Science Year 8 Exam Scopes 2024-2025 PDF

Science Year 8 Exam Scopes 2024-2025 Unit Number and Title Learning Objectives (Concepts that students must learn)...

Science Year 8 Exam Scopes 2024-2025 Unit Number and Title Learning Objectives (Concepts that students must learn) Class introductions Class rules and expectations Setting up Google classroom 8.1 Gases and Liquids Setting up Education Perfect How to take notes 8.1.1 Diffusion Lab safety and equipments introduction sitting plan and name tags skills how to write notes 8Pf.07 Describe the diffusion of gases and liquids as the intermingling of substances by the movement of particles. State that all matter is made of particles moving randomly (particle theory) State that particles have different arrangements in solid, liquid, gas Use particle theory to explain how and why states of matter change State that diffusion occurs in gases and liquids Describe and explain the process of diffusion as moving of particles from high to low concentration using particle theory 8.1.2 Pressure of gases, and liquids solids 8Pf.05 Explain that pressure is caused by the action of a force, exerted by a substance, on an area (pressure = force / area). State the formula for pressure (P = F/A) State the units for pressure (N/m2), force (N), and area (m2) 8Pf.06 Use particle theory to explain pressures in gases and liquids (qualitative only). Compare pressure of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of compressibility Describe how changing the area or force of a solid object affects the pressure Describe how gas pressure is created Describe how volume or temperature affects gas pressure State how gas pressure changes with altitude State the use of liquid pressure in terms of hydraulics 8.1.3 Solutions and solubility 8Cp.01 Understand that the concentration of a solution relates to how many particles of the solute are present in a volume of the solvent. For concept on concentration, define solute, solvent, solution, dissolving, dilute, concentrated, Compare and contrast dissolving and melting 8Cc.05 Describe how the solubility of different salts varies with temperature. Define the terms solubility, soluble, insoluble, saturated State how solubility changes with temperature Investigate the effect of temperature on the solubility of sodium chloride 8.1.4 Purity 8Cm.04 Know that purity is a way to describe how much of a specific chemical is in a mixture. Define the term purity Investigate the purity of seawater 8Cp.02 Describe how paper chromatography can be used to separate and identify substances in a sample. Define the term chromatography, pigment, chromatogram  State the purpose of paper chromatography 8.2 Respiration and respiratory system 8Bs.03 Describe how the structure of the human respiratory system is related to its function of gas exchange (in terms of lung structure and the action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles) and 8.2.1 Respiratory system and breathing understand the difference between breathing and respiration. Identify the structures of the human respiratory system State the function each structure in the respiratory system Describe how the structures of lungs allow for gas exchange Describe how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles work together to change the volume and pressure of the thorax for 8.2.2 Gas exchange 8Pf.07 Describe the diffusion of gases and liquids as the intermingling of substances by the movement of particles. 8.2.3 Aerobic respiration State that diffusion are particles moving from higher concentration to lower concentration until all the particles are distributed equally 8Bs.04 Describe the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the air in the lungs. State that blood arriving at the alveoli contains low oxygen and high CO2 (deoxygenated blood) State that blood leaving the alveoli contains high oxygen and low CO2 (oxygenated blood) State that oxygen moves from high to low concentration from the alveoli into the blood State that CO2 moves from high to low concentration from the blood into the alveoli 8Bp.05 Know and use the summary word equation for aerobic respiration. Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy) 8Bp.04 Know that aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells, and gives a controlled release of energy. State that aerobic respiration occurs at the mitochondria 8.2.4 Blood 8Bs.02 Describe the components of blood and their functions (limited to red blood cells transporting oxygen, white blood cells protecting against pathogens and plasma transporting blood cells, nutrients and carbon dioxide) NOTE: This unit does not cover white blood cells. Identify different substances carried in the plasma o Blood cells o Gases (carbon dioxide) o Nutrients o Waste State that red blood cells o Have hemoglobin to carry oxygen o Hemoglobin becomes oxyhemoglobin when combined with oxygen o Have biconcave disc shape o Have no nucleus State that white blood cells o Protect from pathogens by engulfing pathogens o Have a nucleus OPTIONAL: state that platelets o Help to clot the blood to stop bleeding 8.3 Light and colour 8Ps.01 Describe reflection at a plane surface and use the law of reflection. Define the words: 8.3.1 Reflection o Incident ray o Reflected ray o Normal o Angle of incidence o Angle of reflection  o Plane mirror Define Law of reflection as angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection 8.3.2 Refraction 8Ps.02 Describe refraction of light at the boundary between air and glass or air and water in terms of change of speed. Define the words: o Medium o Refracted ray o Angle of refraction Know that a denser medium (e.g. glass) slows down speed of light (can use analogy of car travelling on smooth road and then rough road) State that when speed of light decreases, light bends towards the normal, and vice versa 8.3.3 Colour 8Ps.03 Know that white light is made of many colours and this can be shown through the dispersion of white light, using a prism. Define the terms prism and dispersion State that colors refract differently (red refracting least and violet refracting most) 8Ps.04 Describe how colours of light can be added, subtracted, absorbed and reflected. Use a light box with different filters to show additive and subtractive color mixing Use light box with colored filters and to show how RGB colors are reflected or absorbed by objects of different colors 8.4 Atomic Structure and Chemical Reactions 8Cm.01 Describe the Rutherford model of the structure of an atom. Compare and contrast Rutherford model with Dalton (Billiard Ball) and Thomson (Plum 8.4.1 Structure of an atom pudding) models 8Cm.02 Know that electrons have negative charge, protons have positive charge and neutrons have no charge. State the terms nucleus, proton, neutron, electron Define the term subatomic particle (OPTIONAL) Can introduce concept that different elements have different number of protons 8Cm.03 Know that the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative charge is what holds together individual atoms. Define the term electrostatic attraction in relation to attraction between protons and electrons 8.4.2 Metal Reactivity Series 8Cc.01 Use word equations to describe reactions. Outline structure of word equation: o Reactants on the left of arrow o Products on the right of arrow o Arrow ( ) representing the direction of the reaction o Plus (+) representing additional substances in a reaction 8Cc.03 Describe the reactivity of metals (limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, gold and silver) with oxygen, water and dilute acids. Describe how each of the metals reacts with oxygen, water and acid Write word equations for o metal + oxygen metal oxide o metal + acid salt + hydrogen o metal + water metal hydroxide + hydrogen Know the salt when metal reacts with acid o Hydrochloric acid: [metal] chloride  o Nitric acid: [metal] nitrate o Sulfuric acid: [metal] sulfate 8Cc.06 Understand that some substances are generally unreactive and can be described as inert. Define the term inert Refer to metal reactivity series to identify metals that are inert 8Cc.04 Know that reactions do not always lead to a single pure product and that sometimes a reaction will produce an impure mixture of products. Use metals reacting with oxygen as example of reaction that results in single pure product (e.g. Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide) Use metals reacting with acid as example of reaction that results in impure mixture of products (e.g. Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen) 8.4.2 Metal Reactivity Series (continued) 8Cc.03 Describe the reactivity of metals (limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, gold and silver) with oxygen, water and dilute acids. 8.4.2 Metal Reactivity Series (continued) 8Cc.01 Use word equations to describe reactions. 8Cc.03 Describe the reactivity of metals (limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, gold and silver) with oxygen, water and dilute acids. 