SPE 250 Guide PDF

**Bias:** tendency or preference towards one group, can be intentional or unintentional **Prejudice:** preconceived notions, negative attitudes, or judgement about a group of people **Stereotypes:** generalized beliefs about a group, assumptions **4 areas of housing that segregation influenced:**...

**Bias:** tendency or preference towards one group, can be intentional or unintentional **Prejudice:** preconceived notions, negative attitudes, or judgement about a group of people **Stereotypes:** generalized beliefs about a group, assumptions **4 areas of housing that segregation influenced:** educational disparities, access to quality education, economic inequality, social and cultural isolation **5 determinants of SES:** income, education, occupation, wealth/assets, social capital **Social Class Breakdown in America:** upper class, upper-middle class, middle class, working class, lower class **Regional Breakdowns in America:** Northeast, Midwest, south, west **Characteristics of Rural areas:** low population density, less developed infrastructure, limited access to healthcare and education **Characteristics of Suburban areas:** well developed infrastructure, access to education and healthcare, amenities, upper middle class **Characteristics of Urban areas:** dense population, fast paced, developed infrastructure, overcrowding may affect quality of life and access to quality education **Intersectionality:** how different aspects of a person's identity intersect and combine to create different experiences -- may be affected by oppression **Components of Identity:** race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, age, socioeconomic status, disability, religion, geography **3 types of Needs for Exceptional Students:** academic, social/emotional, behavioral needs **What are ACEs?:** adverse childhood experiences, severe trauma or multiple traumatic events can impact health later in life **4 Domains/Goals of Anti-Bias Education:** identity, diversity, justice, action **Components of UDL -- examples of differentiation:** aims to meet the needs of all students through engagement, representation, and expression through varied assessment methods, use of technology, scaffolding, and frequent check ins **Morals:** right from wrong, determined by cultural, religious, and personal factors **Values:** beliefs and principles that determine how a person behaves, acts, and responds **Ethics:** morally right and wrong, standards and principles can be outlined in a code of ethics **Which of the following groups of people included involuntary immigrants in U.S.​ history?:** African, Mexican, and indigenous peoples **Of the following groups of​ people, which group is indigenous to the United​ States?:** American Indians **When individuals immigrate to a new​ country, they often adopt some of the characteristics and practices of the new culture. Which of the following terms best describes this​ situation?:** Acculturation **Which of the following is most often considered the dominant contributing variable to ethnic group​ identification?:** Ancestry **Which of the following variables most often contributes to a​ person\'s membership in an ethnic​ group?:** The native country of their ancestors **Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the reason that race is still used as a classifying variable in the United​ States, such as on the census and on​ forms?** The continuing belief that racial differences distinguish people and that these differences are important **The U.S. population is changing. What will the racial makeup of the United States be by​ 2045?:** Half the population will be made up of groups of​ color, and the other half will be​ non-Hispanic White people. **Which of the following groups will make up a smaller proportion of the U.S. population by the year 2045 than it has in preceding​ years?:** Non-Hispanic white people **Of the following​ terms, which best describes the phenomenon of one group fearing another based on false narratives and gross​ generalities?:** Stereotyping **What is the name of the court case that established a precedent of​ \"separate but​ equal\" during the late nineteenth​ century?:** Plessy v. Ferguson **What were the laws called that were intended to disenfranchise the newly freed African Americans after the Civil​ War?:** Jim Crow laws ​**Today, decades after the passage of legislation ending segregation in​ schools, our public schools remain largely segregated. Which of the following variables is the most significant contributor to this​ issue (de facto segregation)?:** Housing inequality **Which of the following groups is most overrepresented in the prison population as a function of being arrested for nonviolent crimes and subsequent​ convictions?:** African Americans, African Americans are disproportionately arrested and convicted for nonviolent crimes. **Promising practices for reducing the risk of violence and disruption in schools include all except which of the​ following?:** Zero tolerance policies **Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized​ nations?:** United States **Which of the following teaching strategies has been proven to work well for African American​ students?:** A focus on student learning **When considering incidents involving the harassment of students of color since​ 2016, which of the following data trends is true​?:** The number of incidents is increasing **Cultural inclusion in the classroom is an important goal. Of the following rationales for cultural​ inclusion, which is the most comprehensive​ response?:** Cultural inclusion leads to curricular​ relevance, or a focus on connecting the real lives of students with classroom content/ To make the curriculum relevant to the experiences and backgrounds of students **Which of the following does not accurately represent the construct of​ culture?:** Consistency across time is a core component of culture. **The culture of the United States is a dynamic culture.