Unorganized Drugs Lecture (Arabic)

Unorganized Drugs What are unorganized drugs? They are chemical substances derived from parts of plants or animals, which are not composed of cells. Most frequently, they are in solid form but some are liquid e.g. oils and honey.  Classification Plant origin...

Unorganized Drugs What are unorganized drugs? They are chemical substances derived from parts of plants or animals, which are not composed of cells. Most frequently, they are in solid form but some are liquid e.g. oils and honey.  Classification Plant origin Animal origin Dried latex Fixed oils Dried juice Waxes Extracts Insects Gums Venoms Resin & resin comb. Others Balsams  Dried latex It is a stable emulsion or suspension, the continuous phase is an aqueous solution of protein, sugars, tannins and the suspended particles are oil droplets, resin. It has an important role in the plant defense mechanism. Occurs in the plants in laticeferous cells, tubes or vessels. It is obtained by incision of the plant.  Opium (Raw Opium) ‫األفيون الخام‬ Opium is the dried latex obtained by incision of the fully-grown but unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum Linné F. Papaveraceae. Active constituents: Opium contains about 30 alkaloids occur in combination with meconic acid. Phenanthrene alkaloids: morphine (9.5 to 20%, when acetylated forms heroin), codeine (methyl morphine, 0.3 to 0.4%) and thebaine. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: papaverine and narcotine (noscapine). Phenylethylamine alkaloid: narceine. Chemical tests: Test for Morphine: Morphine is sparingly soluble in cold water but readily soluble in NaOH solution. A- Deniges test: 10 ml solution + 2 ml 3% H2O2 + 1 ml 10% NH3+ one drop of CuSO4 red colour. B- Marqui’s test: Evaporate the solution in a dish, then add one drop of formaldehyde + 1 ml H2SO4 purple blue colour. Test for Meconic acid: The solution + FeCl3 deep purple colour which is not destroyed by boiling or by adding cold dil. HCl or mercuric chloride. Test for Papaverine: Warren’s test A small crystal of KMnO4 is mixed with 0.5 mg of papaverine, add 0.2 ml of Marqui's reagent (2-3 drops of 40% formaldehyde solution are mixed with 3 ml of conc. H2SO4) green colour rapidly changes to blue. Uses: 1- Morphine is used as a sedative, hypnotic and it is a powerful narcotic analgesic agent (in trauma, fracture bones, surgical operations, cancer pain). 2- Codeine and narcotine are used as antitussive (cough sedative). 3- Papaverine is used as antispasmodic, in peripheral thrombosis, bronchial asthma and myocardial infarction.  Dried juice Juices are aqueous liquids containing dissolved substances. They occur in special structures as cells or cavities and obtained by incision or cutting.  Aloes Aloes is the solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid which drains from the transversely cut leaves of various species of Aloe,: Aloe ferox (Cape aloes), Aloe barbadenesis = Aloe vera, and Aloe perri F. Liliaceae. Active constituents: Rhubarb Anthraquinones e.g. aloe-emodin and alomicin. C-glycosides e.g. barbaloin, isobarbaloin. Polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides e.g. N-acetylglucosamine or N- acetylgalactosamine (bioactive compounds, high capacity to hold water) Organic acids (tartaric and malic), amino acids, and minerals. Uses: Purgative (anthraquinones) For skin care, falling hair, dandruff and alopecia (amino acids, organic acids and may be mucopolysaccharides) Antitumor (alomicin and mucopolysaccharides) Hypotensive (mucopolysaccharides) Antidiabetic (may be mucopolysaccharides) Improves liver functions (mucopolysaccharides) Emmenagogue (Aloes tends to increase the menstrual flow)  Extracts Extracts are drugs prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoctions of certain plant or animal organs. Agar Red algae Agar is made chiefly from red algae species of Gelidium, especially G. elegans and G. amansil, Family: Gelidiaceae. Known as vegetable gelatin. Active constituents: 1. Agar is composed chiefly of a calcium salt of a sulfuric acid ester of complex polysaccharide. When hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute HCl it yields galactose and sulphuric acid. 2. Agar contains a small traces of proteins. Chemical tests: 1. Powder + I2 → brick red particles not blue colour. 2. Aqueous solution + dil. HCl, boil in W.B. for 30 min, add BaCl2 → white ppt. (test for sulphate) Uses: 1. The preparation of bacteriological culture media. 2. Agar passes through the intestinal canal unchanged, but absorbs water during its passage and thus promotes peristalsis, for which purpose it is frequently used for treatment of constipation. Chronic  Gelatin ‫جيالتين‬ It is a mixture of reversible gel-forming proteins obtained by boiling the collagenous tissues of animals such as skin, tendons, ligaments and bones with water. After decolorization and filtration, the extract is concentrated to a solid form. Active constituents: proteins and peptides (rich in essential amino acids) obtained from hydrolysis of collagen. Chemical tests: Prepare an aqueous solution of gelatin (1%): 1- Solution + mercuric nitrate (Millon's reagent) white ppt. brick red on warming. 2- Solution + picric acid yellow ppt Uses: 1- For preparation of capsules, as a coat of pills and as a base for suppositories 2- As a culture media in bacteriology. 3- As a nutrient.  