STS 02 - Historical Antecedents in the Philippines PDF

Lesson No. 02 Science, Technology and Society: Historical Antecedents in the Philippines HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES A BRIEF HISTORY ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PHILIPPINES SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippin...

Lesson No. 02 Science, Technology and Society: Historical Antecedents in the Philippines HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES A BRIEF HISTORY ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PHILIPPINES SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Precolonial Science and Technology Communities in the Philippines are numerous, scattered, thriving but self-sufficient. The level of technological development is simpler compared to the Chinese and Japanese counterparts. 50,00 years ago, modern men from the Asian mainland settled in the Philippines particularly in Batangas and Palawan. 40,000 years ago, early Filipinos made use of stones as their tools and weapon. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Precolonial Science and Technology 3,000 years ago, early Filipinos started to produce seashell ornaments and pottery of various designs. However, the pottery industry did not the survive the competition against that of the pots coming from China. During the 2nd century BC to 3rd century AD, early Filipinos engaged in extraction of iron from ore, smelting and refining. However, the competition with the imported cast iron from Sarawak and China. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Precolonial Science and Technology 1st Century AD: in addition to the pottery making and iron smelting, early Filipinos also made glass ornaments, weaving of cotton and started to practice agriculture and boat making. 10th Century AD: boat-building became a highly developed technology which were usually used in inter-island trades. Filipinos also started to do trades with Vietnam and China with beeswax, cotton, pearls, tortoise shells, medicinal betelnuts, coconut husk mats and yota cloth for Chinese porcelain, iron pots, lead fishnet sinkers, colored glass beads, iron needles and tin. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Precolonial Science and Technology 1st Century AD: in addition to the pottery making and iron smelting, early Filipinos also made glass ornaments, weaving of cotton and started to practice agriculture and boat making. 10th Century AD: boat-building became a highly developed technology which were usually used in inter-island trades. Filipinos also started to do trades with Vietnam and China with beeswax, cotton, pearls, tortoise shells, medicinal betelnuts, coconut husk mats and yota cloth for Chinese porcelain, iron pots, lead fishnet sinkers, colored glass beads, iron needles and tin. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Precolonial Science and Technology Communities were found to have uneven distribution of technological development. Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos had a rich culture and practices such as boat making, artillery making, agricultural practices (planting rice and livestock raising), wine-, vinegar-, salt- making, cloth weaving, beeswax and honey production and gold mining. They wore colorful clothing and gold jewelries. Their houses were made of bamboo, wood or nipa. They also have their own system of writing, weights and measures. There were no records on the use of calendars were seen but they used the day and night pattern to count for days for the harvest period. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Precolonial Science and Technology Pre-colonial Filipinos are highly superstitious. There were no places of worships recorded by the Spaniards. “Because of the abundance of natural resources, a benign environment and generally sparse population, there seemed to have been little pressure for invention and innovation among the early Filipinos.” “The Filipinos do not understand any kind of work, unless it be to do something actually necessary.” SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime The period wherein traces of modern science and technology in the Philippines can be traced back. Reduccion was practiced to established a more compact and larger communities which became the foundation of our present local government. The first century of Spanish rule brought about serious socio- economic dislocation and a decline kin agricultural production and traditional crafts in many places. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime Education system was established wherein primary education was mainly a religious instruction. Higher education system was also established but only the elite members of the society took part of which leads them either to priesthood or clerical work for the colonial government. Courses such as chemistry, physics, natural history and mathematics as part of the Bachelor degree curriculum. Technical and vocational schools were also established during the latter part of the century. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime The University of Sto. Tomas was considered as the highest institution for learning. It granted degrees on theology, philosophy, humanities, pharmacy and medicine. The Father of Philippine Pharmacy, Leon Ma. Guerrero, became one of the first six (6) graduates of the Bachelor’s Degree in Pharmacy. He had an extensive study on Philippine herbal medicines and their uses. There were no schools offering engineering at that time. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime The creation of Nautical School included subjects on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, hydrography, meterology, navigation and pilotage. A School of Commercial Accounting and a School of French and English Languages were established in 1839. The Manila School of Agriculture was established was designed to provide theoretical and practical education of skilled farmers and overseers and to promote agricultural development in the Philippines by means of observation, experiment and investigation but Filipinos did not show much inclination for industrial pursuits. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime Science courses at the University of Santo Tomas were taught by the lecture/recitation method. Laboratory equipment was limited and only displayed for visitors to see. There was little or no training in scientific research. In spite of the small number of Filipino graduates from the UST in medicine and the sciences they still faced the problem of unemployment. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the consequent ease in travel and communications that it brought about, the liberal ideas and scientific knowledge of the West also reached the Philippines. In 1863, the colonial government had a decree on the establishment of a new education system to include elementary, secondary and collegiate schools, teacher-training schools, and called for government supervision of these schools. However, the decree did not reach its full implementation due to the coming of the Americans. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime A report during the American regime mentioned some drawbacks on the Spanish education system such as its lack of library facilities, the use of outdated textbooks, that no female cadaver had ever been dissected and the anatomy course was a "farce", that most graduates "never had attended even one case of confinement or seen a case of Laparotomy" and that bacteriology had been introduced only since the American occupation and "was still taught without microscopes." SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and building with stones, brick and tiles. However, because of the lack of skilled Filipinos in these occupations, the Spaniards had to import Chinese master builders, artisans and masons. Religious orders had established several charity hospitals in the archipelago and provided the bulk of public service. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime By the second half of the nineteenth century, studies of infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonicplague, dysentery, leprosy and malaria were intensified with the participation of graduates of medicine and pharmacy from UST. At this time, native Filipinos began to participate in scientific research. Spanish preoccupation with the Manila Galleon eventually led to the neglect of agriculture and mining and the decline of native handicrafts and industries in the Philippines. The local shipbuilding industry continued to prosper because of necessity. Agricultural development was left to the resident Chinese and the Spanish friars. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime The French Enlightenment paved the way for more government attention to the economic development of the Philippines. With this, enterprising Spaniards began to exploit the mineral wealth of the islands, develop its agriculture, and establish industries. The establishment of Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais de Filipinas undertook the promotion of the cultivation of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and pepper and the development of the silk industry. It was endowed with funds which it used to provide prizes for successful experiments and inventions for the improvement of agriculture and industry and to finance the publication of scientific and technical literature. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping. Foreign capital was allowed to operate on an equal footing with Spanish merchants in 1829. By this means agricultural production particularly of sugar and hemp, was accelerated and modernized. Local industries flourished in Manila and its suburbs -- weaving, embroidery, hatmaking, carriage manufacture, rope-making, cigar and cigarettes making. The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce in the nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid development as a cosmopolitan center. Modern amenities – a waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a banking system -- were introduced. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865. The Observatory collected and made available typhoon and climatological observations which lead to issue the first public typhoon warning in 1879. The benefits of economic development during the nineteenth century were unevenly distributed in the archipelago. This inequality, coupled with abuses and injustices committed by the Spanish friars and officials gave rise to Philippine nationalism and eventually the Revolution of 1896. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy. Progress in agriculture had been made possible by some government support for research and education in this field. But it was largely the entry of foreign capital and technology which brought about the modernization of some sectors, notably sugar and hemp production. The lack of interest in and support for research and development of native industries like weaving, for example, eventually led to their failure to survive the competition with foreign imports. Because of necessity and the social prestige attached to university education, medicine and pharmacy remained the most developed science-based professions during the Spanish regime. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. Developments of S&T During the First Republic There was very little development in science and technology during the short-lived Philippine Republic (1898-1900). The government took steps to establish a secular educational system by a decree of 19 October 1898, it created the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state-supported institution of higher learning. It offered courses in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy and notary public. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly during the American regime. This was made possible by the simultaneous government encouragement and support for an extensive public education system; the granting of scholarships for higher education in science and engineering; the organization of science research agencies and establishment of science-based public services. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime 1901: Creation of the Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines. It provided for the establishment of schools that would give free primary education, with English as the medium of instruction. This was followed by the setting up of a Philippine Normal School to train Filipino teachers. Opening of Manila Trade School for industrial and vocation courses but Filipinos developed a disdain work against manual work over the colonial period. 1902: Secondary schools were opened.  