​ However, which of the following best describes the dominant culture in the United​ States?:** Individualism **Within the dominant​ culture, there are always other smaller cultural groups. Which of the following terms describes this​ concept?:** Subcultures **Which of the following is based on a philosophy that promotes​ fairness, supports economic and political​ equality, and respects the basic human rights of all​ people?:** Social justice **Which of the following scenarios represents an equitable​ situation?:** A school district makes sure to disperse highly qualified teachers equally among all​ schools, regardless of other variables/Teachers in a​ low-income school are as qualified as teachers in a​ high-income school. **When considering hate crime statistics in the United​ States, which of the following categories constitutes the dominant motivating​ category?:** Race, ethnicity, and ancestry **Which of the following is a reason for teachers to be cautious about making cultural assumptions based on the way a student​ talks?:** Making cultural assumptions based on the way a student talks may provide an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of the​ student\'s cultural identity/ There is a danger of stereotyping students based on misperceptions and misinformation about​ students\' cultural identity. **Which of the following represents the manifestation of White privilege in​ schools?:** The majority of the curriculum is based on​ White, Eurocentric norms **Which of the following terms best describes the inclusion of other cultures in an educational​ context/respects the diversity of students and their families and builds on that diversity to promote equality and social justice in​ education?:** Multicultural education **Socioeconomic mobility is often discussed as a capitalistic advantage.​ However, economic mobility in the United States is difficult as most people do not move out of the socioeconomic strata of their birth. What can be gathered from this​ fact?:** Socioeconomic mobility in U.S. society is actually unlikely. **Much has changed in the United States economy during the past 30 years. Of these​ changes, which of the following is considered the most​ significant?:** The gap between the wealthy and the middle class has increased rapidly. **Which of the following figures represents the total amount of wealth held by the American middle​ class?:** 12.4% **Which of the following terms refers to a way of sorting individuals based on socioeconomic​ status/giving them different access to​ economic, political,​ cultural, and social​ resources?:** Class **Which of the following variables is the primary cause of homelessness in the United​ States?:** The lack of affordable housing **What is the primary reason for the middle class shrinking in the United​ States?:** Wages have stagnated in comparison to inflation **Before the Civil​ War, which of the following groups constituted the majority of the voting​ population?:** White, landowning men **What event finally brought the Great Depression to an​ end?:** World War II **Certain groups experience poverty at much higher rates. Which of the following groups experiences the most significant poverty​ challenges?:** Single women with children **Which of the following statistics represents the percentage of persons with disabilities living below the poverty​ line?:** 25% **Which of the following groups experiences the worst levels of income​ equality?:** African American women **Which of the following describes the Pygmalion​ effect?:** If teachers believe in children and believe they are​ intelligent, children perform in kind. **In​ society, there are certain behaviors that are considered​ \"normal\" based on biological sex. Which of the following terms best describes this​ phenomenon?:** Gender rules **When considering​ gender, which of the following phrases is most​ accurate?:** Gender may shift and change over time. **Which of the following is considered one of the most significant pieces of legislation in the field of gender​ equality?:** Title IX **Sometimes learning occurs that is unplanned. This learning can have a positive or negative impact and sometimes negative messages may be inadvertently communicated. What is this unplanned and unofficial learning​ called/often students have stereotypes reinforced or make assumptions about themselves or others from information that is not directly​ communicated, but rather pulled from other more subliminal spaces. What is this​ called?:** The hidden curriculum **Which of the following terms was once used as a derogatory term against the gay community but has since been reclaimed and is now seen as a term of empowerment with political implications by the gay​ community/used to empower and is inclusive of any person who does not identify as​ heterosexual?:** Queer **There are numerous terms used to describe a​ person\'s sexual orientation.