States and Properties of Matter PDF

# What is Matter? ## Definition of Matter - Matter is everything that occupies space and has mass. - It is classified into three basic states: 1. Solid - Has a definite shape and volume. - Shape and volume do not change regardless of the container. 2. Liquid - Has a d...

# What is Matter? ## Definition of Matter - Matter is everything that occupies space and has mass. - It is classified into three basic states: 1. Solid - Has a definite shape and volume. - Shape and volume do not change regardless of the container. 2. Liquid - Has a definite volume but no definite shape. - Shape changes according to the container. 3. Gas - Has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. - Changes both shape and volume depending on the container. ## States of Matter - All matter is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving. - In solids, particles vibrate back and forth in all directions. - In liquids, particles slide past one another, similar to marbles in a box. - In gases, particles move freely and are not close together. ## Moving Particles - Particles that close together exert an attractive force on each other. - The strength of attraction depends on the distance between particles. ## Mass and Weight - Mass is the amount of matter in an object. - Weight is the gravitational pull on the mass of an object. ## Volume - Volume of a liquid can be measured using a graduated cylinder or measuring cup. - For solids: - Use a formula for regular shapes. - Use the displacement method for irregular shapes. ## Density - Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. ## Additional Physical Properties - Other physical properties include: - Magnetism - Malleability - Electrical conductivity ## Melting and Boiling Point - Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. - Boiling Point: The maximum temperature a liquid can reach before it turns into gas. ## Solubility - Solubility is the ability of one material to dissolve in another (e.g., powdered juice in water). ## Chemical Properties - A chemical property is the ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into new substances. - It is observed as a substance reacts or changes. ## Flammability - Flammability is the ability of a type of matter to burn easily. ## Ability to Rust - Rust forms when iron reacts with water and oxygen in the air, indicating a chemical property of iron. ## Identifying Matters Using Physical Properties - Physical properties help describe and identify types of matter. - Melting point and density are properties that do not depend on the size or amount of the sample. ## Sorting Materials Using Properties - Both physical and chemical properties are useful for sorting materials (e.g., storing crackers in the cupboard and milk in the refrigerator). ## Separating Mixtures Using Physical Properties - Physical properties can help separate mixed matter (e.g., thawing ice cream to remove a spoon). ## Changes of Matter ### Physical Change - A physical change alters size, shape, form, or state of matter without changing its identity. - Examples include: - Dissolving: Mixing powdered juice with water. - Changing State: Melting ice into water or boiling water into steam. ### Chemical Change - A chemical change transforms substances into new substances with different properties. - Another name for this is a chemical reaction. ## Signs of Chemical Change 1. Formation of Gas: Bubbles can indicate a chemical change. 2. Formation of a Precipitate: A solid forms when two liquids combine. 3. Color Change: A change in color can indicate a chemical reaction (e.g., rusting metal). ## Energy and Physical Change - All chemical reactions involve energy changes. - Thermal energy is often needed for reactions (e.g., cooking). ## Can We Bring Back Something That Has Changed? - Not all changes can be reversed. - Example: Fireworks display (chemical change). - Example: Grating a carrot (physical change). - Example: Salt solution can be reversed by evaporating water. ## Conservation of Mass - Physical changes do not affect the mass of matter. ## Conservation of Mass ### Physical Changes - When Ice melts: - The mass of the ice is equal to the mass of the resulting liquid. - Mass is conserved, meaning it remains unchanged during physical changes. ### Chemical Changes - Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, discovered that: - Chemical reactions also conserve mass. - This discovery is known as The Law of Conservation of Mass. - It states that the total mass of a chemical reaction is the same before and after the reaction. ## Weight - Weight remains the same because it depends on mass.