SPHLE2024review PDF

A program aimed at addressing the issue of obesity is in the early stages of development. Six employees from the health sector have come together to generate ideas for the program. What is the most appropriate term to describe this collaborative activity? A. Cross-Sectional Study B. Ecological...

A program aimed at addressing the issue of obesity is in the early stages of development. Six employees from the health sector have come together to generate ideas for the program. What is the most appropriate term to describe this collaborative activity? A. Cross-Sectional Study B. Ecological Study C. Interdisciplinary Collaboration D. Brainstorming A patient visits a clinic, complaining of swelling in his feet. He mentions that he works as a floor cleaner in his workplace. What recommendation or suggestion would be most appropriate for this patient's situation? A. Advise the patient to wash his feet with water. B. Suggest that he wash his feet while running. C. Recommend wearing protective shoes or clothing for his feet. D. Recommend Use first aid A group of graduates planned to deliver a presentation that was supposed to be 15 minutes of explanation followed by 5 minutes for questions. What type of communication best describes this situation? A. Two-way Didactic B. One-way Didactic C. Interactive D. Informal Why did Saudi Arabia introduce calorie counts on restaurant menus? A. Promote food B. Protect obesity C. Raise awareness D. Health Literacy 1|Page If you want to plan a successful behavior change communication strategy for HIV/AIDS to reach maximum number of people in the community, what type of communication channel would you like to adopt? A. Interpersonal. B. Mass media. C. Group discussion. D. Seminar. A group of graduates planned to deliver a presentation that was supposed to be 15 minutes of explanation followed by 5 minutes for questions. However, due to time constraints, the entire 20 minutes of the presentation was spent on explanation without any time for questions. Does they consider? A. Sender B. Receiver C. Message D. Feedback In a rural village with limited access to modern communication technologies, health authorities aim to raise awareness about HIV and promote safe practices. What is the most effective method for communicating HIV awareness in this village? A. Social Media Campaigns B. Television Advertisements C. Community Health Workers and Local Meetings D. SMS Text Messages In a region where diarrheal diseases are prevalent, health authorities want to educate the community about the importance of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) for treating dehydration. What is the most effective method for educating the community about the importance of ORS among the following options? A. Panel Discussion B. Role Play C. Lecture D. Seminar 2|Page A man who smokes regularly visits a clinic complaining of fatigue and other symptoms related to smoking. However, he firmly believes that smoking does not cause diseases. What is the most appropriate approach to address his beliefs and encourage healthier behavior? A. Provide him with scientific literature and evidence on the health risks of smoking. B. Persuade him forcefully to quit smoking immediately. C. Ignore his beliefs and focus solely on treating his current symptoms. D. Offer him alternative therapies unrelated to smoking. An organization is actively working to evaluate and improve the performance of its employees to enhance overall productivity. Which of the following frameworks or approaches is most likely to be used for setting clear, measurable objectives and improving employee performance? A. SWOT analysis B. SMART goals C. KPI assessment D. ROI analysis What does "abstract" in research mean? A. A summary or brief overview of the research study B. The main body of the research paper C. The conclusion and final thoughts of the research D. A reference list of sources used in the research A person is a smoker and the doctor was afraid that he would develop coronary heart disease and advised him to follow the health belief model. When the doctor went to see him, he discovered that he had quit smoking and what was the reason for him quitting it. A. Smoking is a disease B. Quitting difficult C. Quitting fair because coronary heart disease D. Quitting easy 3|Page A group of people came out offering a lesson, and they specified a 15-minute presentation and 5 minutes of questions. Is this considered? A. Healthy communication B. Health promotion C. Health education D. ALL the above They want to establish a program for obesity and the target is poor and uneducated people. What incentives can they offer them? A. A video about obesity B. Healthy eating options C. Subscriptions in gum D. All the above A smoking clinic and the doctor advised her to stop smoking. She thought about it and think of pros and cons after this she go shopping to pay a nicotine gum. This is the stage of TTM? A. Preparedness B. Action C. Replace D. Contemplation A patient after she started a weight loss program and succeeded she decided that no need of it and nothing need to change anymore what is the stage that she in it at the end? A. Pre-contemplation B. Contemplation C. Action D. Replace If a person has engaged in a clinical trial without their permission and wishes to address this issue, whom should they contact or report this violation to? A. Ministry of health B. Public health authorities C. Health Consulate D. Food and Drug Authority 4|Page Self-efficacy is the basic component of which of the following? A. Health believe model B. Social learning C. Change behavior model D. All of the above. Some people put together a plan for a promotional program and put a definition of the problem in it, sayings, content, advertising plans, etc., but the manager rejected it because it was missing something. What is it...? A. Determine priorities B. Define objectives C. budget D. Analysis data The fertility rate increased, then decreased, and the life expectancy rate increased. What could happen? A. The natural pyramid is changing B. Birth rates and death C. Rates are both low. D. Increase aging with low birth rate What type of research design is typically used to investigate the natural history of a specific disease? A. Case-control study B. Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study D. Meta-Analysis Then aiming to implement efficient zero waste management with minimal resource utilization, which waste disposal method is most suitable? A. Prohibition reuse B. Restriction on recycling C. Banning recycling D. Segregation of waste source 5|Page A 40-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer has just received a diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer after a routine mammogram. She is seeking guidance on what health programs can support her during her cancer journey. What possible health programs can be recommended for her? A. A smoking cessation program to reduce cancer risk factors B. A weight management program to maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI) C. A breast cancer support group to connect with others facing similar challenges D. A mental health and stress management program to cope with emotional well-being A clinical study, researchers are testing the effectiveness of a new medication for a specific condition. Out of 500 participants, 80% have received the medication, while the remaining 20% are in the control group and have not received the medication. Among those who received the medication, 75% experienced an improvement in their condition. What is the probability that a randomly selected participant from the study has received the medication and experienced an improvement? A. 15% B. 30% C. 45% D. 60% 7 persons who returned from a cruise were infected with COVID-19. Subsequently, 9 persons from the housing complex became infected as a result of contact with these individuals. The total number of people in the housing complex is 30. What is the Secondary Attack Rate (SAR)? A. 7.00% B. 23.33% C. 30.00% D. 39.13% 6|Page A pharmaceutical company conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a new drug, Drug A, in comparison to an existing drug, Drug B. The study results indicated that Drug A was not as effective as Drug B. As a result, there were disagreements and conflicts within the company about the study's findings. What term best describes the situation in this scenario? A. Sample Comparison Conflict B. Fixed-Effect Disagreement C. Two-Drug Divergence D. Medication Efficacy Dispute There were 25 deaths from a particular disease during a specific month, and there were a total of 500 confirmed cases of the disease during the same month. Calculate the CFR? A. 5% B. 10% C. 7% D. 12% How can vaccines contribute to an increase in life expectancy? A. By directly preventing chronic diseases. B. By improving overall healthcare infrastructure. C. By reducing the spread of infectious diseases. D. By promoting a healthy lifestyle. A doctor examines a chest X-ray of a patient and suspects that the patient might have tuberculosis (TB). However, the doctor is not entirely convinced and requests additional tests to confirm the diagnosis. What characteristic of the diagnostic test is the doctor primarily concerned with? A. Sensitivity B. Specificity C. Positive Predictive Value D. Negative Predictive Value 7|Page In research and assessment, what does the term "validity" refer to? A. The degree to which a measurement accurately and consistently assesses what it is intended to assess. B. The consistency of a measurement when it is repeated multiple times. C. The ability of a measurement to provide numerical data. D. The extent to which a measurement reflects the opinions of experts. In the context of research and assessment, what does the term "reliability" refer to? A. The degree to which a measurement accurately and consistently assesses what it is intended to assess. B. The ability of a measurement to provide numerical data. C. The consistency of a measurement when it is repeated multiple times. D. The extent to which a measurement reflects the opinions of experts. A doctor has identified new and unusual symptoms in a group of COVID-19 patients that were not previously documented in medical literature. She believes that reporting these new symptoms is crucial for public health awareness and further research. Whom should the doctor contact to report the appearance of these new symptoms? A. Local healthcare authorities B. Her medical colleagues C. Social media platforms D. International health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) In Saudi Arabia, 25% of the population is affected by type 2 diabetes. How would you classify the status of type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia based on this information? A. Epidemic B. Endemic C. Pandemic D. Outbreak 8|Page At the end of the project they wanted to measure how much has succeeded in reducing the value of the disease? A. Surmavie evaluation B. Impact evaluation C. Effective evaluation D. Performance evaluation In public health centers, where do they primarily rely on evidence for information? A. Personal opinions B. Social media C. Scientific research D. Urban legends A healthcare professional is discussing future health goals for a region. They mention that there are numerous projects on the horizon, potentially around 20 in number. When asked about the most important focus areas for these projects. Which of the following is considered the most important priority when planning and implementing future health projects in this region? A. Implementing global health insurance for all residents. B. Providing the best possible healthcare services. C. Paying close attention to the quality of healthcare delivery. D. All the above Healthcare system, it is observed that certain groups of patients consistently face disparities in access to medical services and quality of care. This inequality in healthcare outcomes based on demographic factors is a concern. What term is commonly used to describe the principle of treating all patients the same, regardless of their background, in healthcare services? A. Health Privilege B. Health Disparities C. Health Equality D. Health Elitism 9|Page In Saudi Arabia, two private hospitals have disseminated a patient's data without obtaining his consent. The patient wishes to file a complaint regarding this breach of privacy. To whom should the patient address his complaint? A. Saudi Health Council B. Local Police Department C. The Hospitals' Management D. Public Health Authority A city government is considering implementing a new public health program aimed at reducing air pollution. The program is estimated to cost $1 million to implement but is expected to result in various health benefits, such as reduced hospital admissions and fewer cases of respiratory diseases. The total estimated monetary value of these health benefits is $2 million over the next five years. Which economic evaluation approach should the city government use to determine whether the program is economically justified? A. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis B. Cost-Utility Analysis C. Cost-Benefit Analysis D. Cost-Minimization Analysis A healthcare planner is comparing two treatments for a chronic condition. Treatment A costs more but results in a larger improvement in patient quality of life (0.2 QALY gain per patient). Treatment B is less expensive but provides a smaller improvement (0.1 QALY gain per patient). Which economic evaluation approach should the planner use to determine the better value for money? A. Cost-Benefit Analysis B. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis C. Cost-Minimization Analysis D. Cost-Utility Analysis 10 | P a g e A healthcare policymaker is evaluating different interventions to determine their value for money in improving patient outcomes. Which economic evaluation approach is the policymaker most likely to use in this scenario? A. Cost-Utility Analysis B. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis C. Cost-Benefit Analysis D. Cost-Minimization Analysis In response to the hospital's decision to raise insurance and screening costs to 2500 Saudi Riyals (SR), the most appropriate entity to engage in addressing this issue and advocating for the affected patients and healthcare providers would be: A. Ministry of health B. Public health authorities C. Health Insurance counsel D. Ministry of financial A healthcare organization is in the process of developing a comprehensive obesity health program to address the rising rates of obesity in the community. They have gathered data on the prevalence of obesity and its associated health risks, as well as the resources available for program implementation. In the development of the obesity health program, which step is the organization currently engaged in? A. Program implementation B. Program evaluation C. Program planning D. Program promotion John was admitted to the hospital for a medical procedure. After his treatment, he was informed that he needed to pay for his medical expenses. He paid half of the total bill but was unsure about who was responsible for paying the rest. What should John do to determine who is responsible for paying the remaining medical expenses? A. Ask the hospital staff to cover the remaining expenses. B. Request financial assistance from the government. C. Contact the doctor who treated him for payment. D. Check his health insurance coverage. 11 | P a g e A hospital has implemented a program aimed at reducing the length of stay for patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Why would the hospital create such a program? A. Efficiency B. To take more patients C. To increase revenue D. To improve patient comfort and experience The health surveillance system in Saudi Arabia is known as? A. Public Health Monitoring Network B. Health Surveillance Authority C. Health Information System D. Health Electronic surveillance network In strategic planning and business analysis, what does the acronym "SWOT" stand for? A. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats B. Strategies, Workflows, Objectives, Timelines C. Sustainability, Wealth, Objectives, Trends D. Systematic, Wide-reaching, Operations, Tasks The SMART framework for setting goals, what does "ART" stand for? A. Aspirational, Relevant, Timely B. Achievable, Relevant, Time-Bound C. Ambitious, Realistic, Tangible D. Appropriate, Realistic, Targeted A pregnant woman, who had been a smoker, has initiated the use of smoking cessation medication in the form of nicotine gum as part of her efforts to quit smoking during her pregnancy. In the Trans-theoretical Model of Change, which stage is the pregnant woman in when she has initiated the use of smoking cessation medication (nicotine gum) as part of her efforts to quit smoking during her pregnancy? A. Pre-contemplation B. Contemplation C. Preparation D. Action 12 | P a g e A patient presents with diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. Their BMI is measured at 27, indicating overweight. How can this patient best control their BMI and manage their health conditions? A. Adjust their diet and engage in regular exercise B. Start medication treatment for all conditions C. Undergo weight loss surgery D. Increase carbohydrate intake During a gathering of doctors, they engage in a discussion about a particular disease while there is an audience present. However, the audience does not actively participate in the discussion. What form of communication does this scenario represent? A. Panel discussion B. Seminar C. Group discussion D. Brainstorming In a small African village, there is a high occurrence of diarrhea cases, and a research study has determined that insufficient handwashing is a major factor contributing to this problem. What intervention has been implemented to ensure that everyone has control over their handwashing and hygiene practices? A. Health education B. Health promotion C. Health empowerment D. Health Literacy In a healthcare setting, a patient demonstrates a high level of proficiency in understanding health information, seeking assistance when needed, and making informed decisions regarding their health and well-being. Which term best describes this patient's capacity? A. Health Literacy B. Health Education C. Health Empowerment D. Health Promotion 13 | P a g e A young girl who is obese is advised by a specialist to engage in physical exercises to improve her health. However, she is concerned because the streets in her neighborhood are unsafe, and there is no designated space for walking or exercise. What type of modification is needed to address this situation? A. Behavioral modification B. Environmental modification (infrastructure improvement) C. Dietary modification D. Medical modification A researcher is conducting a study to investigate the impact of physical activity on obesity. When selecting participants for the study, it becomes apparent that many women are reluctant to take part in physical activities. What type of determinants is influencing the women's decision not to participate? A. Environmental determinants B. Behavioral determinants C. Social determinants D. Genetic determinants A group of graduates planned to deliver a presentation that was supposed to be 15 minutes of explanation followed by 5 minutes for questions. However, due to time constraints, the entire 20 minutes of the presentation was spent on explanation without any time for questions. What type of communication best describes this situation? Given the scenario, what type of communication occurred during the presentation? A. One-way didactic (Monodidactic) B. Two-way didactic C. Non-verbal communication D. Verbal communication 14 | P a g e An older man, who is overweight and has limited access to open spaces for walking or exercising, also faces financial constraints that prevent him from joining a gym. In this situation, which construct of the Health Belief Model is most relevant? Considering the challenges faced by the older man in the scenario, which construct of the Health Belief Model is particularly applicable to his situation? A. Perceived Susceptibility B. Perceived Severity C. Perceived Benefits D. Perceived Barriers What is mean the blond letter PRECEDE-PROCEED? A. Enabling B. Evaluation C. Educational/Environmental D. Experimental A public health campaign aimed at reducing smoking rates among young adults uses educational materials that emphasize the perceived severity and susceptibility of smoking-related health issues. The campaign highlights the risks of lung cancer and heart disease associated with smoking and offers resources for quitting. Which health behavior model does this campaign primarily align with? A. Social Cognitive Theory B. Theory of Planned Behavior C. Health Belief Model D. Trans-theoretical Model A woman has struggled with obesity since childhood. As she grew older, she made numerous attempts to lose weight, trying various diets and exercise routines, but her weight remained largely unchanged. Frustrated by her lack of progress, she eventually decided that she no longer needed to lose weight and accepted her body as it is. In the Trans-theoretical Model of Change, which stage is the woman in when she decides that she no longer needs to lose weight and accepts her body as it is? A. Pre-contemplation B. Contemplation C. Preparation D. Termination 15 | P a g e A woman has struggled with obesity since childhood. As she grew older, she made numerous attempts to lose weight, trying various diets and exercise routines, but her weight remained largely unchanged. Frustrated by her lack of progress, she eventually decided that she no longer needed to lose weight and accepted her body as it is. This stage of behavior change is often termed "termination." Which theory of health behavior change does this scenario align with? A. Self-Determination Theory B. Health Belief Model C. Trans-theoretical Model D. Theory of Planned Behavior A community health organization is conducting an educational campaign to raise awareness about the risks of smoking. As part of the campaign, they provide information about the health consequences of smoking, including the increased risk of lung cancer, heart disease, and other serious illnesses. They emphasize the potential severity of these health problems. In the context of the Health Belief Model, which component of the model is the organization addressing by emphasizing the potential severity of smoking-related health problems? A. Perceived Susceptibility B. Perceived Benefits C. Perceived Barriers D. Perceived Severity In a research study, a team of epidemiologists aims to visually represent the distribution of a disease across different geographic regions and assess its prevalence. What method or approach is most suitable for this purpose? A. Utilize charts and graphs B. Create an epidemiological curve C. Use geographic mapping techniques D. Histogram technology 16 | P a g e A patient with a pre-existing medical condition is found to have developed high blood pressure (hypertension) during the course of their disease treatment. What factor is most commonly associated with the increase in blood pressure in such cases? A. Genetic predisposition B. Sedentary lifestyle C. Dietary choices D. Stress A patient presents with diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. Their BMI is measured at 27, indicating overweight. How can this patient best control their BMI and manage their health conditions? A. Adjust their diet and engage in regular exercise B. Start medication treatment for all conditions C. Undergo weight loss surgery D. -Increase carbohydrate intake The person who noticed an increase in the rate of diabetes and decided to intervene through exercise and diet? A. Primordial prevention B. Primary prevention C. Secondary prevention D. Tertiary