8.4.3 Exothermic reactions 8.4.4 Endothermic reactions 8.5 Health 8Bp.01 Identify the constituents of a balanced diet for humans as including protein, carbohydrates, fats and oils, water, minerals (limited to calcium and iron) and vitamins (limited to A, C and D), and 8.5.1 Balanced diet describe the functions of these nutrients. Define balanced diet for humans Relate balanced diet to food groups and diets for different types of people (e.g. young child, adolescent, pregnant woman, athlete, etc.) Identify the sources and functions of: o Proteins o Carbohydrates o Fats and oils o Calcium o Iron o Vitamin A o Vitamin C o Vitamin D o Water o Fiber (OPTIONAL) Define deficiency disease and identify deficiency diseases for Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Iron 8Bp.02 Understand that carbohydrates and fats can be used as a store of energy in animals, and animals consume food to obtain energy and nutrients. Outline the functions of energy (e.g. growing, repairing, moving, reproducing, etc.) Describe the functions of carbohydrates Identify the types of carbohydrates o Simple: sugars (glucose) o Complex: (starch in plants, dietary fiber, OPTIONAL glycogen in body) State that complex carbohydrates and fats are an energy store 8.5.2 Joints 8Bs.01 Identify ball-and-socket and hinge joints, and explain how antagonistic muscles move the bones at a hinge joint. 8.5.3 Lifestyle and health Identify the “major” bones in the body Identify where ball and socket and hinge joints are located o Ball and socket: shoulder, hips o Hinge: elbow, knee Explain how a ball and socket joint and hinge joint moves Define antagonistic muscle pair Identify examples of antagonistic muscle pairs in the body o Biceps and triceps (at the elbow) o Quadriceps and hamstrings (at the knee) Explain how antagonist muscle pairs work 8Bp.03 Discuss how human growth, development and health can be affected by lifestyle, including diet and smoking. Define growth and development o Growth: permanent increase in size o Development: changes in the organs Outline lifestyle factors that affect growth and development (e.g. exercise, diet, sleep, smoking, etc) Describe how smoking affects growth and development o Tar o Nicotine o Particulates o Carbon monoxide 8.5.4 Bioaccumulation 8Be.02 Describe the impact of the bioaccumulation of toxic substances on an ecosystem. Define the term bioaccumulation and biomagnification 8.6 Speed and Forces Use DDT case study to describe the impact of bioaccumulation and biomagnification on organisms (Bald eagles in USA) 8.6.2 Speed (OPTIONAL) Use mercury case study to describe impact of bioaccumulation and biomagnification on human health 8Pf.01 Calculate speed (speed = distance / time). SI units of speed is meters per second Use the formula to calculate speed, distance or time Know how to convert meters to different scales (e.g. meters to kilometers) Know how to convert time to different scales (e.g. seconds to minutes or hours) 8Pf.02 Interpret and draw simple distance / time graphs. Use the distance/time graph to calculate speed of an object 8.6.1 Forces 8Pf.03 Describe the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on motion. Define the term force, balanced force, unbalanced force  Define the terms acceleration and deceleration Identify forces of a moving object o Friction or air resistance or drag o Thrust or forward force State that balanced forces only apply to stationary objects or objects moving at constant speed State that unbalanced forces only apply to objects accelerating or decelerating State that unbalanced forces apply to objects that are changing direction, turning or revolving (e.g. earth orbiting around the sun) 8.6.3 Turning forces 8Pf.04 Identify and calculate turning forces (moment = force x distance). Define the term principle of moment, pivot (or fulcrum) Describe unbalanced situations as moments that will cause clockwise or counterclockwise rotation. 8.7 Earth and Space science 8Pe.01 Describe a magnetic field, and understand that it surrounds a magnet and exerts a force on other magnetic fields. 8.7.1. Earth’s magnetic field Define magnet, magnetic field Identify metals that are magnetic and nonmagnetic Draw magnetic field lines going from north pole to south pole for bar magnetic and horseshoe magnet Draw magnetic field lines between two bar magnets with opposite poles facing each other and similar poles facing each other (S & S, and N & N) State that opposite poles attract and similar poles repel State that magnetic field lines can pass through objects 8ESp.01 Know that the reason the Earth has a magnetic field is that the core acts as a magnet. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core) State the magnetic metals found in the Earth’s core State that the rotation of the core creates Earth’s magnetic field Recognize that Earth’s magnetic north pole originates at Earth’s geographic south pole, and vice versa 8.7.2 Electromagnet 8Pe.02 Describe how to make an electromagnet and know that electromagnets have many applications. Define electromagnet Compare and contrast electromagnet (temporary magnet) and permanent magnet List the features of an electromagnet o Power source o Wire (coiled) o Magnetic metal (ferromagnet) List and describe applications of electromagnets 8Pe.03 Investigate factors that change the strength of an electromagnet. Identify and list factors that change strength of electromagnet o Number of coils o Current, voltage o Type of metal Use paper clips to compare number of coils with strength of electromagnet of a nail 8.7.2 Electromagnet (continued) 8Pe.03 Investigate factors that change the strength of an electromagnet. 8.7.3 Space science 8ESs.02 Describe asteroids as rocks, smaller than planets, and describe their formation from rocks left over from the formation of a planetary system. List the planets in the solar system Define asteroid Compare similarities and differences between planets and asteroids  Describe the formation of the asteroids by the influence of gravity 8ESs.01 Describe a galaxy in terms of stellar dust and gas, stars and planetary systems Including that we see galaxies because stars shine. Define stellar dust and gas Define a star List and identify different types of galaxies (spiral, elliptical, irregular) Identify Milky Way as the home of the Solar System State that Milky Way is a spiral galaxy State that galaxies are visible because they contain millions of stars 8.8 Environment and ecology 8ESc.03 Describe the difference between climate and weather. Define weather, climate, precipitation 8.8.1 Weather and climate Compare and contrast weather and climate Identify climate zones in relation to latitude, temperature and precipitation 8ESc.02 Understand that the Earth's climate can change due to atmospheric change. Identify the components of Earth’s current atmosphere Describe how the Earth’s atmosphere has changed overtime (millions of years ago to today) Define greenhouse gas List greenhouse gases and their major sources (carbon dioxide and methane) Describe the natural greenhouse effect Describe enhanced greenhouse effect due to human activity causing global warming 8.8.1 Weather and climate 8ESc.01 Understand that there is evidence that the Earth's climate exists in a cycle between warm periods and ice ages, and the cycle takes place over long time periods. Define glacial periods and interglacial periods Identify glacial and interglacial periods on climate graph (2.5 billion years ago to today) 8.8.2 Ecosystems Describe how scientists use ice core and peat bog samples to identify glacial and interglacial periods 8Be.01 Identify different ecosystems on the Earth, recognising the variety of habitats that exist within an ecosystem. Define ecosystem List and identify different terrestrial ecosystems: o Desert o Grassland, Savanna o Polar o Tropical rainforest o Temperate deciduous forest o Tundra o Taiga Relate terrestrial ecosystems to climate zones (8.8.1), temperature and precipitation List and identify different aquatic ecosystems o Freshwater (lakes, rivers, wetlands) o Marine (coral reef, coastal, estuary, mangrove, ocean) List different species found in each aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem (OPTIONAL) Describe adaptations that allow species to survive in the ecosystem 8.8.3 Invasive species 8Be.03 Describe how a new and/or invasive species can affect other organisms and an ecosystem. Define invasive species and native species Define food web and food chain Describe how invasive species spread Use case study of different invasive species on a food web:  o Burmese python in Florida o Cane toads in Australia o Zebra mussels in Great Lakes 8.8.4 Renewable energy 8ESp.02 Identify renewable resources (including wind, tidal and solar power, and bioplastics) and non-renewable resources (including fossil fuels) and describe how humans use them. Define renewable and non-renewable energy List and describe renewable and non-renewable energy sources 8.8.4 Renewable energy 8ESp.02 Identify renewable resources (including wind, tidal and solar power, and bioplastics) and non-renewable resources (including fossil fuels) and describe how humans use them.