Steadman - Aeneid I.34-45 PDF

8 Lesson 4: Aeneid I.34-45 Vix ē cōnspectū Siculae tellūris in altum vēla dabant laetī et spūmās salis aere ruēbant, cum Iūnō aeternum servāns sub pectore vulnus haec sēcum: “Mēne inceptō dēsistere victam nec posse Ītaliā Teucrōrum āvertere rēgem? Quippe vetor fātīs. Pallasne exūrere classem Argīvu...

8 Lesson 4: Aeneid I.34-45 Vix ē cōnspectū Siculae tellūris in altum vēla dabant laetī et spūmās salis aere ruēbant, cum Iūnō aeternum servāns sub pectore vulnus haec sēcum: “Mēne inceptō dēsistere victam nec posse Ītaliā Teucrōrum āvertere rēgem? Quippe vetor fātīs. Pallasne exūrere classem Argīvum atque ipsōs potuit summergere pontō ūnius ob noxam et furiās Aiācis Oīleī? Ipsa Iovis rapidum iaculāta ē nūbibus ignem disiēcitque ratēs ēvertitque aequora ventīs, illum exspīrantem trānsfīxō pectore flammās turbine corripuit scopulōque īnfīxit acūtō; 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 acūtus, -a, -um: sharp, pointed, 2 aes, aeris n.: bronze, 2 aeternus, -a, -um: eternal, everlasting 4 Aiās, Aiācis m: Ajax Argīvus, -a, -um: Argive (Greek) āvertō, -ēre, āvertī, āversum: turn away, 4 conspectus, -ūs, f: sight, view, 2 dēsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum: cease (from), desist disiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: scatter, throw apart, 4 ēvertō, -ere, -vertī: overturn, turn over, 3 exspīrō (1): breathe out, exhale exūrō, -ere, -ussī, -ustum: burn up furia, -ae f: madness, fury iaculor, -ārī, iaculātus sum: throw, hurl, 2 infīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxum: fix, fasten on, 2 noxa, -ae f: crime ob: on account of, because of (acc), 3 Oīleus, -ī m: Oileus (father of Ajax) Pallas, -adis f: Pallas, Athena (Minerva), 2 quippe: of course, truly; surely, 3 rapidus, -a, -um: swift, grasping, 3 ratis, -is f.: raft, boat, ship, 2 rēx, rēgis m.: king, 4 sal, salis n.: salt (water); sea, 2 Siculus, -a, -um: Sicilian, of Sicily, 2 spūma, -ae f.: foam, spray summergō, -ere, -rsī, -rsum: sink, drown, 2 turbō, -binis m.: whirlwind, 3 vēlum, -ī n.: sail, 2 vetō, -āre, -uī, -itum: forbid, prevent, 2 vix: scarcely, hardly, with difficulty 34 in altum: into the deep (sea); metonomy 35 laetī: happily; nom. predicative adj. as adv. salis: of the salt (sea); metonomy aere: abl. of means; metonymy, the fronts of the ships have a bronze rostrum, ‘beak,’ made to withstand daily wear from the water. 36 cum…haec sēcum (dīxit): when…(said); ellipsis: add verb; temporal cum servāns: pres. pple servō, ‘preserve’ 37 haec: these things; neut. acc. pl. substantive sēcum: cum sē; reflexive pronoun; soliloquy: Juno is speaking alone to herself Mē-ne...dēsistere…nec posse…: Am I to…and am I not able…?; acc. + inf. in an exclamatory question, often used without a main verb to express anger or surprise; mē is acc. subject inceptō: from my undertaking; ‘from the thing having been begun,’ PPP and abl. of separation 38 Ītāliā: from…; abl. of separation Teucrōrum: of the Trojans; patronymic; Teucer was one of the founders of Troy 39 vetor: 1s pres. pass. Pallasne…potuit: Was Pallas (Athena) able…; pf. possum; Pallas Athena, also called Minerva 40 (virōs) ipsōs: (the men) themselves (in) pontō 41 ūnius…Aiācis Oīleī: of one man, Ajax, (son) of Oileus; ūnus is a pronominal adj. (gen. -ius) Ajax had assaulted Cassandra in Pallas’ temple 42 ipsa: (she) herself; i.e. Pallas Iovis: gen. sg. Iuppiter, who is Pallas’ father iaculāta: pf. dep. pple: translate ‘having Xed’ rapidum ignem: i.e. Jupiter’s