Science Solutions PDF

# Key Concepts to Focus On: ## What is a Solution? A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (the solute) dissolves in another substance (the solvent). ## Solute and Solvent: - **Solute:** The substance that dissolves in the solvent (e.g., salt in water). -...

# Key Concepts to Focus On: ## What is a Solution? A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (the solute) dissolves in another substance (the solvent). ## Solute and Solvent: - **Solute:** The substance that dissolves in the solvent (e.g., salt in water). - **Solvent:** The substance that does the dissolving (e.g., water). ## Solubility: Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure. ## Concentration: The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent. Concentration can be described as "concentrated" (lots of solute) or "dilute" (a small amount of solute). ## Saturation: A solution is saturated when it has dissolved the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. Any extra solute added will not dissolve. ## Factors Affecting Solubility: - **Temperature:** Generally, solubility increases with temperature (for solids in liquids). - **Pressure:** Pressure mainly affects the solubility of gases (higher pressure increases solubility). - **Nature of the Solute and Solvent:** Some substances dissolve better in certain solvents (e.g., salt in water, oil in vinegar). ## Types of Solutions: - **Solid in Liquid:** (e.g., sugar in tea) - **Gas in Liquid:** (e.g., carbon dioxide in soda) - **Gas in Gas:** (e.g., air) - **Liquid in Liquid:** (e.g., alcohol in water) ## Dilution: Diluting a solution means adding more solvent to decrease the concentration of solute. ## The Universal Solvent: Water is called the universal solvent because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid.