Storm Drain System PDF

STORM DRAIN SYSTEM SPLASH PAN- a collector of water coming from the downspout leading the accumulated water away form the house at a relative...

STORM DRAIN SYSTEM SPLASH PAN- a collector of water coming from the downspout leading the accumulated water away form the house at a relatively low rate of flow. STORM DRAIN- unit of the plumbing system that conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal. STORM WATER- normally discharged into street gutter conveyed by public drain system and carried some natural drain age terminal like canals, rivers, lakes and the like. GENERAL RULE: Storm drain is not permitter to discharge into a septic tank or to the main storm sewer line. The collection and disposal of storm water is an important phase of plumbing system that should not be ignored, otherwise, water coming from the roof if not properly diverted might create problems like: 1. Settlement of the structure cause by erosion or washing away the soil from the foundation. 2. Subjecting the basement floor and walls to unnecessary ground water pressure and possible leakage. 3. Rundown water may create walls and window leakage. 4. Water may spill on people passing by or approaching entry door. 5. Erode the surrounding grounds and cause disfiguring of the landscape areas. The disposal of storm water has become a major concern of the Local and National Government. Large amount of appropriation is regularly incorporated in the annual budget for drainage purposes. Among the government's priority program on infrastructure, is toward flood control. The trend is to provide a storm sewer line, to serve not only the commercial and industrial establishments, but also residential houses in disposing off storm water. CLASSIFICATION OF STORM DRAIN Laws and Ordinances were passed making the connections of storm drain to the storm sewer line 1. The inside Storm Drain compulsory. 2. Outside Storm Drain 3. Overhead Storm drain ROOF LEADER is popularly known as water conductor or DOWNSPOUT either Concealed or Exposed type. WATER SEALED P-TRAP IS CLASSIFIED INTO TWO The Common Seal P- Trap has 5 centimeters deep water seal between the overflow and the dip, that will offer resistance against abnormal conditions, only to the amount of pressure a 5 centimeters water will develop. The Deep Seal P- Trap has from 7.5 to 10 centimeters column of liquid content between the overflow and the dip. This trap may be used under normal condition, but it is purposely designed for abnormal situations such as: a. Extreme heat condition in the area b. Increase and decrease of atmospheric condition. c. Circumstances where total ventilation cannot be obtained. VENTILLATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM THE TRAP- a device scientifically designed to prevent the back flow of gases coming from the septic tank or sewer line passing through the outlet of the fixture. The P- Trap is the most common and practical shape available in various sizes from 32 mm to 50 mm diameter. These gases are identified as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, or carbon dioxide and even a small amount of These are common sizes for fixtures that are suspended carbon monoxide considered dangerous to human from walls or supported on a pedestal such as: health. 1. Lavatories The basic function of the trap in a drainage system is to prevent those objectionable gases from entering the 2. Sinks plumbing system because their effect on human body is 3. Shower bath with less amount of water discharge sometimes serious. 4. Urinals 5. Drinking fountain The National Plumbing Code on P- Trap installation 1.) TRAP SEAL LOSS provides that: When water seal escape from the P-trap, it is called Trap Seal Loss. Trap Seal Loss can be attributed to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and 1. All traps shall be self- cleaning. That is capable of being plus pressures inside the system. completely flushed each time the trap operates and no sediments will remain inside to decompose. Trap Seal Loss may be attributed to any of the following factors: 2. P- Trap shall be installed as near the fixture as practical not to require too long vertical leg between the trap and a) Siphonage the fixture proper. b) Back pressure 3. Short vertical leg eliminates high velocity of water discharge that creates siphon, the major cause of trap c) Evaporation seal loss. d) Capillary action 4. P- Trap shall be installed within 60 centimeters of the SIPHONAGE is the result of minus pressure in the fixture it serves. It shall be accessible for cleaning through drainage system. If the trap of a common seal is open and the bottom opening closed by a screw plug. exposed to the atmosphere, both the inlet and the outlet 5. All traps are subject to stoppage, hence, shall be orifices will be under balance atmospheric pressure. provided with cleanout so designed that could be Siphonage is Classifieds into Two Types: assembled and disassembled with little efforts. a) Direct or Self Siphoning 6. Long Run Horizontal Pipe could be used only near the b) Indirect or Momentum Siphoning drain of the floor area or yard. It is also called Running Trap not provided with hand- hole cleanout. 