinese writing which was porcelain. discovered incised on flat shoulder Tea production was developed. bones of cattle or on tortoises shells called “oracle bone”. 8) INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION Chopsticks came into use. India- mainly in the Northwestern They invented the escapement, the regions of South Asia. basic device used to regulate clocks. Considered the most remarkable They constructed the Great Wall of accomplishment of the Indus China and the great palace of the first civilization was the construction emperor. layout of its cities which featured The Chinese had one of the most water wells (that piped water supply) advanced systems of pharmacology- bathrooms and wastepipe or drains in discovery of healing drugs and herbs. nearly every house. They also practice apothecaries and They excelled particularly in medicine acupuncture- was used to treat and mathematics. illnesses or pain by pricking the Traditional Indian medication had a patient’s body with needles at points very extensive pharmacopoeia and  varieties of herbal remedies and The period from 450 AD-1450 AD drugs. Period of history between Ancient Indian surgeons successfully times and Modern times performed various operations like Divided into the so called Dark Ages repair of broken limbs, complicated and the High Middle Age bone setting, amputation, plastic Age of Exploration surgery and Caesarian section. Start of the middle ages was marked They introduced the negative and by massive invasions and migrations positive quantities, square and cube Islamic world had become a roots, quadratic equations, civilization of colossal expansive and mathematical implications of zero had imposed a unity of religion and and infinity and value of pi up culture on much of southwest asia to nine decimal places. and north Africa. They also developed the steps in sine functions, spherical geometry and TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES DURING calculus THE MIDDLE AGES: Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first 1) PRINTING PRESS- After the Chinese, iron pillar. Johann Gutenberg developed a more Stupa was used as commemorative reliable and way of printing using a monument associated with storing cast type. Gutenberg utilized wooden sacred relics. machines that extracted juices from Great technology was needed in the fruits, attached to them a metal fields of weaponry, navigation, mass impression of the letters, and pressed food and farm production, and health. firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an extract 9) PERSIAN CIVILIZATION impression on paper. Introduced of a uniform system of 2) GUNPOWDER AND CANON- gold and silver coinage appeared around the 9th century A.D, The first regular postal system in the followed by vigorous development world of explosive weapons from 1040 A.D Taxation system, an important about three centuries before it component of the Achaemenid state appeared in Europe. From fire-lance administration using a rocket combination and Qanat is a gently sloping underground bamboo tube as close combat channel that carries water from an weapon, all barrier guns and cannon aquifer or water well to house and were constructed at the beginning of fields. It is used for drinking water and the 12th century A.D irrigation of corps 3) WATER MILL- it was an integral part of Sulfuric acid was first discovered by the feudal economy. By using suitable Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al- mechanism, its rotary motion could Razi be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power 4) WINDMILL- used primarily for MEDIEVAL TIMES blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging  iron, sawing, weaving and they could attack the enemies at long threshing ranges, keeping themselves safe with 5) MECHANICAL CLOCK- tells time the protection of wall and fortresses. using gears driven by weights that pull Soldiers wear body armors and the gears at the right pace chainmail to protect themselves 6) HORSE HARNESS & HORSE SHOE- e 12) Lenses with spectacles- The allowed the horse to increase its” discovery of lenses resulted in the attractive” effort five times and for invention of spectacles in Italy protection. This innovation came from around 1350 A.D. This gave impetus the 7th century A.D china reaching to the study of light or optics. Europe early in the eleventh century, Grosseteste, Dietrich and resulting in the horse taking the place Roger Bacon explained how a lens of oxen at the plough. In addition, the could focus light rays and magnify introduction of the horses’ modes put things. The demand for spectacles the horse on the road for pack and gave rise to lens grinding/trading and wagon spectacle-makers. 7) DISTILLATION AND ALCOHOL- the 13) The sternpost rudder apparently first preparation of strong spirits of came also from China. This led to the wine was made in Europe in the development of the sail that could be 12th century. As the distillation of adjusted such that ship voyages could perfumes and oil was already known, be made in rougher weather. alcohol was probably produced by 14) Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the accident in the course of some ability of a natural magnet to show medical preparation direction was known o the Chinese 8) UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOLASTICS- several centuries ago or about sixth By the twelfth century, these schools century A.D before it passed to the swelled to become universities with West or Europe. set of courses and teaching the seven 15) Flying Buttress- one of the liberal arts, philosophy and theology. architectural innovations associated The first and most famous of these with Gothic churches. This allowed was the University of Paris in 1160. In buildings to have much higher ceilings the eleventh century A.D, medical and larger windows. school had been existence in Salermo 16) Library of Malatesta Novello in 9) Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain Cesena- considered to be first ever suspension bridges, segmental arch public library in the world structures were built 17) Coffee House became popular in 10) Canon of Medicine- authored by Arabic and Ottoman lands Avicenna, an Arab physician. It RENAISSANCE ( 14TH – 16TH CENTURY ) contained a good summary of the period’s medical knowledge and The period of rebirth accurate descriptions of meningitis, Beginning of the cultural movement tetanus and other diseases Rediscovery of ancient texts was 11) War Weapons such as cross bows, accelerated after the fall of long bows was developed so that Constantinople in 1453.  Technology for printing books was kill the harmful bacteria that allow regarded as the most important them to spoil faster invention that facilitated Petroleum Refinery- is widely used dissemination of knowledge and new in powering automobiles, factories, ideas. and power plants. Kerosene was referred to as the “illuminating oil” Paracelsus- an alchemist and because it was used at first to provide physician of the Renaissance. lighting homes. It was invented by Medieval alchemists worked with two Samuel M. Kier main elements: Sulphur and mercury. Telephone- invented by Alexander The astronomy was based on Graham Bell, a way to easily maintain geocentric model (earth-centered) connection and communication with described by Claudius Ptolemy. each other in real time Nicolas Copernicus published “On Calculator- a faster way to compute the Revolutions of the Heavenly more complicated equations. Spheres”. Electricity- the heart of many Andreas Vesalius described the modern technologies, is the set of anatomy of the brain’s function. He physical phenomena associated with wrote the book “On the Fabric of the presence and motion of electric charge Human Body” Electric power- where electric MODERN TIMES current is used to energize equipment. - The booming world population during Electronics- which deals with the nineteenth century onwards electrical circuits that involve active demanded that more goods be electrical components such as produced at a faster rate. People vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes needed efficient means of and integrated circuits, and transportation to trade more goods associated passive interconnection and cover a larger distance. Machines technologies. that required animals to operate must Smartwatches- a variation of regular thus be upgraded. Faster and easier watches but coming with a whole means to communicate and compute bunch of features as should be developed to established your smartphone. connections between and among Robotics- is an interdisciplinary nations. All these needs resulted in branch of engineering and science the development of industries. that includes mechanical However, due to massive engineering, electronics engineering, industrialization, the modern times computer science and others. It deals again faced more complicated with the design, construction, problems. Food processing and operation and use of robots, as well medicine posed some of the bigger as computer systems for their challenges since health was of great control, sensory feedback and concern. information processing. Pasteurization- invented by Louis Incandescent light bulb- is an Pasteur, a French biologist, electric light with a wire filament microbiologist and chemist, the heated to such a high temperature process of heating dairy products to  that it glows with visible light applications of the World Wide Web (incandescence). It is widely used in (WWW). Electronic mail, telephony household and commercial lighting, and file sharing for portable lighting such as table Television- is a telecommunication lamps, car headlamps and flashlights medium used for transmitting moving and for decorative and advertising images in monochrome (black and lighting. white) or in color, and in two or three Airplane- is a powered fixed-wing dimensions and sound. It is a mass aircraft that is propelled by thrust medium for advertising, from a jet engine, propeller or rocket entertainment and news. engine. The Wright brothers invented Veterinary medicine was for the first and flew the first airplane in 1903, time, truly separated from human recognized as “the first sustained and medicine in 1761, when French controlled heavier-than-air powered Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat flight. It is used to transport parcels founded the world’s first veterinary as well