prevention Mislabeling of seafood cause a health problem because it contains (Mercury) how is at risk? A. Pregnant women B. Infant and young C. Children HIV D. People have chronic disease 17 | P a g e 29-10 cases of food poisoning had been reported in hospital, 2 out of these developed mild gastrointestinal symptoms, 4 developed moderate dehydration but recovered and 2 succumbed to the disease. The characteristic of the organism of food poisoning that produces the severest form of the disease is? A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Communicability E. Resistibility RCT any stage? A. | B. ll C. lll D. lv Regarding COVID, for those who travel causes the spread of diseases, what is the best? A. Feminist procedure B. Optional vaccination C. Strict decisions regarding travel D. All the above The time Interval between receipts of Infection by a host and maximum Infectivity of the host is called: A. Communicable period B. Generation time C. Incubation period D. Period of infectivity In a country with a population of 6 million people, a disease outbreak occurred, leading to a total of 3147 reported cases. Among these cases, 1240 individuals unfortunately lost their lives. The task is to calculate the specific cause of death? A. 1240/6000000 B. 3147/6000000 C. 1907/6000000 D. 4387/6000000 18 | P a g e When we sanitize our hands and wash them, this action contains which of the following components? A. Agent B. Host C. Environment D. Vector When we keep distance up to 2 m, this action contains which of the following components? A. Agent B. Host C. Environment D. Vector A supervisor asks his public health specialist if a malaria vaccine has been developed and inquires about the potential impact on other activities. What aspect is the supervisor primarily concerned with? A. Health workforce B. Service delivery C. Medical product D. Leadership and governance In a population of 6,000,000 live birth, there were a total of 250 child deaths. Among these deaths, 90 occurred in children aged between one and five years. Calculate the infant mortality rate: A. 0.0267 per 1,000 live births B. 0.0900 per 1,000 live births C. 0.1600 per 1,000 live births D. 2.5000 per 1,000 live births A nurse or healthcare provider accidentally cuts themselves with a needle while providing patient care. According to established protocols, to whom should this incident be reported for appropriate follow-up and assessment? A. Go to you manager B. Go to health unit C. Go to occupational Health or employee health unit D. Go to infection control 19 | P a g e What is the primary focus of public health agencies? A. Addressing communicable diseases B. Treating non-communicable diseases C. Regulating healthcare facilities D. Conducting clinical research trials In a study comparing two groups during the COVID-19 pandemic, Group A had 25% committing to consistently wearing PPE, while Group B had 75% not committing to wearing PPE regularly. What is the best approach to address this situation effectively? A. Implement strict penalties for non-compliance in both groups. B. Ignore the issue and let health providers decide on PPE usage. C. Provide education, training, and resources to promote PPE adherence. D. Replace health providers in Group B with those committed to PPE usage. A study was conducted to compare two groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Group A, 25% committed to consistently wearing PPE. In Group B, 75% did not commit to wearing PPE regularly. From reading the scenario do you think the community is aware about PPE or not? A. The community is aware of PPE. B. The community is not aware of PPE. C. Lack awareness of PPE D. A&C When a nurse is helping a patient with wound irrigation, what should she wear for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? A. Gloves and a gown B. Gloves and a mask C. Gloves, gown, and a mask D. Gloves, gown, mask, and eye protection Saudi Health Authority requires all travelers for Hajj and Umrah to present valid vaccination certificates at points of entry for? A. Poliomyelitis B. Meningococcal meningitis C. Yellow fever D. Seasonal influenza 20 | P a g e COVID-19 is considered a disease? A. Epidemic B. Sporadic C. Pandemic D. Endemic During COVID-19, the government stressed wearing a mask and keeping a distance. This action primarily protects which component of the disease transmission chain? A. Agent B. Host C. Environment D. Vector If the risk of an outcome in the exposed group is 7%, and the risk in the unexposed group is 3%, what is the relative risk (RR)? A. 1.00 B. 2.00 C. 2.33 D. 3.00 You are a healthcare provider in an ambulance responding to an emergency call. Upon arrival, you find a patient experiencing symptoms of asthma, including wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. The patient appears anxious. What is the most appropriate initial action to take for this patient with suspected asthma? A. Administer a painkiller to alleviate discomfort. B. Begin immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). C. Assess the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC). (Salbutamol) D. Check the patient's blood pressure and heart rate. 21 | P a g e A person is participating in a clinical trial for a new medication. During the trial, the individual develops unexpected health issues and becomes sick, possibly as a result of the trial medication. In the event that a participant in a clinical trial becomes sick or experiences unexpected health issues, which of the following immediate actions should be taken? A. Treat the participant's health issues and extract them from the clinical trial. B. Treat the participant's health issues and continue to monitor them within the trial. C. Discontinue the clinical trial for all participants. D. Notify the pharmaceutical company sponsoring the trial. A specific situation, doctors have decided to separate a child patient from their family for a thorough examination. Following the examination, the doctors intend to publish the findings and results of their evaluation. What type of research design does this scenario represent? A. Cross-Sectional Study B. Case-Control Study C. Cohort Study D. Randomized Controlled Trial In Village A, the infant mortality rate is 19 per 1,000 live births, while in Village B, it is 21 per 1,000 live births. Surprisingly, despite a slightly higher infant mortality rate, Village B exhibits a longer life expectancy than Village A. What could be a plausible explanation for this discrepancy? A. Higher Healthcare Quality in Village B B. Better Nutrition in Village B C. Lower Maternal Mortality in Village B D. Cultural Practices in Village B Promoting Longevity If you were born in an African country, your life expectancy might be around 50 years. However, if you were born in Japan, your life expectancy could extend to around 80 years. What is a likely explanation for this significant difference in life expectancy? A. Genetic Differences between Africans and Japanese B. Access to Healthcare and Medical Services C. Cultural Practices in Japan Promoting Longevity D. African Climate and Environmental Factors 22 | P a g e A patient's cumulative blood sugar measurement is recorded as 7. What does this measurement indicate? A. High Blood Sugar Levels B. Low Blood Sugar Levels C. Average Blood Sugar Levels D. Blood Sugar Levels over a 7-Day Period A person regularly consumes between 5 to 7 soft drinks per day, each containing a significant amount of added sugars and calories. What health concern is associated with this level of soft drink consumption? A. Increased Risk of Vitamin Deficiency B. Improved Dental Health C. Decreased Risk of Weight Gain D. Increased Risk of Obesity and diabetes When explaining a cancer diagnosis to a patient and their family for the first time, which acronym-based communication strategy should the doctor consider