7. The dip portion of the trap shall be as short as possible BACK PRESSURE is caused by plus pressure. When large to avoid retarded flow of water. Likewise, the horizontal amount of water flow drops downward rapidly forming a leg connection to the waste pipe shall be reasonably slug like, the air inside the pipe will be compressed short for effective ventilation. downward. In the absence of adequate ventilation, the compressed air will be forced to find its way out through 8. Overflow pipe from fixture shall be connected to the a weaker point. The trap seal being the weakest point, inlet side of the trap. will give way and blow out of the fixture. 9. Each fixture shall have its own trap. The following EVAPORATION is considered a minor problem and is less fixtures are exception to the rule: probable to drain the water inside the trap. a) Two laundry trays and a kitchen sink connected to a CAPILLARY ACTION also seldom happen and is rarely single trap. experienced by homeowners. Capillary action is draining b) Not more than 3 laundry trays using one trap. of the water seal caused by foreign objects like thread or string suspended and extended over the outlet arm of c) Three lavatories on a single trap. the trap. VENTILATION Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent problems like: 1. Trap seal loss 2. Retardation of flow 3. Deterioration of the materials 2.) RETARDATION OF FLOW Retarded water flow inside the pipe is due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and or gravity. One good example is our experience of pouring liquid milk from a tin can. TYPES OF VENTILLATION 1. Main Soil and Waste Vent - that portion of the soil stack above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof. It serves as the terminal for the main vent and other vents of the system. 3. Individual Vent - It is connected closer to the trap directly underneath and back of the fixture, and reconnected into the main vent above the overflow line of the fixture it serves. Sometimes this refers to Back Vent. Distances of Vent from Trap Seal (The National Plumbing Code) 1. No trap seal shall be placed more than 1.50 m horizontal developed length from its vent. 2. Vent shall be 15 cm above the overflow line of each 2. Main Vent fixture. - the portion of the vent pipe system, serving as 4. Unit Vent terminal for the smaller forms of individual and grouped fixture trap ventilation. It is sometimes referred to as Portion of the vent pipe system that ventilates two Collecting Vent Line. fixture traps that discharges into a sanitary cross with deflectors. It is with identical form to that of back vent having the same principles in functions. 5. Circuit Vent - It is employed where two or more fixture traps are installed on a horizontal soil or waste branch. This type of ventilation is commonly used in buildings with more facilities, and battery of fixtures. 6. Relief Vent - Relief vent is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting branches rather than the fixture traps. No specific rules as to where it should be located yet, but depends on the good judgement of the plumber to wherever he thinks the backpressure is most likely to occur. 7. Looped Vent The incorporation of the Vent Pipe in the plumbing system, although promoting efficiency of the installation - It is used on fixtures away from partitions. Commonly services, has also brought some of the problems seen in barber shop, dental clinic, operating room, etc. enumerated as follows: 1. The routing and re- routing of the different types of vent pipe. 2. Additional cost for materials and labor. 3. Space requirements In order to address these problems, a new concept of plumbing science, called SOVENT SYSTEM, was introduced. 8. Wet Vent QUICK HISTORY - Portion of the vent system where liquid waste regularly The Sovent System is a recent development in drainage flows. installation suitable for tall buildings. This new concept in plumbing is an improvement of the traditional Two- Line Drainage System, and it has almost completely eliminate the vent stack and other forms of ventilation, THE SOVENT SYSTEM but still maintains the balance atmospheric pressure INTRODUCTION required inside the pipe system. The traditional installation practices adopted year after The Sovent System was introduced by Fritz Sommer of year was the so called, One Line Piping which serve Switzerland. It was first presented in 1962, when tested water closets and several fixtures. on a 10-storey drainage tower which resulted in a satisfactory performance. From the time of its Lately, when the magnitude of plumbing installation introduction in 1962, more than 100 tall buildings in increases to meet the demand in taller buildings, Europe and Africa, adopted its use. Today, the Sovent problem on stoppage, floor flooding, back flow of gases, System is already accredited by major Plumbing Code and other related inconveniences were discovered. Models of major cities of large countries. Sanitary authorities and plumbing mechanics realized the importance of the natural laws of nature, for having direct effect, on the flow of liquid inside the pipe. The MECHANICS OF THE SOVENT SYSTEM unexpected problem must be resolved. 