Balsams They are resinous mixtures containing large proportions of benzoic or cinnamic acids or both or esters of these acids. Benzoin (Gawi) ‫الجاوى‬ It is a balsamic resin obtained by incision of stems of Styrax benzoin [Sumatra benzoin] and Styrax tonkinensis [Siam benzoin] F. Styracaceae. Sumatra Benzoin Active constituents: It contains free cinnamic and benzoic acids and their esters, triterpenoid acids and vanillin. Uses: Internally as expectorant and antiseptic. It is used as an ingredient of cosmetic lotions, drinks and perfumes. Siam Benzoin Active constituents: Coniferyl benzoate, coniferyl alcohol, traces of cinnamic acid, free benzoic acid, triterpenoid acids and vanillin. Uses: Mainly in perfumery  Oleo-gum-resin Myrrh An oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stems and branches of Commiphora molmol, Family Burseraceae. Myrrh occurs in tears, or in masses of tears varying much in size and shape. Active constituents: Volatile oil (7 - 17 %), Resin (25 - 40 % ), Gum (57 - 61 %) and 3 - 4 % of impurities. The volatile oil (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, esters, cuminaldehyde and eugenol). Uses: 1. Myrrh has stimulant and antiseptic properties. 2. Used in oral hygiene preparations as gargles and mouthwash due to antiseptic and astringent properties. 3. Uterine stimulant and emmenagogue. 4. In perfumery  Fixed Oils Cod-Liver Oil ‫زيت كبد الحوت‬ It is a fixed oil extracted from the fresh liver of the cod Gadus morrhaua F. Gadidae. Preparation: The fish livers (contains 50% oil) are removed immediately, then washed, sliced and transferred to steamers in which the oil is separated and stored at low temp. (this process is done on the ship), followed by refining and standardization processes. Active constituents: Vitamin A and vitamins D. Rich in Omega-3 fatty acids. The oil consists of glycerides of unsaturated (85%) and saturated (15%) fatty acids. Uses: 1- As a nutritive and for prevention and cure of rickets (Vitamin D). Retinol 2- Vitamin A for treatment of xerophthalmia and night blindness. It is also helpful in certain diseases of the skin, such as acne. 3- Promotes heart health. Unsaturated fatty acids 4- Supports joint health. Vit.D & fatty acid  Evening Primrose Oil It is the fixed oil obtained from the seeds Oenothera spp. F. Onagraceae. Active constituents: High percent of unsaturated fatty acids; cis-linoleic acid (LA) and esterified ɣ-linolenic acid (GLA). Uses: 1- A precursor of prostaglandins for the individuals who lack the enzymes which convert LA to GLA. Mechanism of action: LA GLA DGLA (dihomoGLA) PGE1 (prostaglandin E1) PGE1: is anti-inflammatory, immuno-regulatroy, vasodilator, inhibit platelets aggregation and cholesterol synthesis. 2-Treatment of atopic eczema. 3- Premenstrual syndrome (it correct the level of GLA). 4- Rheumatoid arthritis 5- Diabetic neuropathy (condition characterized reduction of nerve conduction velocity and nerve blood flow) 6- Dietary supplement, in nutritional deficiencies (essential fatty acid) 7- Cosmetic purposes  Other Drugs of Animal Origin Honey ‫العسل‬ The nectar of the flower is mainly consists of sucrose, when mixed with the saliva of the bee containing invertase enzyme on the honey sac, sucrose converted to invert sugar (mixture of glucose and fructose). The bee brings back the contents of the honey-sac and deposits them on the cells of the honeycomb. The best honey is obtained from flowers such as Clover and Citrus. Some flowers lead to the formation of honey with unpleasant odour and taste as Eucalyptus or even toxic known as poisonous honey (Datura stramonium). Uses: Demulcent and sweeting agent as well as for its nutritive properties. In cough mixtures as cough sedative and expectorant, also has antibacterial properties. It helps to stop bleeding due to vit. K content so it is given in case of ulcers, varicose veins and after surgical operations. Mixture of cod-liver oil and honey (1:1) is very effective in treatment of infected wounds and burns as it increase level of glutathione which enhance cell division.  Insects Cochineal It is the dried female insect of Dactylopius coccus F.: Coccidae. Active constituents: Red colouring matter carminic acid (C-glycoside) and carmine. Uses: Colouring matter for tooth-pastes, tinctures and food products. Cochineal = Carmine = E 120  Snakes Venom ‫سم الثعبان‬ They are complex mixtures of toxic proteins. Some of them are composed of amino acids with disulfide bridges. Enzymes as phospholipase A2 and phosphodiestrase together with glycoproteins. Effects of snake venom: It blocks the acetylcholine release from nerve endings leading to neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity. Blocking of muscle contraction and respiratory failure. On G.I.T., excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting and gastric hyperdistension are characteristic features. Treatment of toxicity and antidote: 1- The use of anti-venom injection. 2- Symptomatic treatment including injections with atropine, analgesic, cortisone,........ etc. Therapeutic uses of snake venom: 1- The enzyme phosphodiestrase present in snake venom is employed as a molecular probe to study the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids. 2- Glycoprotein has a property of immunosuppression which is a potential use in preventing organ-transport rejection. 3- In general, the venoms are investigated for their antiviral, antibacterial and anticarcinogenic properties.