using? A. S.I.M.P.L.E. (Simple, Informative, Mindful, Patient-Centered, Listeners, Empathetic) B. C.A.R.E. (Clear, Accurate, Reassuring, Empathetic) C. H.E.A.L. (Honest, Empathetic, Authentic, Listen) D. C.O.M.F.O.R.T. (Clear, Open, Manageable, Family-Oriented, Open, Reassuring, Trusting) Patient diagnosis with kidney failure. What is the type of his disease? A. Acute B. Chronic C. Symptomatic D. Asymptomatic In a village, there are two isolated cases of a particular disease. These cases have not led to an increase in the number of cases, and the disease has not spread to neighboring villages. What is the most appropriate classification for this disease pattern? A. Endemic B. Epidemic C. Pandemic D. Outbreak 23 | P a g e During the COVID-19 pandemic, when there was daily tracking of newly reported cases, which epidemiological measure is being considered in this situation? A. Disease prevalence B. Incidence rate C. Incidence and prevalence D. Mortality rate In a small village in Africa, there is a high distribution of diarrhea cases, and a research study has identified that inadequate handwashing is a significant contributor to this issue. What is the best approach to educate the community and improve handwashing practices? A. Community workshops on proper handwashing techniques B. Distribution of hand sanitizers C. Constructing more public toilets D. Providing oral rehydration therapy If a person is in the early stages of COVID-19 and shows no symptoms, what is this condition referred to as? A. Symptomatic B. Asymptomatic C. Mild D. Severe Before traveling to Hajj, how many days in advance should you take the yellow fever vaccine? A. 1 week B. 10 days C. 2 weeks D. 1 month What is the standard deviation of the following numbers: 17, 27, 32, 35, 37? A. 5.12 B. 7.46 C. 9.45 D. 12.68 24 | P a g e What unethical research practice involves the intentional manipulation or alteration of research data or results to misrepresent the truth? A. Falsification B. Plagiarism C. Fabrication D. A & b What type of table does a researcher use when investigating the relationship between two continuous data variables? A. Bivariate B. Tri-variate C. Multivariate D. Univariate What is the type of error that occurs when you accept the null hypothesis when it is actually false? A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Type III error D. Type IV error A study was conducted to find out whether there is any statistically significant difference between body mass index of male students and female students of an MBBS class. The weight and height was determined and BMI calculated. What type of data was being used in this study? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Quantitative D. Qualitative A nurse is collecting information from a patient, including their age and weight. What type of data is the nurse collecting? A. Qualitative data B. Quantitative data C. Nominal data D. Ordinal data 25 | P a g e In a sports competition, the team manager decides to eliminate the best player from the team to ensure fair play. What type of bias is introduced by this decision? A. Observer bias B. Recall bias C. Selection bias D. Confounding bias A researcher is conducting a study to assess the impact of vaping on high school students. They want to select a sample of students for their research. What would be the most appropriate sampling technique for this study? A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified random sampling C. Convenience sampling D. Cluster sampling Which country has the most skewed income distribution, as indicated by the following Gini index values: USA (0.43), UK (0.30), and SA (0.10)? A. The UK has the highest level of income inequality compared to these other developed countries. B. Saudi Arabia has the highest level of income inequality compared to these other developed countries. C. The USA has a higher level of income inequality compared to these other developed countries. D. All three countries have similar levels of income inequality. Which substances are responsible for the creation of acid rain? A. Oxygen and Carbon B. Hydrogen and Nitrogen C. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) D. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Water (H2O) The standard deviation of a dataset is 12. What is the variance of the dataset? A. 6 B. 12 C. 36 D. 144 26 | P a g e 4th year students studied the role of edema feet in impairing women's ability to walk around in last trimester of pregnancy. The results were compared between grades I, II & III edema. The most appropriate statistical test to compare the results would be: -0 - -1 - +1 - -0, 9 A. SE of difference between two means B. Chi-square test C. SE of mean D. ANOVA E. SE of proportion A public health specialist is analyzing data collected from a vaccination campaign. The dataset includes information on the ages of individuals who received the vaccine and their corresponding antibody levels. The specialist wants to visualize whether there is a correlation between age and antibody levels to assess vaccine effectiveness. What type of chart or data visualization should the specialist choose to effectively represent and analyze the relationship between age and antibody levels? A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Scatter plot (Dot plot) D. Line graph A public health researcher is conducting a study on the distribution of body mass index (BMI) among a sample of adults from a local community. The researcher has collected BMI data from 200 individuals and wants to understand the overall distribution of BMI in the sample. What type of chart or data visualization should the researcher choose to effectively represent the distribution of BMI data for the sample? A. Bar chart B. Scatter plot C. Histogram D. Pie chart 27 | P a g e A public health analyst is analyzing data related to the daily reported COVID-19 cases in a particular city over a period of six months. The dataset includes the date and the number of new COVID-19 cases reported each day. What type of chart or data visualization should the analyst choose to effectively represent and track the trend in daily reported COVID-19 cases over the six-month period? A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Scatter plot D. Line graph There are 50 individual in population and they have same hemoglobin level that is 14g/dl. As there is no variability the standard deviation will be: A. 0 B. 1,-1 C. 0, 1 D. +2 E. -2 If a mistake is discovered in the tracking or identification of samples within a research study, what type of bias is most likely to occur? A. Information Bias or selection bias B. Convenience bias C. Measurement Bias D. Recall Bias Let's consider a population of adult males' heights, and assume that the heights follow a normal distribution. We know that the mean height is 175 cm, and the standard deviation is 7 cm what is the probability of randomly selecting a male from this population who is taller than 185 ? A. 1.6 B. 1.4 C. 1.1 D. 1.00 28 | P a g e Any test is suitable for a person who wants to conduct a study for 10 female students and 10 male students and compare the mean each one? A. Student Test One Sample B. Student Test two Sample C. Chi Square test D. z test An investigator gets a positively skewed data on account of having only a small number of simple numerical observations at extremely high values. Which measure of central tendency should he select if data is numerical? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Geometric mean A patient had her face burned, and this is the second such case to happen. The director decided to set up a Root Cause Analysis and wanted to display it. How should it be presented? A. Fishbone diagram cases and affect B. Pareto chart line like bar C. Lund and Browder chart (LB chart) total burned in body D. Flow chart A researcher wants to calculate a smaller sample size among the population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 95% confidence interval, as the number of people with high blood pressure is 14% and the standard deviation is 2 % and Margin of Error 2%? A. 1293 B. 1194 C. 1094 D. 1157 If the value of alpha was 0.06, what would happen? A. Increase in the probability of committing a Type I error B. Increase in the probability of committing a Type lI error C. Decrease in the probability of committing a Type I error D. Decrease in the probability of committing a Type lI error 29 | P a g e Used to assess and measure extreme values in a dataset with box plot? A. Interquartile range B. Range C. Standard deviation D. Variance Two groups of women and men and compares mean and abnormally distributed. Which test should I choose? A. Chi square B. ANOVA C. Fisher Exact test D. Mann Whitney Data Table less than or equal 20% of its cells have expected cell counts less than 5, what test we use ? A. Chi-square B. Fisher Exact test C. ANOVA D. Mann Whitney Public health specialist to representing a data over period of time which one to use? A. Line chart B. Pie chart C. Pareto chart D. Histogram Who first discovered germ theory? A. Robert koch B. Snow C. Pouster D. Carlson A woman reports for vaccination against tetanus only 25 days before delivery; she has not received the first dose. What will you do? A. Give anti tetanus immunoglobulin B. Give two doses of tetanus toxoid with 2 weeks interval C. Advise appropriate antibiotic course during delivery D. Give one dose of tetanus toxoid and advice the second dose after delivery 30 | P a g e A person planning to embark on a pilgrimage receives the inactivated influenza vaccine and inquires about the duration it will take for the vaccine to become active and offer protection. How long does it usually take for the vaccine to become effective?" A. About 24 hours B. Approximately 1 week C. Around 2 weeks D. It offers immediate protection Incidence rate of disease in women 5 time more than man but the prevalence in both same? A. The case fatality increase in women B. The case fatality decrease in women C. The crude mortality rate increase in women D. The crude mortality rate decrease in women What is the appropriate PPE when disposing of waste from a patient with diarrhea? A. Gloves B. Gloves and a gown C. Gloves and a mask D. Gloves, gown, mask, and eye protection One of the ways of transmission of AIDS is the most prevalent now in the world with the heterosexual? A. Man to women B. Women to man C. Pregnant women to man D. Women to women If there is a tourist visitor coming from Italy to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and upon his arrival at the airport, a corona swab was taken and positive sample analyzes were confirmed in his test, where should he be subject to quarantine? A. Italy B. Saudi Arabia C. Not subject to quarantine D. Not of above 31 | P a g e A patient visits a clinic, complaining of swelling in his feet. He mentions that he works as a floor cleaner in his workplace. What recommendation or suggestion would be most appropriate for this patient's situation? A. Advise the patient to wash his feet with water. B. Suggest that he wash his feet while running. C. Recommend wearing protective shoes or clothing for his feet. D. All the above In the PICO framework, what does "P" stand for? A. Population B. Procedure C. Prescription D. Prognosis In epidemiology, while the classic epidemiological triangle consists of host, agent, and environment, a more comprehensive model for understanding disease transmission includes which of the following components in addition to host, agent, and environment? A. Vector B. Portal of Exit C. Reservoir D. Susceptible Host A researcher conducts a study from 2008 to 2012 to assess the occurrence of a particular health event within a specific population. What term or measure is the researcher most likely to use in this study? A. Incident B. Point prevalence C. Period prevalence D. Prevalence rate What type of research design is typically used to investigate the natural history of a specific disease? A. Case-control study B. Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study D. Meta-Analysis 32 | P a g e When a child ‘lost’ his hands and unable to do routine works called as? A. Handicap B. Disability C. Impairment D. Battered baby syndrome Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor related to hypertension? A. Poor diet B. Lack of physical activity C. Diabetes mellitus D. Smoking Positive test and true disease = 17, Positive test and false disease = 20, Negative test and true disease = 8, Negative test and false disease = 15. Calculate the positive productive value? A. 0.459 B. 0.2 C. 1 D. 0.8 A research study relies on participants to remember their dietary habits and lifestyle choices from the past month for data collection. What type of bias is this study at risk of? A. Selection bias B. Information bias C. Confidence bias D. Recall bias In a research study investigating the link between smoking and the risk of developing lung cancer, there were 1,700 participants. Among these participants, 694 were diagnosed with lung cancer, and out of those diagnosed, 130 were smokers. Additionally, among the participants without lung cancer (controls), 58 were smokers. What is the odds ratio (OR) that quantifies the association between smoking and the likelihood of developing lung cancer in this study?" A. 2.32 B. 3.64 C. 1.01 D. 0.75 33 | P a g e A family went to the hospital due to chest pain, cough, and phlegm. After investigation, they discovered that the air conditioner filter had not been changed for a long time, and here they were asked two questions: the type of disease? A. Legionella pneumonia B. Bagassosis C. Silicosis D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) E. Asbestosis In a disaster management scenario, an engineer investigates a structural issue in a building, finding that if it is not fixed, the building may not withstand the rainy season. What type of disaster management does this situation represent? A. Mitigation B. Preparedness C. Response D. Recovery Disasters and danger, what do you advise him to learn? A. Environmental and human sciences B. Humans and diseases C. Diseases and society D. B & C What is disaster response? A. Minimizing destruction. B. Address Public C. Immediate needs assessment D. All the above In a village of 300 population, 60% constitute Hindus, 20% Muslims, 10% Sikhs and 10% Christians. We want to take a sample of 10% of the population to study the eating habits of this population. The best method would be? A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified random sampling C. Systematic random sampling D. Non-random sampling 34 | P a g e As the notation indicates, the normal distribution depends only on the? A. Mean and mode B. Mean and standard deviation C. Mode and median D. Median and standard deviation What statistical measure is commonly used to assess and measure extreme values in a dataset? A. Outliers B. Quartile C. Standard Deviation D. Confidence interval Which of the following relationships best describes ergonomics? A. The study of animal behavior in their natural habitats B. The study of the Earth's geological features C. The study of the interaction between people and their work environment D. The study of genetic inheritance It's a scorching summer day, and a 35-year-old construction worker has been toiling under the sun for several hours. He's been sweating profusely but has been drinking water throughout the day. However, he begins to feel weak, dizzy, and nauseated. His skin is cool and moist, and he starts to experience muscle cramps. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Heat stroke B. Heat rash C. Heat exhaustion D. Dehydration A football player fell and first aid was done and they measured his pressure and found him at 160. He also had dry skin. What is the appropriate diagnosis? A. Heat cramps B. Heat stroke C. Heat Exhaustion D. Heat rash 35 | P a g e A man works in a place with a high noise level from machines. What risk is he most likely to develop after 15 years of exposure? A. Respiratory infections B. Skin rashes C. Noise-induced hearing loss D. Food poisoning In a water quality analysis report, the fluoride concentration is measured at 1.8 mg/L. What does this measurement indicate? A. The water is safe for consumption with an optimal fluoride level. B. The water has a lower than recommended fluoride level. C. The water has an excessive fluoride concentration. D. The fluoride level is within the acceptable range for dental health. Which measures can help reduce the risk of acid rain? A. Increase emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) B. Reduce industrial pollution controls C. Use electric cars D. Harness natural resources of energy Who is best known for raising awareness about the environmental impact their potential health effects? A. Marie Curie B. Rachel Carson C. Florence Nightingale D. Rosalind Franklin A manager wants to implement preventive measures among employees to ensure their well-being and safety in the workplace. What is one of the actions the manager can take to achieve this goal? A. Promote unhealthy habits among employees. B. Ignore workplace safety guidelines. C. Encourage open communication and safety training. D. Isolate employees from each other. 36 | P a g e In a local hospital, there is a sudden surge in emergency room visits by individuals with asthma, all occurring on the same day. What is the most likely reason for this sudden increase in asthma-related emergencies? A. Seasonal Allergies B. Flu Outbreak C. Air Quality Deterioration (e.g., high pollution or wildfires) D. Food Allergies In a broader context, what is the general definition of a “Hazard"? A. A situation where there is an immediate risk of a major accident. B. Any condition or object that has the potential to cause harm, danger, or adverse outcomes. C. A type of safety precaution used in emergency situations. D. The likelihood of encountering a dangerous event or situation in daily life A textile worker has been employed in a cotton processing plant for several years, involved in tasks related to handling raw cotton fibers. He has developed symptoms of Byssinosis, an occupational lung disease. What is one of the key risk factors or reasons for developing Byssinosis in this worker? A. Exposure to asbestos fibers B. Prolonged exposure to coal dust C. Handling raw cotton fibers D. Smoking cigarettes Following the end of a severe earthquake, a hospital administrator initiates the process of assembling and coordinating the healthcare provider team to respond to the injured and those in need of medical care. Which phase of disaster management does this action primarily belong to? A. Mitigation B. Response C. Recovery D. Prepared 37 | P a g e A man works in a station or factory and an explosion (bump) occurs and he has a perforated eardrum? A. Mixed hearing loss B. Conductive hearing loss C. Sensorineural hearing loss D. B & C A farmer gives food to animals and works with fertilizers, and he has pain in his jaw or something is wrong with his jaw. What substance is he exposed to? A. Lead B. Cadmium C. Nitrates D. Phosphorus The first country to implement public health in the nineteenth century? A. USA B. Italy C. Canada D. England A 40 years old man of 75 kg came to a physician for his routine checkup. His serum cholesterol was found to be 230 mg/dL and he was diagnosed as hypertensive. The risk factor of this particular condition is classified as? A. Nutritive B. Physical C. Mechanical D. Chemical A child of three years comes with complaints of night blindness. On examination conjunctiva is dry and corneal haziness is also seen. There is no history of any other disease or injury. The likely agent type is? A. Physical B. Chemical C. Hormonal D. Nutritional 38 | P a g e Dr. Rodriguez, a seasoned public health specialist, is working on a project to improve maternal and child health in a resource-constrained region. Her role involves analyzing data, tracking progress, and making adjustments to ensure project success. What healthcare administrator function is most evident in Dr. Rodriguez's role? A. Planning B. Organizing C. Leading D. Controlling Which of the following best defines the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning? A. Health Informatics B. Epidemiology C. Public Health Informatics D. Health system In a developed country in the first half of the 20th century, obesity rates decreased, while in the second half of the 20th century, developing countries began to see an increase in obesity rates. What could explain this difference?" A. Economic Growth: B. Cultural Shifts C. Urbanization D. Access to Healthcare E. Globalization Which of the following is an example of health empowerment? A. A patient taking prescribed medication as instructed by their doctor. B. A community organizing a clean-up campaign to improve local air quality. C. A nurse conducting a routine check-up on a patient. D. Pharmaceutical company developing a new vaccine. 39 | P a g e Whose discover vaccine? A. Paul Ehrlich B. Robert Koch C. Louis Pasteur D. Edward Jenner A scientist who discovered viruses, which he called "contagium vivum fluidum"? A. Martinus Beijerinck B. Robert Koch C. Edward Jenner D. Paul Ehrlich In the context of the Physical Quality of life Index, which of the following is an indicator? A. Life expectancy at age one B. Life expectancy at birth C. Life expectancy at age one + literacy D. Health literacy A group of coal mine workers is consistently exposed to coal dust during their work. What specific respiratory disease are they at risk of developing due to prolonged exposure to coal dust? A. Tuberculosis B. Asthma C. Chronic Bronchitis D. Anthracnosis (Black Lung Disease) Health care centers and the national research center have initiated a program to educate the community about cervical cancer, its prevention, and early detection. Who is the primary target audience for this educational program? A. Healthcare Professionals B. School-Aged Children C. Women and the General Public D. Government Officials 40 | P a g e In the framework of a health system, which of the following represents one of the six building blocks that together contribute to the overall performance of a health system? A. Patient care B. Technological advancements C. Health workforce D. Financial investments Who is credited as one of the earliest pioneers in recognizing the effects of the environment on health? A. Hippocrates B. John Snow C. Pouster D. Koch Who father of nutrition? A. Charles Darwin B. Sigmund Freud C. Marie Curie D. James Lind Concept of Hospice' related to? A. Euthanasia for terminally ill patients B. Family health advisory service abandoned C. An association running orphanages for children D. special group of people helping the old and terminally ill patients Sullivan's index is? A. Expectation of life free of disability B. Expectation of life at birth C. Expectation of life at 1 year of age D. Average life expectancy Setting a goal that you can achieve, but you cannot measure it now and you do not know its progress what is? A. Goal B. Mission C. Vision D. Object 41 | P a g e An insurance company changed the offer and the insurance price became 2000 per person? A. Premium B. Deductible C. Copayment D. Coinsurance A 65-year-old smokes and has hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. He is at high risk of contracting CVD, and the doctor advised him to stop smoking. Why? A. Because stop and cut smoking will reduce the risk of contracting CVD B. Smoking cause lung cancer C. A & B D. Smoking decreases for risk CVD What example of Physical environment? A. AIR, Water, Noise B. Vector diseases C. Education level D. ALL 40-year-old person who weighs 75 grams wants to know what the appropriate amount of protein is for him? A. 40 B. 60 C. 80 D. 55 What immediate step should an individual take if they suspect they have been exposed to radiation at a rate of 300? A. Contact a coworker for advice. B. Notify health services and seek medical guidance. C. Continue with regular activities and monitor for symptoms. D. Take over-the-counter medication to alleviate potential effects. E. Wait for a few days to observe any changes in health. 