1. A large amount of waste and sewage discharges from All plumbing plans were required to provide air the upper floor fixtures could form a slug- like (bullet) passages, to maintain a balance atmospheric pressure pressing or pushing the air downward the pipe creating inside the pipe. two kinds of forces: pressure and suction. Ventilation pipe was conceived and came into existence, 2. The Sovent function is to change the solid nature of giving birth to the Double Line Drainage System. the effluent by scattering them into drops or small blobs The Two-Line Drainage System is sometimes referred to to fall like liquid in a shower. as DWV, which means: Drainage, Waste and Vent. The 3. The Sovent System being a Single Soil Stack Drainage installation has proven itself as efficient plumbing System reduces the positive and negative pressure, to system. It was universally accepted for years, and now, bring down the atmospheric value down below the referred to as the Traditional Two-Line Drainage System. holding capacity of the water inside the trap. Therefore, installation of the vent piping is not necessary. 4. The Sovent action, of reducing the positive and negative atmospheric pressure, is done at each floor where the Aerator is installed. By action of the aerator, foam was produced, avoiding the possibility of filling the pipe entirely by the liquid effluent by creating a sift plunger, pressure variations in the Single Soil Stack, is minimized. 5. The effluent that was already exposed to air, falling down from the upper floors, is diverted in the soil stack at each lower floor. The aerated fitting device, accommodate the passage of this diverted flow, including the air space wherein the effluent from local soil branch or waste pipe can drop. 6. The Aerator, spatters or scatters the effluent in drops or small blobs wherein they are mixed with the air, forming a rarefied mixture of air and liquid. The effluent, which is already converted into small blobs and mixed with air falling at the base of the soil stack, cannot produce either plus, or minus pressure of more than 25 mm water gauge. Therefore, a water seal 50 mm high is safe against siphoning or back flow. 7. At the bottom portion of the Single Stack Sovent, the deaerator fittings, functions in combination with the aerator fitting above, to make a single stack self-venting. The deaerator is designed to overcome tendency of the falling waste to stock up excessive back pressure at the bottom of the stack when the flow is decelerated by the bend into the horizontal drain. AERATOR - Used as terminal of the soil branch in each floor. DEAERATOR - installed at the bottom portion of the soil stack where the house drain is connected to receive the discharge from the Aerator. MATERIALS AND DESIGN 2. Dissolved minerals The Sovent System is nothing more than the use of - are calcium, magnesium sodium, iron and manganese aerator and deaerator fittings incorporated into the and other carbonates and silicates, alkylbenzene sulfate ordinary plumbing pipe installations. from detergents and synthetic organic from insecticides and pesticides. When the Sovent System was introduced, the material used for the Aerator and Deaerator fittings was copper. 3. Suspended and colloidal materials Since the production of copper aerator and deaerator is - such as bacteria, algae, fungi, silt, protozoa and other quite expensive and not easy to produce locally, sovent colloidal matters making the water colored and acidic. system has not yet reached the local market. But, thanks to the versatility of plastic material in terms of unlimited 4. Radioactive materials shapes and forms at lower cost, the market is now - by entrainment of radioactive substances from mining flooded with Aerator and Deaerator fittings for the or processing ores, by wastes from industrial use of adoption of the Sovent System for the construction of radioactive materials high rise buildings. COLD WATER SUPPLY WATER Water in its liquid form weights approximately 3.77 kilograms per US gallon, or 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter. Water that appears in public or private water supplies, have been exposed to pollution while falling as rain, running or flowing on the ground, flowing in the streams or rivers or precipitating in the soil. Likewise, the problem is further aggravated by the Among the minerals present in water through artificial increasing use of synthetic organic chemicals in means is Lead. Lead pipe should not be used for household cleaners. As a result, there is now an distribution of soft acid water, or for water having a high increasing concern about water supply, due to the concentration of dissolved oxygen or chlorides. The dwindling source of unpolluted water. solution of lead and water with such characteristics may cause Lead Poisoning. THE THREE SOURCES OF WATER ARE: PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY 1. Rain Water In any source of public water supply, the following 2. Natural surface water from streams and rivers. conditions shall be strictly observed, to avoid the 3. Underground water possibility of contamination. Pure or uncontaminated water is not found in nature. 