as people to other side of the school in Lyon, France world in less than a day or weeks. Penicillin- discovered by Alexander Computer- is a device that can be Fleming in September 1928, marks instructed to carry out sequences of the start of modern antibiotics. arithmetic or logical operations Genomics- is an interdisciplinary field automatically via computer of science focusing on the structure, programming. It is also used as function, evolution, mapping and control systems for a wide variety of editing of genomes- is an organism’s industrial and consumer devices. complete set of DNA, including all Charles Babbage, an English of its genes. mechanical engineer and polymath, Biotechnology- is the broad area of originated the concept of a science involving living systems and programmable computer. organisms to develop or make Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash products, or any technological drive- also known as thumb drive application that uses biological pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick, systems, living organisms or jump drive, disk key, disk on key- is a derivatives thereof, to make or modify data storage device that includes products for specific use. flash memory with an integrated USB Automobile ( car)- is a wheeled interface. motor vehicle used for transportation Cellphone or mobile phone- a Nuclear weapon- is an explosive device that has at least the same device that derives its destructive functions of a standard wired force from nuclear reactions, either telephone but is smaller and more fission or from a combination of mobile. fission and fusion reactions. Internet- is the global system of Nuclear power- is the use of nuclear interconnected computer networks reactions that release nuclear energy that use the internet protocol suite ( to generate heat, which most TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It frequently is then used in steam carries a vast range of information turbines to produce electricity in a resources and services such as the nuclear powerplant. inter-linked hypertext documents and  Satellites- is an artificial object Camera- is an optical instrument for which has been intentionally placed recording or capturing images, which into orbit. They are used for many may be stored locally, transmitted to purposes such as military and civilian another location or both. Earth observation, Closed-circuit television (CCTV)- telecommunication, also known as video surveillance, is navigation, weather forecast and the use of video cameras to transmit space telescopes. a signal to a specific place, on a Vaccine- is a biological preparation limited set of monitors. that provides active acquired Submarine- is a watercraft capable immunity to a particular disease. of independent operation underwater. Telegraphy-is the long distance It is used in military, marine science, transmission of textual or symbolic search-and-rescue and tourism. messages without the physical Stethoscope- is an acoustic medical exchange of an object bearing the device for auscultation, or listening to message. the internal sounds of an animal or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) human body. scanner- is a medical imaging Laptop or notebook computer- is a technique used in radiology to form small, portable personal computer pictures of the anatomy and the with a “clamshell”form factor having physiological processes of the body in typically a thin LCD or LED computer both health and disease. screen mounted on the inside of the Computed tomography (CT) scan- upper lid of the “clamshell”and an makes use of computer-processes alphanumeric keyboard on the inside combinations of many X-ray of the lower lid. measurements taken from different Credit card- is a payment card issued angles to produce cross-sectional to users to enable the cardholder to images of specific areas of scanned pay a merchant for goods and object, allowing the user to see the services. object without cutting. Steam engine- is a heat engine that Liquid-crystal display (LCD performs mechanical work using projector)- is a type of video projector steam as its working fluid. for displaying video, images or Light Amplification by stimulated computer data on a screen or other emission of radiation (Laser)- is a flat surface. device that emits light through a Bluetooth- is a wireless technology process of optical amplification standard for exchanging data over based on the stimulated emission of short distances from fixed and mobile electromagnetic radiation devices and building personal area networks. Wi-Fi- is a technology for radio LESSON 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION wireless local area networking of devices. Printer- is a peripheral device which INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION makes a persistent human-readable - established that most, if not all, of the representation of graphics or text on discoveries and invention in science and paper. technology during each time, were due to INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION human needs and wants. - Brilliant minds responded to the call of - refers to complex technological the times and created things that could make innovations