​ However, there are also many terms that are used erroneously. Which of the following terms does not refer to a​ person\'s sexual​ orientation?:** Transgender **Numerous variables factor into a​ person\'s sexual orientation. Which of the following is not one of those​ factors?:** Gender **How many states in the United States allow the adoption of children by gay and lesbian​ individuals?:** 50 **Historically, LGBTQI+ individuals have faced a great deal of social oppression. Which of the following terms refers to the fear of and mistreatment of​ LGBTQI+ youth and​ adults?:** Heterosexism; The fear of or aversion to​ LGBTQI+ youth and adults **Which of the following is not a consequence associated with heterosexism in​ schools?:** Increased support for​ LGBTQI+ advocacy groups in schools **All students who identify as ​LGBTQI+ are at an increased risk of suicide and some subgroups are at particularly​ high-risk status. One such group is transgender males. What is the approximate suicide attempt rate for trans gender​ males?:** 50%/Half of trans male teens **It is important that teachers support sexual diversity in the classroom. Which of the following is not a way that teachers can support sexual​ diversity?:** By persuading students​ and/or families to abandon restrictive religious views **Which of the following is not one of the four stated reasons that teachers should support sexual diversity in the​ classroom?:** Promoting one type of sexual preference as being the safest to increase student wellness **Which of the following terms refers to both children with disabilities and gifted and talented​ children?:** Exceptional children **Which of the following disabilities is most often stereotyped as being a disability category of individuals in lower socioeconomic​ brackets?:** Emotional disturbances **This court case overthrew Plessy v. Ferguson and the precedent of​ \"separate but​ equal.\" While often associated with​ race, the decision reached into many other social variables. What is the name of this court​ case?:** Brown v. Board of Education **Which of the following court cases helped students with emotional disabilities achieve greater equality in​ schools?:** Mills v. Board of Education **What piece of federal legislation is considered foundational in the protection of an equal education for children with​ disabilities/ensures a​ \"free appropriate public​ education\" for all​ children?:** Public Law​ 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act **The debate over where students with disabilities should be educated is one that remains ongoing. Which of the following laws or mandates says that students should be educated in the general education setting whenever​ possible?:** Least restrictive environment **Following the​ 1960s, what is the most important piece of civil rights​ legislation?:** Americans with Disabilities Act **Individuals with disabilities often face discriminatory practices and dehumanizing language based on some nondisabled​ people\'s belief that they are superior. Which term best describes​ this?:** Ableism **Which of the following​ organizations, founded by Eunice Kennedy​ Shriver, serves as a leading organization in the advocacy of disability​ rights?:** International Special Olympics **Which of the following racial groups represents the most overrepresented subgroups in special​ education?:** African American and Latinx students **When IQ tests are used as measures to suggest gifted and talented​ status, White children from​ higher-income families tend to constitute an overrepresented majority of those admitted. What variable may be attributing to this disproportional​ representation?:** Assessment bias **Which of the following describes a fully inclusive classroom​ space?:** Students with disabilities spend all of their time in the general​ setting, possibly receiving support from a special educator. ​**Increasingly, more students with disabilities are spending greater amounts of time in the general education setting. Which of the following percentages represents the number of students with disabilities spending a minimum of​ 80% of their school day in the general education setting in​ 2017?:** Sixty-three percent of students with disabilities spend a minimum of​ 80% of their school day in the general education setting **Which of the following is not usually a variable influencing​ language?:** Intelligence **Which of the following is most tied to geographic​ region/A person from the southern United States may speak differently than a person from New England. Which of these terms best describes the​ difference?:** Dialect **Which of the following describes​ \"formal Standard​ English\"?:** The acceptable written English that is typically found in grammar books **In which of these countries do teachers most likely expect eye contact as a sign​ respect?:** United States **What is the term used to describe a student who does not speak English or whose English limitations preclude the​ child\'s ability to fully participate in mainstream English​ instruction/describes a student who cannot participate in the general setting without assistance due to insufficiencies in English?:** English language learner **Most English language learners in the United States are born in which of the following​ countries/Which of the following is true about the United States and English language​ learners?:** United States/Most ELLs in the United States were born in that country. **Which of the following education programs relies solely on English for teaching and​ learning?:** English as a second language/ESL programs rely solely on English for teaching and learning. **Per 2016​ data, approximately what percentage of the U.S. population holds at least a high school​ diploma?:** 87.5%/More than​ three-fourths **Which of the following statements accurately describes a U.S.​ region?:** The Southeast is generally characterized by conservative​ politics, high-calorie​ foods, and an emphasis on religion. **In​ 2018, approximately what percentage of the U.S. population lived in rural​ places?:** 14% **Which of the following terms refers to public schools of choice that operate free from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public​ schools?:** Charter schools/Charter schools are public schools that function outside of most governmental regulatory processes. **As of​ 2017, approximately what percentage of the U.S. population was made up of undocumented​ immigrants?:** 3.2%/Just over​ 3% **What phenomenon began when European nations began to colonize the​ Americas, Africa, and India during the late fifteenth​ century?:** Globalization **When a new​ student, who is a new​ immigrant, arrives in your​ classroom, which of the following is the best first