thunderbolt -que…-que: both…and… 44-45 illum…acutō: hysteron proteron (‘later earlier’): events in line 44 occur after line 45 illum: that one; i.e. Ajax; obj. of corripuit exspirantem…flāmmās: pres. pple; Ajax’s lung is pierced, and flames or his life spirit exits from his chest rather than from his mouth trānsfīxō pectore: from…; PPP, trānsfīgō 45 scopulō…acūtō: on…; dat. of compound Juno delivers a soliloquy as the Trojans sail from Sicily classis, -is f: fleet, 8 corripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptum: snatch (up), 6 cum: with; when, since, although, 23 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give (the power); grant, 27 ē, ex: out of, from (abl), 8 flamma, -ae f: flame, 8 ignis, -is m: fire; lightning, 15 incipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: begin, undertake, 6 ipse, -a, -um: himself, herself, -self; very, 22 Iuppiter, Iovis, Iovī, Iovem, Iove m.: Jupiter 9 laetus, -a, -um: happy; fertile, 5 nec: nor, and not; nec…nec: neither…nor, 30 nūbēs, -is f: cloud, 6 9 pectus, -oris n: chest, breast; heart, 12 pontus, -ī m: sea, 9 possum, posse, potuī: be able, can, 5 ruō, ruere, -ī: rush (over), fall; plow, 8 scopulus, -ī m.: rock, cliff, crag, 6 sē: him-, her-, it-, themselves, 20 servō (1): save, perserve, keep, 6 sub: under, beneath; near, 13 tellūs, -ūris f.: land, earth, 6 Teucrus, a, um: Trojan, Teucrian, 10 ventus, -ī m.: wind, 11 vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum: conquer, 5 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, 7 Eight Words Referring to the Sea Vergil uses a variety of words to refer to the sea. Sometimes a specific word is necessary, but he often will include a particular word for variation or metrical purposes. Review the list below and notice that commonly used forms are metrically different and fit in different places in the dactylic line. aequor, -oris n: sea, level sea, 11 altum, -ī n.: sea, deep sea mare, -is n: sea, 5 pelagus, -ī n.: sea, 4 pontus, -ī m: sea, 9 sal, salis n.: sea, salt water, 2 salum, -ī n.: sea, swelling sea, 2 aequora, aequore ( ¯ ˘ ˘ ) altum, altō ( ¯ ¯ ) maria, ( ˘ ˘ ˘ ) marī ( ˘ ¯ ) pelagī, pelagō ( ˘ ˘ ¯ ) pontum, pontō ( ¯ ¯ ) salis, sale ( ˘ ˘ ) salō ( ˘ ¯ ) Pallas Athena (Minerva) and Ajax According to tradition, the Trojan princess Cassandra sought sanctuary in the temple of Minerva while the Greeks sacked the city. In one account, the Greek Ajax, son of Oileus, dragged Cassandra away as a prisoner and denied her Minerva’s protection. In another account, Ajax assaulted Cassandra in the temple of Minerva where Cassandra sought sanctuary. Juno suggests that Minerva was able to destroy Ajax’s entire Greek fleet on the return from Troy in response to Ajax’s behavior in the temple. Since Minerva is Jupiter’s daughter (she leapt out of his head!), Vergil feels no need to explain why she so easily borrows her father’s thunderbolt. Short Answer 1. Vergil begins his Trojan narrative in ll. 34-35 in medias res. What does in medias res mean? 2. What rhetorical/stylistic device does Vergil use at the beginning of Juno’s speech in ll. 37-41 to reveal Juno’s bewilderment and anger? (Hint: Juno does not us a nominative and finite verb.) 3. How do the initial lines of Juno’s speech in ll. 37-41 reinforce the idea expressed by Vergil that the Trojans were destined to come to Italy? 4. How is the example of Ajax supposed to support Juno’s case for turning away Aeneas from Italy? 