Solution Chemistry Notes PDF

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Solution in one shot Premium Notes & courses ↳ww Chemistry guruji com... scan me For Batches ↳ Order our Book from Amazon Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  SOLUBILITY mass of solute dissolved in of a solvent to make saturated 100g a solution at constant temperature. Saturated Solution A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a called saturated solution. given temperature is a Super Saturated solution : In saturated solution a more solute , can be dissolved by increasing temperaturee. from is called saturated such solution which solute starts precipitating super Sol 4. FACTORS WHICH AFFECT SOLUBILITY Like dissolve like : Polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in non polar solvents and vice Versa. ionic solids like Nall , MgSOa kNoy etc are soluble in polar solvents like water eg , solvents like benzene acetone , (p and molecular solids are soluble in organic , · Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. E flect of Temperature : ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS Solubility increases with increase in temperature dissolution of NaCl , KCI , KNOy NaNO, e.g , etc solute + Solvent-solution An=tre. EXOTHERMIC PROCESS Solubility decreases with increase in temperature. eg LizCos , Ce (ops and sodium carbonate solute + Solvent solution Du = -Ye Monohydrate (Na , COS · U O) , etc. get dissolved by evolution of heat. NOTE sodiumsulphate decahydrate (Na, So + Lono) called Glauber's salt, its solubility upto %. this temperature it firstly increases on increasing temperature 32 4 At. , becomes anhydrous and then on further increase in temperature , the solubility of this anhydrous salt decreases. 32-4 % NacSOt - Nac S01 104, 0. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  GASES IN LIQUID · SOLUBILITY OF soluble in water Nature of solute i Gas Easily liquefiable gases ·.e are more like N2 , O2 , He. The etc gases like CO HC NHy and Cheer. than permanent gases , , have high critical temperature and are also easily liquifiable , so these are more soluble. of gas over solution increases , its solubility also Effect of Pressure As the pressure increases. Higher the pressure more is solubility. HENRY LAW The mass of gas dissolved per unit volume of solvent is directly propor- - tional to the pressure of gas over it at a given temperature. ↑ mxP m where, m = mass of gas dissolved = Kup p = pressure of gas dissolved. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  MODIFIED FORM partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to mole fraction of gas. pxYB 2. bar 2 bar p = KUXB where p-partial pressure of gas Kn Temperature M fit O , 800 00 O O g o O Kn-Henry's law constant #44 kn = XB more fraction of gas Solubility ~ W =. O 0 o O O - - ku and Xo are inversely proportional to each other. So , higher the value of kn lesser is the solubility of gas. variation of values of Henry's Constant (kn) · solubility with pressure · ↑ M - APPLICATION OF HENRY'S LAW > - In the manufacture of soft drinks and soda water , solubility of CO2 is increa - sea by applying pressure. To minimise the painful effects (bends) decompression of - accompanying the deep sea divers O diluted with less, soluble He gas is used as breathing gas. altitudes of a result there is low As is > At high partial pressure O2 a low -. , Premium Notes ↳ & courses i: com concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the climbers and people www Chemistry gurry. at high altitudes , consequently suffer from anoxia living..  g YAPOUR PRESSURE OF LIQUID SOLUTIONS : The pressure exerted by the vapours above the liquid surface at equilib- - rium at constant temperature is called vapour. pressure if X - I 9 weaker intermolecular Higher the temperature , more is -" : forces , will be of evaporation and of higher rate so more Vapour pressure will be vapour pressure and vice-versa factors Higher boiling point , 4 * solution of volatile solute - lowe Vapour pressure Affecting , have higher vapour pressure solution of non-volatile solute have # than pure solvent. lower vapour pressure than pure solvent Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. RAOULT'S LAW for a solution of volatile liquid , the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution. PAY XA DB - & & - F lower & --- -- M - O -000000000000 Vapour pressure 8 0000 000 000 ⑧ 00 00 O 0 00 O ·00 O 00 0. o O O O O 00 O 000 O 8 20 O O D - - with solute pure solvent Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. ELEVATION IN BOLLING POINT B PT (Tb) The temperature at which vapour pressure. of a liquid becomes equal to point Denoted - boiling by atmospheric pressure is called boiling temperature or Th.. when a non-volatile solute is added in. solvent non-volatile The boiling point of solution containg a solute is always higher than boiling point of pure solvent and this difference in boiling point is called elevation in boiling point It is. denoted by AT ↑ Premium Notes & courses chemistry guruji ↳. com. www Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT : Freezing Point (Tf) The temperature at which Vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to Vapour pressure of solid. when a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent then , the freezing point of solution decreases and this decrease in freezing point is called depression in It is denoted by DTI freezing point. depression in point is directly proportional Experimentally it is found that freezing to molal concern teration. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. ANTI-FREEZE SOLUTION At high altitude , water in car radiators or other vehicles is mixed with ethylene glycol to lower freezes during winter seasons. So, water called anti-freeze solutions. its freezing point. Such solutions are APPLICATIONS Ethylene glycol (Co is added in water to make anti-freeze solutions for car radiators ii) A mixture of ice and salts , called freezing mixture , is used for making matka Kulfi. is spread covered roads to melt iii) salt like Nacl or Call over snow the Snow. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  OSMOTIC PRESSURE It can be defined as Osmotic Pressure extra pressure applied on solution side semi-permeable ↓ membrane to stop osmosis ie flow of lower EI concentration particles towards higher concen- - tration particles It is denoted by Port.. 800 O 0 0 O O 00 00 0000000 O O · O · 00 O · O O O 00 00 O O i Pure solvent solution Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. DETERMINATION OF MOLAR MASS OF SOLUTE : M = CXRXT MB WBX 1000 XRXT # By o X RXT = = = MB VCML) #X VCML) Osmotic pressure is a colligative property because it is directly proportional to molarity i. e number of moles of solute. ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS : The solutions which have same osmotic pressure or same concentration are called isotonic solutions HPPOTONIC SOLUTIONS HYPERTONI SOLUTIONS The solution whose osmotic pressure The solution whose osmotic pressure or concentrations is less than the or concentration j higher than the other solution. other solution. REVERSE OSMOSIS when pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on solution side , then solvent molecules start moving from solution towards the pure. solvent This process is called reverse osmosis. Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www. ENDO-OSMOSIS The movement of solvent molecules inside a cell.. ) We 2 spray water on and vegetables flowersto make them turgid 2 ) Beans and are when soaked in water they swell up due to endo. grams , 3) Resins also swell up in water due to endo osmosis Osmosis EXO - OSMOSIS The process in which water comes out from a cell and cell called exo-osmosis shrinks is. fruits stored murabba , because in highly Many vegetables and are as concentrated sugar solution. their exo-osmosis takes place and germs or bacteria etc cannot enter these vegetable and fruits e g carrot , apple,. cherry , amla etc. T D I T D I I- T D I ↓ ---- ----- - - & - & - & Normal size egg b) Egg swells [ENDO-OSMOSIS] Egg Shrink [EXO-OSMOSIC] in Wate in salt solution Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF OSMOSIS · Due to endo-osmosis , root absorb water from soil. · water moves upward in direction in plants from one cell to another cell due to endo-osmosis. in saline water i 0 91 % Injections are mostly prepared by dissolving medicine · - e. Nall solution The saline water is isotonic with human blood corpuscles. , So blood corpuscles neither swell nor shrink. removal of salt from sea water DESALINATION OF SEA WATER : It means the. This can be done by reverse osmosis. In this a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the sea-water process ↓ water flows from sea water side to pure water side. side. The pure Premium Notes & courses Chemistry guruji ↳. com. www.  ABNORMAL MOLECULAR when the molecular mass of a substance MASS determined by any of the colligative property such molecular - comes out to be different than normally expected value , masses are called abnormal molecular mass. This is due to association or dissociation of solute particle s DUE TO ASSOCIATION DUE TO DISSOCIATION Acetic acid dissolved in benzene ou NaCl when dissolved in water benzoic acid. Nall > - Nat at 2 crycoon = (CU> CoO4l2 call give three ions on dissolution O ---- H 0 - CHz-C - 2 C3 - O 4-..... Of cack > - (aC + + 24- Double Hydrogen bonding (a dimer · molecular mass comes out Y2 of acetic acid) of the theoretical value Their calculated molar masses · comes out to be double than their calculated molar mass will be actual theoretical value. of molar mass-  VAN'T HOFF FACTOR : It is defined as the ratio of normal molar mass of solute to the observed or calculated molar mass of solute. i= Normal or theoretical molar mass calculated molar But molar of solute is inversely proportional observed or mass mass to property So, colligative. i = observed value of colligative property Normal value of Colligative Property Colligative property is directly proportional to number of moles of solute particles. i = number of moles of solute after association or dissociation number of moles of solute before association or dissociation. i = 1 I neither association nor dissociation takes place i