from 1750 to 1895 life easier for people characterized by the substitutions - There have also been instances when of machines for human skill and advancements in science and technology machine power for that of human changed people’s perceptions and beliefs and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION marking the birth of modern - refer to the great intellectual economy. achievements of science from sixteenth to seventeenth century CAUSES OR THE GENESIS OF THE marking a radical change in the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry. The philosophy of new science, a new - the golden age for people committed way of doing science using what is to scholarly life in science but it was known as the scientific method also a deeply trying moments to some advocated by Francis Bacon and Rene scientific individuals that led to their Descartes among others painful death or condemnation from Important inventions such as the religious institutions who tried to mechanical clock, lenses, telescope, preserve their faith, religion and microscope etc theological views The combinations and cooperations - develops as an offshoot of the of the skills of the craftsmen and the Renaissance. The same questioning intellectual, computational, and spirit that fueled the Renaissance led logical methods of the scholars. scientists to question traditional Printing press spread new ideas beliefs and the Church about the Age of Exploration fueled a great deal workings of the universe. It was a new of scientific research because of way of thinking about the natural technology needed for navigation world. Translation of the works of Muslim BEFORE 1500, THE BIBLE AND scholars opened the minds of ARISTOTLE WERE THE ONLY European thinkers to new scientific AUTHORITIES ACCEPTED AS TRUTH. knowledge GEOCENTRIC MODEL- Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of 1) NICOLAUS COPERNICUS - In 1543 Copernicus published De the universe. (Middle ages); People revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On felt this was common sense; the Revolutions of the Heavenly Supported by the Church; It was not Spheres) until some startling discoveries - Two conclusions: (1) The universe is caused Europeans to change the way heliocentric, or sun-centered, (2) The they viewed the physical world. Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun. - Copernicus’ model of the solar system:  1. Sun 4) GALILEO GALILEI 2. Moon - Galileo assembled the first telescope 3. Mercury which allowed him to see mountains 4. Venus on the moon and fiery spots on 5. Earth the sun. 6. Mars - He also observed four moons rotating 7. Jupiter around Jupiter – exactly the way 8. Saturn Copernicus said the Earth rotated - Copernicus came to these around the sun conclusions using mathematical - Galileo also discovered that objects formulas fall at the same speed regardless of - Marked the start of modern science weight and astronomy - The Church punished him for his - It was Copernicus that proposed the belief in this idea. He was questioned idea that the Earth revolved around by the Inquisition and forced to the sun confess that his ideas were wrong - The sun was the center of the - The Church came against Galileo Universe, not the Earth because it claimed that the Earth was - Many scientists of the time also felt fixed and unmoving that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the - When threatened with death before planets was wrong, then the whole the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo system of human knowledge could be recanted his beliefs, even though he wrong. knew the Earth moved - Galileo was put under house arrest 2) TYCHO BRAHE and was not allowed to publish his - In the late 1500s, the Danish ideas astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ 5) SIR ISAAC NEWTON heliocentric theory. - most influential scientist of the - Brahe set up an astronomical Scientific Revolution observatory. - He used math to prove the existence - Every night for years he carefully of gravity – a force that kept planets observed the sky, accumulating data in their orbits around the sun, and about the movement of the stars and also caused objects to fall towards planets. the earth - Newton published his scientific ideas 3) JOHANNES KEPLER in his book Mathematical Principles of - used Brahe’s data to calculate the Natural Philosophy orbits of the planets revolving around - He discovered laws of light and color, the sun and formulated the laws of motion: - His calculations also showed that the 1) A body at rest stays at rest planets moved in oval-shaped orbits, 2) Acceleration is caused by force and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy 3) For every action there is an equal and Copernicus believed opposite reaction; He invented - Kepler’s finding help explain the paths calculus: a method of followed by man-made satellites mathematical analysis today 6) CHARLES DARWIN Prey that are faster, better - Taught by a freed black slave who told camouflaged, or better protected him exciting tales of the South avoid being caught American Rainforest VARIATION AND ADAPTATION: Any - Darwin developed the biological heritable characteristic that theory of evolution