42 | P a g e A dental surgeon appointed in rural health center reports an increased incidence of dental carries in the children of that are the relevant preventive measure that he should suggest to the health authorities is? A. Fluoridation of water B. Chlorination of water C. Use of bacterial filter D. Use of boiled water The pH level of water is: A. pH5 B. pH7 C. pH9 D. pH11 A person is planning to create a water facility, and the initial water quality assessment indicates a pH level of 7, nitrate concentration of 25 mg/L, and total dissolved substances (TDS) of 2000 mg/L. What action should this person consider to improve water quality? A. Increase the pH level to 8. B. Reduce the nitrate concentration to 10 mg/L. C. Reduce TDS to 1000 mg/L. D. Increase TDS to 3000 mg/L. Which gas is responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer? A. Carbon dioxide B. Methane C. Chlorofluorocarbon D. Sulphur dioxide If there is not much organic matter present in the water supply, what is the expected range for the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) level in mg/L? A. 1-2 mg/L B. 3-5 mg/L C. 6-9 mg/L D. More than 9 mg/L 43 | P a g e A firefighter enters a burning house without wearing protective clothing. What is the firefighter most likely at risk for? A. Sunburn B. Hypothermia C. Inhalation of toxic gas D. Sprained ankle In a village, the annual demand for water was measured to be 1456 liters per person each year. What does this measurement represent? A. Water stress B. Water scarcity C. Water risk D. Water hazard What is the best way to dispose of solid waste without polluting the environment? A. Recycling B. Landfill disposal C. Dumping in rivers D. Open burning If a person has engaged in a clinical trial without their permission and wishes to address this issue, whom should they contact or report this violation to? A. Health insurance B. Public health authorities C. Health Consulate D. Food and Drug Authority A worker frequently handles chemical materials or cement without wearing protective gloves. What specific health risk is the worker at risk of developing due to this behavior? A. Contact dermatitis B. Respiratory conditions (e.g., pneumoconiosis) C. Noise-induced hearing loss D. Allergic rhinitis 44 | P a g e When you sustain a stick injury, what is the first thing you should do? A. Tell the supervisor B. Put your hand under running water C. Apply a bandage D. Elevate the injured area If there is a groundwater contaminated with radiation, who is responsible for reporting it? A. Ministry of Health B. Public Health Authority C. Food and Drug Authority D. Ministry of Environment, water A worker has been employed in a sugar factory for several years, involved in various tasks related to sugar processing and production. Due to the nature of his work, he is at risk of developing specific occupational respiratory diseases. Which of the following respiratory diseases is he at risk of developing as a result of working in a sugar factory? A. Bagassosis B. Silicosis C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) D. Asbestosis 45 | P a g e A 35 years old Saudi nonsmoker patient attended the clinic with recurrent dry cough of and no other symptoms apart from occasional wheeze after physical exercise personal and family history positive for atopy, two courses of azithromycin were given without benefit Blood pressure 120/60 mmHg Heart rate 76/min Respiratory rate 18/min Temperature 37°C What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Bronchiectasis B. Bronchial asthma C. Pneumonia D. Pulmonary emboli’s Strong acids and alkalis liquid hazardous waste have the property of dissolving the human flesh and can destroy the metallic tanks at storage area. What is the name of the property of this liquid hazardous waste? A. Toxicity B. Ignitability C. Reactivity D. Corrosivity After the 9/11 attacks in US, there were reports of a white powder containing an infectious agent sent through mail that lead to the death of 5 people. What was the agent used to commit this act of bioterrorism? A. Clostridium spores. B. Smallpox virus. C. Anthrax Spores. D. Chickenpox virus. Surveillance for Food borne Disease Outbreaks United States 2013, annual report documented which of the following to be the commonest etiologic agent for food borne diseases? A. Hepatitis A. B. Norovirus. C. Hepatitis E virus. D. Rotta virus. 46 | P a g e A female of 36-year-old, secretary presents with pains in multiple areas of her body, in examination, the lady has pain in the muscles and soft tissues around the head, neck, shoulders, and hips. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Fibromyalgia B. Gout C. Osteoarthritis D. Pseudogout A 49 year old worker in factory manufacturing rayon fibers for last 12 years, consulted the clinic related to this factory as suffering from chest pain on and off on exertion. The physician thinks that he is exposed to some pollution over these years. What is most offending agent he might exposed to? A. Carbon monoxide B. Carbon disulphide C. Carbon tetrachloride D. Nitrous oxide A 38 year old man, teacher in a primary school, used to smoke 20-30 cigarettes per day, delivered to emergency room by his relatives because of acute onset of left hemiparesis which is documented to be ischemic stroke by CT scan of brain. HP 143/87 BMI 31. What is the most offending agent might be responsible for his illness? A. Lack of omega-3 fatty acids B. Increase level of saturated fatty acids C. Homocystinaemia D. Metabolic syndrome Healthy workers who stand for prolonged periods show enhanced production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in their systemic circulation. Oxidative stress is thought to be risk factor for chronic venous insufficiency and other systemic diseases. What is the most likely substance could be the responsible agent? A. Carbon dioxide B. Carbon disulphide C. Hydrogen peroxide D. Nitrous oxide 47 | P a g e Epidemics of cardiomyopathy were seen in the 1960s in Belgium and Quebec due to use of which of the following additive(s) to beer to stabilize the foam? A. Cadmium B. Cobalt. C. Copper D. Mercury 36 year old man is working in fields of civil engineering projects and used to use the drills for digging purpose. He presents with one month history of right wrist pain radiating up his arm and is increasing by night. What is the most likely cause of such pain? A. Carpal tunnel syndrome B. Golfer elbow C. Stress fracture of lower end of radius D. Tennis elbow 47 years old worker in automobile manufacturing company. He has some concerns about long term exposure to aluminum. Which of the following complication is most likely expected? A. Alzheimer’s disease B. Skin cancer C. Lung cancer D. Hypertensive encephalopathy A man carpenter used to screw nails in most of his work he presented to the clinic with two weeks hx of pain localized to lateral epicondyle of right elbow which increase more when screw nails or lifting objects. What is the most likely diagnosis of this worker? A. Carpel tunnel syndrome B. Fracture of upper ulna C. Myositis D. Tennis elbow 48 | P a g e Intervention trials have been conducted among pregnant women where intervention group was given dietary supplement compered of control group of pregnant women who were not provide with supplement but the received the usual anti-natal care. Which of the following pregnancy outcome is most influenced by such dietary supplements? A. Low birth weight. B. Eclampsia. C. Postpartum infections. D. Diabetes mellitus. If a child has edematous malnutrition with weight/age 2500gm and < 400gm 30 infants (over weight) i.e. > 400gm This type of data is categorized as A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Discrete D. Continuous 58 | P a g e The data of distribution of