10 Lesson 5: Aeneid I.46-59 ast ego, quae dīvum incēdō rēgīna Iovisque et soror et coniūnx, ūnā cum gente tot annōs bella gerō. Et quisquam nūmen Iūnōnis adōret praetereā aut supplex ārīs impōnet honōrem?” Tālia flammātō sēcum dea corde volūtāns nimbōrum in patriam, loca fēta furentibus Austrīs, Aeoliam venit. Hīc vastō rēx Aeolus antrō luctantēs ventōs tempestātēsque sonōrās imperiō premit ac vinclīs et carcere frēnat. Illī indignantēs magnō cum murmure montis circum claustra fremunt; celsā sedet Aeolus arce scēptra tenēns mollitque animōs et temperat īrās; nī faciat, maria ac terrās caelumque profundum quippe ferant rapidī sēcum verrantque per aurās. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 adōrō (1): pray to, plead to, honor Aeolia, -ae f.: Aeolia Auster, -trī m.: wind; Auster wind, (south) wind, 2 carcer, -eris m.: prison, 2 celsus, -a, -um: high, towering, 2 claustrum, -ī n.: enclosure; bar, bolt fetus, -a, -um: teeming, pregnant (dat.), 2 flammō (1): enflame, kindle fremō, -ere, -uī, -itum: roar, 3 frēnō (1): to bridle, restrain (a bit used with horses), 2 honor, -ōris m.: honor; offering, sacrifice, 3 incēdō, -ere, -cessī: strut; march, proceed, 2 indignor, -ārī, -ātus sum: be angry or indignant luctor, -ārī, -ātus sum: wrestle, struggle, 2 molliō, -īre, -īī, -ītum: soften, soothe, 2 murmur, -uris n.: murmur, rumble, 4 nī, nisī: if not, unless 2 nimbus, -ī m.: (storm) cloud, rain/dark cloud 3 praetereā: besides, moreover profundus, -a, -um: deep, vast, 2 quippe: of course, truly; surely, 3 quisquam, quaequam, quicquam: any(one), any(thing), 4 rapidus, -a, -um: swift, grasping, 3 rēx, rēgis m.: king, 4 scēptrum, -ī n.: scepter, staff, 2 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: sit, 4 sonōrus, -a, -um: resounding, sonorous supplex, -icis: suppliant, 3 temperō (1): refrain, calm, control, 2 tempestās, tempestātis f.: storm 2 verrō, -ere, -ī, -rsum: sweep, 2 vinculum, -ī n.: chain, 4 volūtō (1): roll or turn over; ponder, think about, 46 ast: but; alternative form for ‘at’ quae…incēdō: who…; the antecedent is 1s, and so the verb in the relative clause is 1s dīv(ōr)um: gen. pl. substantive: i.e. the gods rēgīna Iovisque et soror…et coniūnx: as…and as both…and…; nom. in apposition; gen. sg. Iuppiter modifies soror and coniūnx 47 tot annōs: for…; acc. of duration 48 et quisquam…adōret: would anyone…?; ‘Is anyone to,’ 3s deliberative pres. subj.; the lack of an interrogative suggests shock or surprise 49 aut (quisquam) supplex impōnet: or will (anyone) as a suppliant…?; 3s fut. ārīs: on…; dat. of compound verb 50 Tālia: such things; neut. acc. obj. of volūtāns; sēcum: cum sē; reflexive pronoun; i.e. she is speaking alone to herself in a soliloquy flammātō corde: in…; abl. place where, PPP 51 in patriam, loca…Aeoliam: neut. acc. loca and Aeoliam are both in apposition to patriam fēta: pregnant with + abl.; ‘teeming with’ the mountain filled with winds is likened here to a belly pregnant with a child 52 (in) vastō…antrō luctantēs: pres. pple 53 imperiō: with…; abl. of means vinc(u)līs et carcere: with…; abl. of means likely hendiadys: ‘with the chains of a prison’ Illī (ventī): those (winds) indignantēs: pres. pple 55 magnō cum murmure montis: alliteration and onomatopoeia; the next line continues with the hard-c sounds as if clanging against a cage 56 (in) celsā…arce Juno comes to Aeolus 11 57 sceptra: poetic plural: translate as sg. obj. of not do (this),…would…and would…; a fut. less pple tenēns; vivid condition (sī pres. subj., pres. subj.), animōs: their spirits; the plural of animus often otherwise known as a should-would condition; means ‘courage,’ ‘anger,’ or ‘passion’ nī = nisi (if not) īrās: anger, passions; the pl. of īra often refers 59 rapidī (ventī): nom. subject to passions in general or can be translated as sg. verrant: supply subject and obj. from ferant 58 nī faciat,…ferant…verrant: if he should Aeolus, -ī m.: Aeolus (king of the winds), 5 antrum, -ī n.: cave, 5 āra, -ae f.: altar, 8 at, ast: but, yet, however, at least, 10 aura, -ae f.: breeze, air, 6 aut: or; aut…aut: either…or, 31 caelum, -ī n.: sky, 13 coniūnx, -iugis m./f.: spouse, husband, wife, 6 cor, cordis n.: heart, 5 dīvus, -a, -um: divine; noun, god, goddess, 12 faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum: do, make, 7 furō, -ere, -uī: rage, rave, seethe, 7 imperium, -iī n.: power, command; empire, 6 imponō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: impose, place on, 5 in: in, on, among (abl.); into, against (acc.), 55 locus, -ī m. (pl. locī, loca): place, 8 magnus, -a, -um: great, large, 19 mōns, montis m.: mountain, 5 patria, -ae f.: fatherland, country, 8 premō, -ere, pressī, pressum: (sup)press, control, 5 soror, sorōris f.: sister, 5 tālis, -e: such, 15 vastus, -a, -um: vast, enormous, 7 Ancient Science: Four Primary Elements and Natural Place A prevailing view in the ancient world is that there are four primary elements and that each has its own natural place. Objects made of earth and water naturally move down to the land and water, while objects made of air and fire naturally move up to the sky and aether (upper sky) that contains the sun, moon, and stars. This view explains the effects of gravity as well as the tendency of air bubbles and flames to travel upward. These elements correspond to the following places in Vergil: aether, -eris m.: aether, (upper) sky, 3 caelum, -ī n.: sky, 13 aqua, -ae f.: water, 3 terra, -ae f: land, ground, earth, 20 As you read the storm episode, note how often the disorder stirred up by the winds is depicted as the unnatural mixing of elements and order as the separation of these elements into their natural places. Emotional winds create disorder in nature, just as emotions create disorder in individuals Violent emotions are associated with disorder in Vergil—whether in an individual, in a society, or in the natural world—while emotional restraint in these same areas is associated with order. Almost every line from 51 to 59 identifies the winds as violent emotions or beasts with unrestrained emotions. The gods restrain the emotional winds to impose order on nature. The winds, unrestrained, create chaos by moving the four elements from their natural place. Jupiter, Aeolus, and later Neptune impose order on nature by restraining the winds and allowing the elements to take their natural place. The same emotional restraint that works in an individual works in nature. 1. In Roman religion, prayer and sacrifice are transactional: Romans honor a god in order to gain a reward or to avoid suffering. What does Juno say will happen if she cannot punish the Trojans? 2. Identify at least one word in each line (51, 53-57) that depicts the winds as unrestrained emotions. or animals with unrestrained emotions. 3. What Latin verbs in 54 and 57 portray Aeolus as one who imposes restraint on emotional beasts? 4. How can the idea in the four elements and their natural order explain why Vergil chose to use the words maria, terrās, and caelum in l. 58 to describe what happens if the winds are unrestrained?