step as the​ student\'s teacher?:** Be welcoming and supportive/find out from a school administrator what support the school district offers for immigrant students **Using an example of a person riding a subway may not be the best example to use for a teacher in a suburban or rural school. Which of the following best describes why that is​ true?:** Many suburban and rural students will be unfamiliar with the nuance of a subway as they​ haven\'t experienced a subway ride. It is important for a teacher to deliver content using examples that are familiar to their student population. **Using an example of a person taking a taxi may not be the best example for a teacher to use in a rural school. Which of the following best describe why that is​ true?:** Many rural students will not have used a taxi​ before; thus, they will not be able to directly relate to an example of using a taxi. **Which of the following best describes the education level of immigrant parents within the United​ States?:** Immigrant parents will have diverse educational backgrounds ranging from little formal schooling to advanced degrees. **Which of these drug classifications is at the heart of a current epidemic negatively impacting youth and​ families?:** Opioids **Which of the following countries has the most child gun​ deaths?:** United States **Which of the following generations has the most exposure to smart technology relative to their​ age?:** Generation Alpha/This generation is believed to be the most technologically​ infused, having grown up with regular access to smart technology. **Which of the following statements is true regarding the time frame for when children should talk about​ race?:** It is never too early to talk about race. **When considering whether child abuse is a possibility with a​ child, which of the following is not a typical warning​ sign?:** The student is academically successful due to corporeal punishment. **Which of the following would be considered a warning sign for potential child​ abuse?:** The student has sudden behavior changes. **Which of the following is considered the single most important factor in recognizing child​ abuse?:** The physical condition of the child **Which of the following is not considered one of the four critical elements needed to enhance classroom success with​ adolescents?:** Strict classroom rules **Which of the following constitute the four critical elements needed to enhance classroom success with​ adolescents?:** Consistency, respect,​ kindness, and high expectations **Which of the following is not an appropriate approach to creating a multicultural​ classroom?:** Ensure that students explain the history of their cultural groups to other students in the class/Only focus on how students are similar and minimize differences in order to diffuse tension and hostility among the different groups present in the classroom. **Which of the following choices offers the best description of groups that benefit most from a multicultural approach to​ education?:** All students **In a multicultural​ classroom, which of the following fundamental principles is most important and must be​ present?:** A focus on equity **Which of the following terms refers to the​ values, beliefs,​ attitudes, behaviors,​ commitments, and professional ethics of​ educators?:** Dispositions **Some teachers set expectations for how well a student will perform in the classroom based on the​ student\'s race,​ gender, and class. Which of the following best describes tracking trends that often happen in K-12 schools in the United​ States?:** Male students of color and male students from​ low-income families are disproportionately placed in low academic tracks/Asian American and​ upper-middle-class White students are disproportionately placed in high academic​ tracks, while male students of color and male students from​ low-income families are disproportionately placed in low academic tracks. **Under the Universal Declaration of Human​ Rights, how is education​ viewed?:** Education is viewed as a human right for all people. **Education is viewed as a human right for all people in the world under which official​ statement?:** The Universal Declaration of Human Rights **Which of the following statements describes a key component of effective multicultural​ teaching?:** Every effort possible should be made to ensure your prejudices are not reflected in your interactions with students. **Which of the following statements does not describe a component of effective multicultural​ teaching?:** You should show preference for students who belong to minority groups in order to offset the experiences​ they\'ve had in which they did not see their cultures valued or represented. **What are pedagogies that affirm the cultures of​ students, view the cultures and experiences of students as​ strengths, and reflect the​ students\' cultures in the teaching process​ called?:** Culturally responsive teaching **Which of the following types of curricula includes the​ histories, experiences,​ traditions, and cultures of students in the classroom in accurate and authentic​ ways?:** Multicultural curriculum **Which of the following terms describes the strategy of grouping students to work​ together?:** Cooperative learning/Grouping students to work together on a project to support and learn from each other **Which of the following examples demonstrates a student applying critical​ thinking?:** A student questions why a textbook omits information about the oppression of the Cherokee and other indigenous groups while presenting the concept of manifest destiny/A student questions why a history textbook includes so few female historical figures as compared to men. **Which of the following terms describes a philosophy that promotes​ fairness, supports economic and political​ equality, and respects the basic human rights of all​ people?:** Social justice