that explains how increases the ability of an organism to modern organisms evolved over survive and reproduce in its long periods of time through descent environment is called an adaptation from common ancestors ( EX: Tiger’s claws, Camouflage - There was evidence that suggested colors, Plant structure, Avoidance that species were not fixed and that behaviors ) they could change by some natural SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: FITNESS process. depends upon how well an organism - Artificial Selection: is suited for its environment To find an explanation for the change - Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION in nature, Darwin studied the changes - Good adaptations allow organisms to produced by the plant and animal survive and are passed on to their breeders offspring. Some plants bear larger or smaller - Good fitness: Reproduce fruits than others Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction Some cows give more or less milk - He referred to “survival of the fittest” than others in their herd as Natural Selection This told Darwin that variation could - Survival means more than just staying be passed from parents to offspring alive. It means reproducing and and used to improve crops and passing adaptations on to the next livestock generation In artificial selection, nature provides - Natural Selection: Nature chooses the variations, and humans select the Artificial selection: Man chooses ones they find useful - A single “tree of life” links all living He realized that that natural variation things provided the raw material for - This is known as the principle of evolution common descent. "On the Origin of Species" - Darwin argued that living things have Struggle for Existence ( If more been evolving on Earth for millions of individuals are produced than can years survive, they will have to compete for - Today, fields like genetics and food, living space, and other molecular biology support Darwin’s necessities of life ) basic ideas about evolution Darwin described this as the struggle for existence 7) THOMAS MALTHUS Variation and Adaptation - In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were being born faster than Some variations are better suited to people were dying life in their environment than others - He reasoned that if the human Fast predators capture prey more population grew unchecked, there efficiently would not be enough living space and food for everyone - The forces that work against human personality; Biological Driven population growth are war, famine, Primarily Unconscious and disease 2) Ego “reality principle” – tries to - He reasoned that what Malthus satisfy id impulses while proposed for human populations also minimizing punishment & guilt; applied to all living things Self- Identity which arises out of - He observed that most organisms ID; It controls voluntary motion produce many more offspring than and self- reservation behavior survive 3) Superego – the “moral principle” - He wondered which individuals would of our personality which tells us survive right from wrong our conscience; - If all the offspring that were produced Developing out of the Ego; Serves did survive, they would overrun the as conscience world ORGANIC REVOLUTION: the slow and LESSON 4: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY gradual process by which living AND NATION BUILDING organisms have changed from the simplest unicellular form to the PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today. Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives of the archipelago already had 8) SIGMUND FREUD practices linked to science and technology. - Father of psychoanalysis Filipinos were engaged in different kinds of - Psychology was considered more of activities like farming, weaving, shipbuilding an art rather than a science and mining. The Banaue Rice Terraces are - Psychoanalysis- is the study that among the cultured products of engineering explains human behavior that were built with minimal equipment, Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg largely by hand. These are fed by an ancient theory: irrigation system from the rainforests above 1) Conscious mind – like the top of terraces.They already had an alphabet called the iceberg, only a small portion alibata and the emergence of writing system of our mind is accessible to us called baybayin, primarily used by certain 2) Preconscious mind – material inhabitants of Luzon and Visayas. The Laguna that is unconscious, but can be Copperplate Inscription which is a legal easily brought into awareness. document inscribed on a copper plate, is said Moves back & forth easily to be the earliest known calendar-dated between conscious & document found in the Philippines. Just like unconscious other civilizations, astronomy is shown by 3) Unconscious mind – is fixing precise day within the month in relation completely outside of our to the phases of the moon. They had also a awareness (could produce anxiety standard system of weights and measures for if made conscious) shipbuilding. The Philippine shamans or Structures of Personality babaylans were the first healers within the 1) Id – “pleasure principle” tribal communities and the use of