STK 31003 Medicinal Plants PDF - 12 October 2023

STK 31003 Terrestrial Natural Product Natural Product For Health  Medicinal Plants Out of 445,000 plants on the earth about 35,000 species are recorded as herbal medicinal plants and 500 species have shown high therapeutic values. In Malaysia ou...

STK 31003 Terrestrial Natural Product Natural Product For Health  Medicinal Plants Out of 445,000 plants on the earth about 35,000 species are recorded as herbal medicinal plants and 500 species have shown high therapeutic values. In Malaysia out of ~ 15,000 species of plants recorded about 2,000 have medicinal values World Health Organization [WHO] stated that 70 – 80% of World population still rely on plants for medicinal purposes.  Global Market for Herbal Products The World Health Organization estimates the current global market for herbal medicines is about USD 165 billion, or 20 percent of the overall drug market worldwide. The market for traditional medicine together with health and food supplements in Malaysia is around USD 800 million  Plants and Human Health CURRENT PERSPECTIVE Plant Products are used as Foodstuffs Flavoring agents and spices Perfumes and cosmetics Pharmaceutical and biological agents Over 120 compounds from 90 plant species are available as prescription drugs 25% pharmaceutical medicine are plants based  Chemical Diversity in Plants Plants are remarkable in their ability to produce a vast array of diverse metabolites varying in chemical complexity and biological activity. The active compounds includes sesquiterpene lactones, terpenes, quassinoids, alkaloids, quinones, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, macrolides, polyacetylenes, polyphenols, styrylpyrones and their derivatives and many more.  Some widely used medicinal plants in Malaysia Andrographis panniculata (Hempedu bumi) Centella asiatica (Pegaga) Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Temu lawak) Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu) Orthosiphon aristatus (Misai kuching) Phyllanthus niruri (Dukung anak)  Andrographis panniculata Ethnophramacological Uses: Antidiabetic, antimalarial, antitussive, febrifuge, treatment for asthma, treatment for boils, skin ulser, rheumatic pains, antipyretic, immune enhancement (inhibit HIV-1). Chemical constituents: Various diterpene lactones such as andrographolide, andrographiside, neoandrographolide, and various flavonoids Andrographis panniculata  Eurycoma longifolia Ethnopharmacological uses: Antidotal, antihypertensive, antipyretic, antimalarial, antituberculotic,, used to cure indegestion, lumbago, vermifuge, joundice, fever and diarrhoea. Chemical compounds: Various quassinoids; eurycomanol, eurycomanone and eurycomalactone with antimalarial, antitumour, antiviral and antihistaminic activities. Various canthin-6-one alkaloids and carboline alkaloids Eurycoma longifolia  Centella asiatica Ethnopharmacological uses: Used for treating bronchitis, asthma, excessive secretion of gastric juices, dysentery, kidney trouble, urethritis, dropsy, antihypertensive, antidiabetic. Chemical compounds: Triterpenoid glycosides; asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, madecassoside; alkaloid, hydrocotyline; flavonoid, kaempferol and quercetin. Centella asiatica  Orthosiphon aristatus Ethnopharmacological uses: Antiallergic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, remedy for arteriosclerosis, kidney stone and nephritis; diabetes and rheumatism. Chemical compounds: Sesquiterpene lactones, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, saponins. Orthosiphon aristatus  Morinda citrifolia Ethnopharmacological uses: Analgesic, antihypertensive, antihelmintic, antiseptic, expectorant, laxative, antibilious, cathartic, decongestant, to treat arteriosclerosis, asthma, diabetes, dysentery, Also with insecticidal activities. Chemical compounds: Alizarin, asperuloside, xeronine, citrifolinin, damnacanthal, various quinone derivatives, various flavonoids derivatives, ajmalicine Morinda citrifolia  Curcuma xanthorrhiza Piper longum Cinnamomum camphora Litsea cubeba  Piper species has been widely investigated and various bioactive compounds have been isolated alkaloids lignans steroids amides neolignans kawapyrones polyphenols terpenes chalcones pyrrolidines flavones flavanones Piper nigrum Piper aduncum Piper sarmentosum Piper betle  The essential oil of Piper betle Total identification: 90% OH Phenylpropenoids: 75% OCH3 Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons: 13% Oxygenated sesquiterpenes: 2% Major component: Eugenol Eugenol (48%) - a phenylpropanoid Compounds isolated from Piper betle 1. Eugenol 2. Eugenyl acetate 3. Chavicol OH O OH OCH3 O CH3 OCH3 Phenylpropanoids from Piper sarmentosum and P. aduncum OCH3 O OCH3 O OCH3 O O Asarinin Dillapiole Amide from Piper nigrum O O N O piperine  Goniothalamus spp. Goniothalamus tomentosus Goniothalamus malayanus Goniothalamus giganteus Goniothalamus macrophyllus Some important compounds from Goniothalamus spp. Goniothalamus malayanus Selayak Hitam G. ridleyi G.velutinus G. macrophyllus Some important compounds from Goniothalamus spp. Procedure for obtaining bioactive compounds from plants Spectroscopical synthesis Spectroscopical data on-line: data off-line: - LC/UV - UV - LC/MS - MS - LC/NMR structure elucidation - NMR - IR... extraction separation medicinal plants extract(s) fractions pure constituent(s) toxicology bio-assay bio-assay structure modification bio-assay  Extraction and Purification Fresh or dried samples Sample collections Extraction – using polar solvent followed by solvent partition or extraction by using solvent with increasing polarity Fractionation and Purification by CC, VCC, PTLC, HPLC Structural Elucidation based on IR, NMR, MS Biological Activity Testing Chemical Modification Method Solvent Temperature Pressure Time Volume of Polarity of natural organic products extracted solvent consumed Maceration Water, Room Atmospheric Long Large Dependent on extracting aqueous temperature solvent and non- aqueous solvents Percolation Water, Room Atmospheric Long Large Dependent on extracting aqueous temperature, solvent and non- occasionally aqueous under heat solvents Decoction Water Under heat Atmospheric Moderate None Polar compounds Reflux Aqueous Under heat Atmospheric Moderate Moderate Dependent on extracting extraction and non- solvent aqueous solvents Soxhlet Organic Under heat Atmospheric Long Moderate Dependent on extracting extraction solvents solvent Pressurize Water, Under heat High Short Small Dependent on extracting d liquid aqueous solvent  Zingiber officinale var rubra O MeO CH3 HO H2 6-shogoal OH H2SO4 MeO O OH HO MeO CH3 HO NaBH4 6-gingerol OH OH MeO CH3 HO MEDICINES OF PLANT ORIGIN