1. Wells that are supplying water for public use should Water in the ground is exposed to pollution by organic be located at a minimum distance of 100 meters radius matter, including animal and human wastes. from residential area. THE COMMON IMPURITIES IN WATER ARE: 2. All residents within this zone limit shall be strictly required to have sanitary sewage facilities. 1. Entrained gases 3. There should be no concrete sanitary sewers existing - are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide methane, oxygen within the 15 meters radius of the well. and nitrogenous and organic compounds 4. No outdoor privy, cesspools, septic tank or drain fields, shall be located within 45 meters radius from the well. 5. The area shall be well drained to divert surface water 4. When new mains are installed, or old mains repaired, from the well, and to minimize the possibility of they should be filled with strong chlorine solution of 40 flooding. to 60 mg per liter for at least 24 hours, and then flushed with water supplied normally from the main. 6. All abandoned wells near the site chosen for a new well, should be plugged and properly sealed, to prevent 5. As much as possible, water main should be laid above possible contamination of the ground water formation. the elevation of concrete sanitary sewers, or crossover points, and at least 3 meters horizontally from such sanitary sewer when they are parallel. Should this be SPRING WATER impossible for some reasons, the sewer main must be encased in concrete. Spring water, is nothing more than a very shallow well with water, taken from a water stratum composed of cervical limestone, sand or gravel, lying a few meters CLASSIFICATION OFPUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION below the earth. 1. Direct pressure distribution Contrary to common belief, spring water is not always free from contamination. Indeed, it is uncertain to 2. Indirect pressure distribution conclude that spring water is protected from surface water contamination by impervious formation of the DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION soil. Therefore, extreme precautions should be exercised This type of water distribution, obtain its supply of in developing water intended for drinking and water through a large intake pipe, installed in the lake household use. basin extended down the water. DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL WELL SPRING: Water is drawn from the lake, to a receiving well by 1. Dug wells force of gravity, passing through the filtration plant. 2. Bored wells The water inside the reservoir is pumped by a centrifugal, or piston pump into the water main with 3. Driven Wells sufficient pressure to serve specific needs. 4. Drilled Wells WATER DISTRIBUTION IN BUILDING Planning the water distribution in buildings for a satisfactory chemical and bacteriological quality includes: 1. The system must provide adequate supply of water, with adequate pressure up to the extremities of the system. 2. The safety and quality of the water should not be impaired by defects in the system. It should be provided with sufficient valves and blow offs, to allow repair work without undue interruption of service to some areas, and to allow the flushing of the system. 3. The water system should be tight against leakage. The main and branches connection should not be submerged in surface water, or subjected to any source of contamination. INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Tapping of water supply service requires the use of corporation cock/stop, curb cock/stop, meter stop and Is when the water drawn from a drilled distribution is water meter done by indirect pressure. For this type, a turbine pump is employed mounted on top of the standpipe extended down the well below the water table. WATER SERVICE FITTINGS AND DEVICES The CORPORATION STOP/COCK is inserted into the water main. It serves as a control of the water service. And also serve as a shut off, when the service is HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY disconnected. Water is a prime necessity in all types of households. It The CURB STOP/COCK is installed between the curb and is conveyed from the main to the household or buildings the sidewalk line accessible to cast iron stop box by means of pipes classified as: equipped with removable cover. It serves as control stop of the service between the curb and the building. It shut 1. HOUSE SERVICE off water supply in case the basement becomes flooded. - refers to the pipe connection from the public water The METER STOP is a controlling stop of the entire water main or any source of water supply to the building supply in building. The WATER METER is a device used to served. measure the amount of water that passes through the water service. 2. RISER - refers to the vertical supply pipe which extend upward from one floor to the next. 3. BRANCHES - are horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures. WATER MAIN - Refers to the public water connection which are laid underground along the streets where the house service is connected. The water service pipe is connected or tapped to the water main by personnel of the waterworks authority only. The connection is made with a special tapping device accomplished without necessarily shutting off the city or municipal water supply.