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime 1905: Establishment of Philippine Medical School was established and was followed by other professional and technical schools. These were later absorbed into the University of the Philippines. Establishment of Bureau of Science. It performed the needed chemical and biological examinations for the Philippine General Hospital and Bureau of Health. 1908: Creation of the University of the Philippines. Qualified Filipinos were sent abroad for advanced studies in American schools and later came back to the Philippines to teach. 1917: Establishment of Private School Act SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime 1905: Establishment of Philippine Medical School was established and was followed by other professional and technical schools. These were later absorbed into the University of the Philippines. Establishment of Bureau of Science. It performed the needed chemical and biological examinations for the Philippine General Hospital and Bureau of Health. Other bureaus for research followed thereafter. 1908: Creation of the University of the Philippines. Qualified Filipinos were sent abroad for advanced studies in American schools and later came back to the Philippines to teach. 1917: Establishment of Private School Act SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime 1933: Establishment of National Research Council for the Philippine Island which promoted scientific research and actively participated in the deliberations and drafting of provisions affecting science and industry in the 1934 Constitutional Convention. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime “While Filipinos were provided opportunities for higher education in the sciences and engineering, the economy remained basically agricultural. To a great extent, Philippine economic development was determined by free trade relations between the Philippines and the United. As a result of this policy, the Philippine economy became tied to that of the United States, remaining primarily an exporter of agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of American manufactured goods. Undoubtedly this delayed Philippine industrialization.” SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 5. Developments of S&T During the Commonwealth Period 1935: The Commonwealth government acknowledged the importance of scientific development in the economic growth of a country. The government continued to expand the public school system and abolished the Grade VII as the terminal grade in the elementary curriculum. Higher education was mainly offered by private schools. The National Economic Council was created to prepare economic programs and advise the government on economic and financial aspects. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 5. Developments of S&T During the Commonwealth Period The Commonwealth government likewise adopted measures to encourage and provide assistance to private Filipino businessmen in the establishment of industries and manufacturing enterprises. The Commonwealth Government did not achieve the planned economic growth which maybe attributed to the foreign trade and tariff polices that are controlled by the American Government. 1941: The Pacific War broke off and the Philippines was occupied by the Japanese. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 6. Developments of S&T Since Independence State support for education continues to be concentrated at the elementary school level; private colleges and universities provide education for the majority of the collegiate population. The number of states universities and colleges increased but the partisan political considerations often determined the creation, locations and staffing of the said institutions which resulted to a poor standard including the poor distribution of faculty development. Private universities also increase in numbers but has varying standards. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 6. Developments of S&T Since Independence There are low enrolment in agriculture, medical, natural sciences and engineering because they entail longer periods of study and have generally been more expensive to pursue. The majority of college students and graduates continue to be in teacher training/education and commerce/business administration courses. This situation results from the fact that students tend to enroll in courses where there are perceived employment opportunities and which their families can afford. Professional organizations initiated changes in the collegiate curriculum for their specialization and worked for improvements in educational standards. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES 6. Developments of S&T Since Independence “Because of specialized training, vertical organization by disciplines and lack of liaison between professions, professional associations have been unable to perceive the dynamic relationship between science, technology and society and the relevance of their training to Philippine conditions.” 1947: The Bureau of Science was reorganized into Institute of Science. Creation of Institute of Nutrition. 1951: Institute of Science was renamed to Institute of Science and Technology. 1952: Creation of Science Foundation of the Philippines and Commission on Volcanology. SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF R&D IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Creation of Bureau of Science under the American regime which focused more on agriculture, health and food processing and the creation of the University of the Philippines as a training ground for scientists and inventors. 2. In 1946, Institute of Science was created but funding was minimal. Researches were of no commercial outputs. 3. In 1970s, the Institute started to gear towards applied research. 4. In 1982, the National Science and Technology Authority was created to increase the efficiency and affectivity of research towards commercialization through the establishment of the S&T Council System. Establishment of National Research Institute in the UP campuses. SOURCE: www.dost.com HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF R&D IN THE PHILIPPINES 5. After EDSA Revolution in 1986, the Bureau was reorganized to Department of Science and Technology. 6. DOST was further restructured to Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI), Science Education Institute (SEI) and Science and Technology Information Institute (STII). SOURCE: www.dost.com