medicinal unconscious impulses that or herbal plants was the common way of want to be gratified, without treating ailments. regard to potential punishment; Original Core of an Individual COLONIAL PERIOD composed of scientists with innovative achievement in the basic and applied When the Spaniards colonized the sciences, Philippine Council for Agricultural Philippines, they introduced formal education Research and resources, Plant breeding and founded scientific institution. The Institute, International Rice Research Spaniards provided the Philippines with Institute, Bureau of Plant Industry and Bureau parish schools in which religion, arithmetic, of Forest Products. Furthermore, President writing, reading and music were taught. In Marcos established the Philippine Science fact, University of Santo Tomas was started by High School in Mindanao and Visayas to the Spanish Archbishop of Manila as a encourage careers in science and technology seminary. The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering by constructing roads, CORAZON AQUINO PRESIDENCY churches, bridges, walls, forts and other Department of Science and Technology infrastructures. In Medicine, both the Spanish formerly known as National Science and government and Religious Franciscan and technology Authority was given a Dominican missionaries established a representation in the cabinet. President number of hospitals in the Philippines and Aquino encouraged scientists to bring the also acted as hospital founders and the Philippines to its former position as second to surveyors of herbal medicines. The American only Japan in the field of science and period provided the Philippines with an technology. The Science and Technology extensive public education system. The Master Plan was formulated which aimed at Philippine Commission established the the modernization of the production sector, Bureau of Government Laboratories allocated upgrading research activities and for the study of tropical diseases and development of infrastructure for science and laboratory projects. Then, it was replaced by technological purposes the Bureau of Science, the primary research center of the Philippines FIDEL RAMOS PRESIDENCY POST-COLONIAL PERIOD ( MARCOS ERA During his term, there was a significant AND MARTIAL LAW ) increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field. Health care President Ferdinand Marcos strengthened the services were promoted through local development of science and technology in programs such as “Doctors to the Barrio the Philippines. Many agencies, institutions Program”. Magna Carta for Science and and projects were established including Technology Personnel was established. He National Grains Authority for the believes that science and technology was development of rice and corn industry, one of the means wherein the Philippines Philippine Council for Agricultural Research could attain the status of new industrialized for the development of agriculture, fisheries country and forestry. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services JOSEPH ESTRADA PRESIDENCY Administration (PAGASA) to ensure the safety of the people. Philippine National Oil President Estrada signed the Philippine Clean Company to promote industrial and Air Act of 1999, designed to protect and economic development, National Academy preserve the environment and Electronic of Science and Technology which is Commerce Act of 2000 which outlaws 5) FE DEL MUNDO- Filipina pediatrician, computer hacking the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO 6) EDUARDO QUISUMBING- a Filipino PRESIDENCY biologist, a leading authority of plants Several laws and projects that concerns both in the Philippines. He is the author of the environment and science to push taxonomic and morphological papers, technology as a tool to increase the country’s many of which deal with orchids economic level. The term including Medicinal Plants in the “Filipinnovation”was the term used in Philippines helping the Philippines to be an innovation 7) EMIL Q. JAVIER- Filipino plant hub in Asia. Philippine Science High School geneticist and agronomist who focuses in science, technology and contributed in Agriculture mathematics in their curriculum. President 8) GERMINIANO T. DE OCAMPO- Arroyo passed the Biofuels act” that Filipino ophthalmologist known to promotes the development and usage of some as the Father of Modern biofuels throughout the country Arroyo’s Philippine ophthalmology. He was the administration improves the Agriculture and founder of the Philippine Eye Bank. Fisheries sector through Mechanization. NATIONAL SCIENTISTS: 1) RAMON C. BARBA- a Filipino inventor and horticulturist, best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate 2) EDGARDO GOMEZ- a Filipino biologist who led the world’s first national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs. He also pioneered giant clam breeding and other protective areas for coastal communities of the Philippines. 3) GAVINO C. TRONO- “ The father of Kappaphycus farming”, a Filipino biologist who focus on marine phycology particularly seaweed biodiversity 4) ANGEL ALCALA- a Filipino biologist who promote biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines