Pre Finals and Finals: Disaster Management and Risk Reduction

PRE FINALS AND FINALS Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) and Psychological Support Supportive Communication Skills: Active listening, empathy, and reassurance techniques to assist affected individuals. Effective communication helps establish trust and eases anxiety in disa...

PRE FINALS AND FINALS Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) and Psychological Support Supportive Communication Skills: Active listening, empathy, and reassurance techniques to assist affected individuals. Effective communication helps establish trust and eases anxiety in disaster- stricken individuals.  Assisted Coping Techniques: Encouraging relaxation strategies, guided breathing, and peer support for stress management. Coping strategies help mitigate the psychological impact of disasters and facilitate emotional stability.  Stress Reactions: Identifying acute stress symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, and emotional distress to provide timely intervention. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk assessment is also an integral component of psychological support. Psychological First Aid (PFA) Role of the Psychological First Aider in a Crisis: Providing immediate emotional support to both victims and responders. This includes establishing safety, promoting calmness, and helping individuals regain a sense of control.  Fear Management Strategies: Assisting individuals in coping with fear through grounding techniques and reassurance. Strategies include mindfulness, breathing exercises, and cognitive reframing. What is Fear Management? Fear management is the ability to recognize, understand, and respond constructively to fear — rather than letting it control you. It’s not about eliminating fear (which is a natural and sometimes necessary emotion), but about mastering your reaction to it.  Key Fear Management Techniques: Acknowledge the Fear Don’t suppress it. Naming it gives you power over it. Understand the Root Is it fear of failure? Rejection? The unknown? Identify the trigger. Challenge the Narrative Are your thoughts realistic or exaggerated by anxiety? Reframe them. Breathe & Ground Yourself Breathwork, mindfulness, and grounding techniques calm the nervous system.  Take Small Actions Courage builds with motion. Start small, build confidence incrementally. Visualize Success Picture yourself overcoming the fear. Mental rehearsal boosts resilience. Talk it Out Share your fear with someone you trust or seek professional help. Reframe Fear as Fuel Fear and excitement are chemically similar — channel the energy into motivation.  Crisis Intervention: Ensuring victims feel safe, connected, and have access to appropriate support systems. This involves facilitating access to mental health professionals, social services, and community support networks. Public Health Interventions Community Health Assessments: Identifying at-risk populations and determining healthcare needs post- disaster. This involves data collection, risk analysis, and prioritization of healthcare services.  Disease Prevention Strategies: Implementing vaccination campaigns, sanitation measures, and vector control to reduce health risks. Public health agencies work to prevent outbreaks and mitigate the spread of infections in affected areas.  Long-Term Recovery Planning: Addressing mental health concerns, rebuilding healthcare infrastructure, and developing policies to strengthen community resilience. This includes workforce training, rebuilding medical facilities, and enhancing emergency preparedness. Conclusion The post-impact phase of disaster response is crucial in preventing further harm and promoting recovery. Nurses and healthcare professionals play vital roles in ensuring patient safety, managing psychological impacts, and contributing to public health efforts. By integrating effective strategies, communities can rebuild and recover more efficiently, fostering long-term resilience against future disasters. Continuous training, inter-agency collaboration, and policy development are essential for sustaining preparedness and enhancing response capabilities.  Guidelines in Disaster and Emergency Situations Effective disaster and emergency response not only addresses physical injuries but also considers mental health, nutrition, and early warning systems. These guidelines ensure a holistic approach to managing disasters and reducing their impacts. A. Mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings B. Infant and young child feeding during emergency and disaster situation C. PAGASA Rainfall warning system D. Flood and Earthquake warning system A. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings Disasters often have significant psychological and social impacts on individuals and communities. Mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) are critical components of disaster response. 1. Common Mental Health Issues During Disasters o Acute Stress Reactions: Anxiety, panic, and confusion. o Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Persistent fear, nightmares, and avoidance behaviors. o Depression and Grief: Feelings of hopelessness due to loss of loved ones, homes, or livelihoods. 2. Guidelines for MHPSS: Early Identification: Screen individuals for signs of distress, particularly children, elderly, and those with pre-existing mental health conditions. Psychological First Aid (PFA): Provide immediate emotional support by listening, comforting, and connecting individuals to resources. Community-Based Interventions: Establish safe spaces for community gatherings, storytelling, and support groups. Referral Systems: Refer severe cases (e.g., suicide risk) to trained mental health professionals. Care for Responders: Address burnout and secondary trauma experienced by healthcare workers and responders. B. Infant and Young Child Feeding During Emergency and Disaster Situations Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable during disasters. Proper nutrition is crucial for their survival and development. 1. Key Guidelines: o Promote Breastfeeding: ▪ Breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and antibodies that protect against infections. ▪ Avoid distribution of infant formula unless absolutely necessary, as it requires clean water and proper sterilization. o Support for Mothers: ▪ Offer lactation counseling and emotional support to breastfeeding mothers. ▪ Establish breastfeeding-friendly spaces in evacuation centers. o Complementary Feeding: ▪ For children 6 months and older, provide age-appropriate, nutrient-rich food in addition to breast milk. o Ensure Food Safety: ▪ Distribute ready-to-eat meals and hygienically prepared food to prevent diarrhea and malnutrition. 2. Emergency Actions: o Assess the nutritional status of infants and children. o Implement feeding programs tailored to the cultural and dietary needs of the population. C. PAGASA Rainfall Warning System The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) developed a rainfall warning system to inform the public and minimize risks associated with heavy rainfall. 1. Warning Levels: o Yellow Warning: ▪ Rainfall: 7.5-15 mm of rain in an hour. ▪ Action: Be alert for possible flooding in low-lying areas. o Orange Warning: ▪ Rainfall: 15-30 mm of rain in an hour. ▪ Action: Prepare for flooding; move to higher ground if necessary. o Red Warning: ▪ Rainfall: More than 30 mm of rain in an hour. ▪ Action: Evacuate immediately; extreme flooding is expected. 2.Guidelines for Responders and Communities: o Stay updated through weather bulletins and advisories. o Prepare evacuation plans and routes in advance. o Ensure emergency kits and supplies are ready. D. Flood and Earthquake Warning Systems Floods and earthquakes are common disasters in the Philippines. Warning systems are critical for reducing casualties and damage. Flood Warning System: 1. Flood Classifications: o Flash Floods: Sudden and short-term flooding caused by heavy rainfall or dam breaks. o Riverine Floods: Gradual flooding along rivers, often due to prolonged rainfall. 2. Guidelines: o Monitor water levels in rivers and reservoirs. o Follow local government announcements on evacuation orders. o Avoid crossing floodwaters to prevent drowning and waterborne diseases. Earthquake Warning System: 1. Earthquake Intensity Scale: o During an Earthquake: o The PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale ▪ Stay calm and avoid running. (PEIS) categorizes ground shaking from weak (Intensity I) to very destructive (Intensity VIII). ▪ If indoors, stay put and protect your head and neck. 2. Earthquake Preparedness Guidelines: ▪ If outdoors, move away from buildings, trees, o Before an Earthquake: and power lines. ▪ Identify safe spots indoors (e.g., under sturdy o After an Earthquake: tables). ▪ Check for injuries and structural damage. ▪ Conduct earthquake drills (Duck, Cover, and ▪ Be prepared for aftershocks. Hold). ▪ Secure heavy furniture and appliances. Conclusion These guidelines provide a framework for addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by disasters and emergencies. Mental health support, proper nutrition for vulnerable groups, and effective early warning systems are vital to ensuring safety and minimizing the impacts of disasters. As the Philippines faces frequent disasters, adherence to these guidelines enhances community resilience and improves outcomes in crisis situations. Disaster Management and Risk Reduction: Philippine Laws The Philippines, being prone to natural and man- made disasters, has implemented various laws to ensure preparedness, risk reduction, and environmental protection. These laws aim to enhance community resilience, safeguard vulnerable groups, and mitigate disaster risks. A. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA No. 10121) The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and 2. Key Features: Management Act of 2010 serves as the 2. Creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and cornerstone of disaster risk reduction (DRR) Management Council (NDRRMC): Oversees disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts in the country. efforts. 1. Objectives: 3. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices (LDRRMOs): Established in every province, city, and municipality. o Shift from disaster response to disaster preparedness and risk reduction. 4. Community Participation: Engages citizens in disaster planning and risk assessments. o Strengthen disaster management 5. Funding: institutions. LGUs allocate 5% of their budget as the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF). o Empower local government units (LGUs) 3. Significance: in DRR activities. o Enhances early warning systems. o Promotes education, training, and capacity-building programs for disaster preparedness. B. Risk Reduction and Preparedness Equipment Protection Act (RA 10344) 1.Purpose: Protect equipment intended for disaster risk reduction and response, such as warning systems, rescue vehicles, and communication tools. 2.Key Provisions: Penalizes theft, tampering, and destruction of disaster preparedness equipment. Ensures these resources remain functional and accessible during emergencies. 3.Impact: Strengthens community trust and reliance on emergency systems. Safeguards investments in disaster management infrastructure. C. Children’s Emergency Relief and Protection Act (RA 10821) 1. Overview: This law ensures the protection of children before, during, and after disasters. 2. Key Provisions: o Establishes child-friendly spaces in evacuation centers. o Provides psychosocial support and services for children affected by disasters. o Includes safeguards for the continued education of children during emergencies. o Prevents child abuse, exploitation, and trafficking during crises. 3. Significance: o Addresses the unique needs of children, who are among the most vulnerable populations during disasters. o Promotes their right to safety, health, and education. D. Philippine Environmental Laws The following environmental laws contribute to disaster risk reduction by addressing issues such as pollution, waste management, and habitat conservation. A healthy environment is critical to reducing disaster risks and building resilience. 1. Philippine Clean Air Act (RA No. 8749) 2. Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (RA No. 9211) 3. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 (RA 6969) 4. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) 5. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (RA 9147) 6. National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (RA 7586) Philippine Clean Air Act (RA No. 8749) 1. Objective: To reduce air pollution and protect public health and the environment. 2. Key Provisions: o Regulates emissions from motor vehicles and industrial sources. o Promotes the use of cleaner fuels and alternative energy sources. 3. Relevance to Disaster Risk Reduction: o Reduces climate-related risks caused by greenhouse gas emissions. o Improves air quality to prevent health crises during disasters. Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (RA No. 9211) 1. Purpose: o Regulates tobacco use and advertising to protect public health. 2. Relevance: o Reduces vulnerability to respiratory diseases, which are exacerbated during disasters. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 (RA 6969) 1. Overview: Regulates the importation, manufacturing, and disposal of hazardous substances. 2. Significance in DRR: o Prevents contamination and health risks during disasters involving hazardous materials. o Ensures proper storage and management to avoid spills and leaks during emergencies. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) 1. Goal: To establish an integrated approach to solid waste management. 2. Key Provisions: o Promotes waste segregation, recycling, and composting. o Mandates LGUs to develop solid waste management plans. 3. Importance in DRR: o Reduces flooding caused by clogged drainage systems. o Minimizes health risks associated with improper waste disposal during disasters. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (RA 9147) 1.Purpose: o Protects wildlife species and their habitats from exploitation and destruction. 2.Relevance: o Conserves biodiversity, which plays a role in ecosystem resilience to disasters. National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (RA 7586) 1.Overview: o Establishes protected areas to conserve ecosystems critical for disaster resilience. 2.Examples of Protected Areas: o Watersheds that prevent flooding. o Forests that reduce the risk of landslides. Conclusion Philippine laws on disaster management and risk reduction are vital for safeguarding lives, properties, and the environment. By addressing different aspects of disaster risk—from preparedness to environmental conservation—they provide a comprehensive framework to reduce vulnerabilities and enhance resilience. It is crucial for all stakeholders—government agencies, LGUs, and communities—to work together in implementing these laws effectively.  SEMI FINALS UNTIL HERE.  Documentation in Disaster Management A. Disaster and Risk Management Plan 1. Incident Response Team (IRT) 2. IRT Roles and Responsibilities B. Disaster Management Response 1. Vulnerable Groups 2. Health Hazard Report 3. Casually Report C. Disaster Recovery Activity Summary 1. Population Groups Involving Multiple Regions Requiring Special Attention 2. Outbreak Surveillance Report 3. Disaster Risk reduction and Management Team report A. Disaster and Risk Management Plan Disaster and Risk Management is a systematic approach to mitigating, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters to minimize loss of life, injuries, and damage to property and infrastructure. The Disaster and Risk Management Plan (DRMP) is a structured strategy designed to address potential hazards and ensure an organized and efficient response. 1. INCIDENT RESPONSE TEAM (IRT) An Incident Response Team (IRT) is a specialized group of professionals trained to handle emergency situations effectively and efficiently. The IRT is responsible for implementing the disaster management plan and ensuring a coordinated response. Formation of the IRT The IRT consists of government agencies, emergency responders, healthcare professionals, and community leaders. It operates at different levels: National IRT: Oversees large-scale disasters affecting multiple regions. Regional IRT: Coordinates responses for disasters at the state/provincial level. Local IRT: Handles community-level disaster response and management. 2. IRT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Each member of the IRT has specific responsibilities to ensure an organized and efficient response. Role Responsibilities Oversees disaster response, makes critical decisions, Incident Commander (IC) coordinates efforts. Operations Chief Manages field response, rescue, and relief efforts. Ensures availability of resources (food, water, medical Logistics Coordinator supplies). Provides emergency medical care, triage, and disease Medical Officer control. Public Information Officer (PIO) Communicates updates, ensures public awareness. Ensures the safety of responders and the affected Safety Officer population. Coordinates with NGOs, government agencies, and Liaison Officer external organizations.  B. DISASTER MANAGEMENT RESPONSE Disaster response focuses on immediate relief efforts, ensuring safety, providing medical aid, and restoring normalcy as soon as possible. 1. VULNERABLE GROUPS Certain population groups are more at risk during disasters and require special attention. Vulnerable Group Risk Factors Interventions Injury, trauma, separation from Establish safe shelters, family Children family. reunification programs. Provide medical support, specialized Elderly Mobility issues, chronic illnesses. shelters. High-risk pregnancies, lack of Access to prenatal care, emergency Pregnant Women maternal care. obstetric care. Limited mobility, sensory Assistive devices, accessible Disabled Individuals impairments. evacuation routes. Provide shelter, financial aid, food Low-income Families Poor housing, limited resources. assistance. 2. HEALTH HAZARD REPORT A Health Hazard Report identifies risks to public health during and after a disaster. Key Components of a Health Hazard Report Water Contamination: Risk of diarrheal diseases, cholera, and dysentery. Vector-Borne Diseases: Increase in malaria, dengue, and leptospirosis due to stagnant water. Respiratory Illnesses: Exposure to dust, smoke, and mold leading to pneumonia and bronchitis. Food Safety Issues: Risk of food poisoning due to improper storage and contamination. Mental Health Crisis: Increase in anxiety, PTSD, and depression.  3. CASUALTY REPORT The Casualty Report provides a detailed assessment of injuries, fatalities, and missing persons. Category Details Total Casualties Number of injured individuals. Fatalities Confirmed deaths due to the disaster. Missing Persons People unaccounted for post-disaster. Hospitalized Patients Number of victims receiving medical care. Evacuated Individuals People relocated for safety. C. DISASTER RECOVERY ACTIVITY SUMMARY Disaster recovery aims to restore affected communities and build resilience against future disasters. 1. POPULATION GROUPS INVOLVING MULTIPLE REGIONS REQUIRING SPECIAL ATTENTION Certain populations spread across multiple regions may need long-term assistance: Displaced Families: Temporary housing and basic necessities. Rural Populations: Rebuilding infrastructure, restoring agriculture. Indigenous Communities: Protecting land, ensuring cultural sensitivity. Refugees & Migrants: Legal assistance, healthcare access.  Response Strategies: Inter-regional coordination to ensure equitable distribution of aid. Mobile health clinics to provide medical care in remote areas. Specialized teams to assist vulnerable populations (women, children, disabled individuals).  2. OUTBREAK SURVEILLANCE REPORT Post-disaster conditions can lead to disease outbreaks due to: Poor sanitation and contaminated water. Inadequate shelter and overcrowding. Limited access to healthcare. Key Elements of an Outbreak Surveillance Report Common Diseases Post-Disaster: Cholera, dysentery (due to unsafe water). Malaria, dengue (due to stagnant water). Influenza, pneumonia (due to crowded shelters). Disease Monitoring Methods: Field surveys, hospital data, community reports. Rapid diagnostic tests, lab confirmations. Containment Measures: Vaccination drives (measles, cholera, tetanus). Distribution of clean water and sanitation facilities. Isolation and treatment of infected individuals.  3. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TEAM REPORT This report assesses the effectiveness of disaster response efforts and recommends improvements. Key Components of the Report Preparedness Measures Taken: Early warning systems Emergency drills and training Effectiveness of Response Actions: Speed of evacuation Availability of resources Challenges Faced: Shortage of medical supplies Delays in aid distribution Recommendations for Future Preparedness: More funding for disaster response teams Better inter-agency coordination Improvement in communication networks CONCLUSION A comprehensive Disaster and Risk Management Plan ensures efficient response, minimizes casualties, and accelerates recovery. The Incident Response Team (IRT) plays a crucial role in coordinating disaster relief efforts. By addressing vulnerable groups, health hazards, casualty reports, and recovery activities, communities can rebuild stronger and be better prepared for future disasters. Personnel Roles and Functions for Disaster Preparedness and Responses Plans A. Incident Commander B. Medical Command Physician C. Triage Officer D. Community Relations for Public Information Officer E. NDRRM National and Local Council F. Philippine National Red cross (PNRC) G. National and Local Health Personnel H. Dept. of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) I. Civil Society Organizations J. Community Volunteers A. Incident Commander Role: Overall Authority and Coordination The Incident Commander (IC) is the highest authority during an emergency response operation. This person oversees all aspects of the incident, including operational, logistical, planning, and financial issues. Key Responsibilities: Establishing command and developing an Incident Action Plan (IAP). Directing all response efforts and resource allocations. Coordinating with various agencies and ensuring unified command. Ensuring responder and public safety. Approving information releases and public communications. Example: During a typhoon, the IC would be in charge of organizing evacuation procedures, coordinating rescue teams, and managing relief distribution. B. Medical Command Physician Role: Clinical Oversight in Emergencies The Medical Command Physician provides leadership and direction for medical operations in the field. This role ensures that medical care during disasters adheres to standards. Key Responsibilities: Supervising triage, treatment, and transport of patients. Coordinating with hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Ensuring availability and distribution of medical supplies. Advising the IC on health-related risks and decisions. Supporting mental health and psychosocial services. Example: In an earthquake, the Medical Command Physician ensures that injured individuals are stabilized and transported appropriately while managing field medics. C. Triage Officer Role: Prioritization of Patient Care The Triage Officer is crucial during mass casualty incidents. This role focuses on quickly assessing victims to determine the urgency of their medical needs. Key Responsibilities: Categorizing patients based on severity using color codes (e.g., red for critical, green for minor). Ensuring proper allocation of medical resources. Communicating patient status to medical teams. Maintaining flow and order in triage areas. Example: After a landslide, the Triage Officer quickly determines who needs immediate surgery and who can wait, ensuring effective use of limited resources. D. Community Relations for Public Information Officer (PIO) Role: Public Communication and Information Management The PIO handles all media relations and public communication, ensuring accurate, timely, and clear information dissemination. Key Responsibilities: Informing the public about the situation, safety protocols, and assistance options. Managing press releases, interviews, and media briefings. Addressing public concerns and countering misinformation. Coordinating with the IC and other agencies for consistent messaging. Example: In a disease outbreak, the PIO would explain preventive measures, case updates, and vaccination schedules to avoid public panic. E. NDRRM National and Local Council Role: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Oversight The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) and its Local DRRM counterparts coordinate all disaster preparedness and response efforts across all levels of government. Key Responsibilities: Developing DRRM policies, plans, and strategies. Leading pre-disaster preparedness programs. Coordinating emergency response and relief operations. Mobilizing resources and logistics. Ensuring compliance with the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121). Example: Before a volcanic eruption, the NDRRMC coordinates evacuation plans, alerts local councils, and prepares emergency funds and shelters. F. Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC) Role: Humanitarian Response and Relief Services The PNRC plays a key role in delivering humanitarian aid during disasters, often working closely with government and international organizations. Key Responsibilities: Conducting search and rescue operations. Providing first aid, emergency health services, and psychosocial support. Distributing relief goods (e.g., food, water, blankets). Managing blood donations and mobile medical units. Supporting displaced families through shelter and recovery programs. Example: During a typhoon, the PNRC sets up mobile clinics and relief tents in evacuation areas. G. National and Local Health Personnel Role: Frontline Medical and Public Health Services Doctors, nurses, barangay health workers, and sanitary inspectors play a vital role in maintaining public health during emergencies. Key Responsibilities: Providing clinical care in health centers and mobile units. Monitoring disease outbreaks and conducting epidemiological surveillance. Promoting hygiene and sanitation in evacuation centers. Assisting in vaccination and mass feeding programs. Supporting maternal, child, and mental health services. Example: Local health workers may set up vaccination drives in shelters to prevent measles or leptospirosis outbreaks. H. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Role: Social Services and Relief Distribution The DSWD is the primary government agency tasked with providing social protection and welfare services during and after disasters. Key Responsibilities: Leading evacuation center management and family tracing. Distributing food packs, hygiene kits, and cash assistance. Protecting vulnerable populations like children, elderly, and PWDs. Coordinating psychosocial services. Implementing recovery and rehabilitation programs. Example: After a flood, the DSWD conducts needs assessments and delivers emergency shelter assistance. I. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Role: Advocacy, Support Services, and Monitoring CSOs, including NGOs, faith-based groups, and professional organizations, support disaster response through service delivery, advocacy, and community mobilization. Key Responsibilities: Delivering food, medical, and educational assistance. Providing technical expertise in areas like child protection or environment. Advocating for policy change and community rights. Monitoring government accountability and service gaps. Organizing community-based preparedness training. Example: A CSO may partner with local schools to teach disaster drills and distribute emergency kits. J. Community Volunteers Role: Grassroots Support and Implementation Community volunteers are essential for local-level disaster response. They offer manpower, local knowledge, and trust within the community. Key Responsibilities: Assisting in evacuation, rescue, and relief distribution. Providing first aid and basic medical help. Leading information dissemination and coordination. Helping maintain order in shelters and aid stations. Monitoring hazards and reporting needs from the ground. Example: Barangay volunteers assist in house-to-house evacuation efforts ahead of a storm or landslide. END OF PRESENTATION THANK YOU…