Sociology-PYQs-2013-2023-Sleepy-Classes.pdf

 T.me/SleepySociology Contents Mains 2013....................................................................................................................... 4 Section - A............................................................................................................

 T.me/SleepySociology Contents Mains 2013....................................................................................................................... 4 Section - A................................................................................................................. 4 Section B.................................................................................................................... 31 Mains 2014....................................................................................................................... 58 Section - A................................................................................................................. 58 Section-B................................................................................................................... 84 Mains 2015....................................................................................................................... 108 Section - A................................................................................................................. 108 Section B.................................................................................................................... 125 Mains 2016....................................................................................................................... 144 Section - A................................................................................................................. 144 Section -B.................................................................................................................. 166 Mains 2017....................................................................................................................... 192 Section - A................................................................................................................. 192 Section B.................................................................................................................... 228 Mains 2018....................................................................................................................... 259 Section - A................................................................................................................. 259 Section - B................................................................................................................. 289 Mains 2019....................................................................................................................... 318 Section - A................................................................................................................. 318 Section B.................................................................................................................... 350 Mains 2020....................................................................................................................... 376 Section A................................................................................................................... 376 Section B.................................................................................................................... 409 Mains 2021....................................................................................................................... 439 Section - A................................................................................................................. 439 Section B.................................................................................................................... 470 2 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Mains 2022........................................................................................................................494 Section - A..................................................................................................................494 Section B....................................................................................................................526 Mains 2023....................................................................................................................... 559 Section A.......................................................................................................................559 Section B.......................................................................................................................589 3 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Mains 2013 Section - A Question 1 (a) "Sociology emerged in Europe and flourished to begin with on social reformist orientation in the USA" - Comment. 10 marks Approach  Introduce by generally mentioning the background in which sociology was born.  Talk about the problems in Europe at that time to which sociology sought answers.  Then mention how sociology spread in America and how it had a social reformist orientation.  Provide a balanced conclusion. Solution  Sociology took birth in a climate of social upheaval. The early sociologists' theories were influenced by the socioeconomic conditions that were in place in Europe at the time. The Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution were the important features of this time period. Emergence in Europe:  The late 17th and early 18th century in Europe are referred to as the Enlightenment period because it was at this time that people began to view the rational thought as a central feature of human being and the human being as the centre of the universe.  Europe had entered the age of reason and rationalism by the 18th century. Montesquieu, Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau were some of the prominent thinkers whose thoughts affected the people during the time.  The political framework of European society was altered by the French Revolution, which began in 1789. It signalled the end of the feudal era and the beginning of democracy.  The late 18th and early 19th century Industrial Revolution that started in England had a significant impact on people's social and economic lives first in England, then in other European nations, and finally in other continents.  Some important questions about human survival in the then contemporary society were posed during this time. These questions provided a fertile ground for the latter sociological thoughts as well. Many Positivist theorists, like Karl Marx and Max Weber in Germany and Emile Durkheim in France, were influential in the early sociological work that emerged in Western Europe. Reformist orientation:  By the turn of the 20th century, sociology had made its way from Europe to the United States. Early American sociologists, like their European predecessors and counterparts, sought to comprehend and address the issues of the day, such as crime, racial issues, rapid industrialization, worker exploitation, urbanisation and its attendant social issues, racial discrimination, etc. 4 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology  However, unlike their European counterparts who were more focused on creating broad societal theories, American sociologists attempted to create workable answers to particular issues like child labour.  As a result, early American sociologists blended their sociological and social reformer roles when the discipline first arose.  As a member of the American Sociological Society, Jane Addams worked to close the gap between the powerful and the weak. She demonstrated how organizations can reduce hunger, poverty, and oppression. W. E. B. Du Bois worked on the problem of race in America. Bagehot, work on politics and physics brought the political modification in USA. Albion Small and Robert Park of the Chicago School made an effort to address urbanization-related issues.  As a result, sociology emerged in Europe, but it has matured as a discipline in the United States due to its social reformist orientations. 5 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (b) Compare and contrast Sociology with Anthropology? 10 marks Approach  Introduce by generally mentioning the background in which the two fields were born.  Provide the difference between the two fields.  Mention the similarities or overlap between the two fields.  Provide a balanced conclusion Solution Sociology and anthropology had very different beginnings. While Western intellectuals of sociology had a ready context closer to home when modernism, the French Revolution, and industrialization arrived, anthropologists had to create their own. Anthropology also draws on prehistoric archaeology. Difference Sociology Sociology Anthropology Emergence In response to the Anthro ology arose from challenges of modernity, Western scholars' sociology evolved from interest in primitive philosophy of history, societies in non-western political thought, and countries. positive sciences. Objectivity Sociologists' methods are Anthropologists laden with values, and describe and analyse in thus their conclusions are clinically neutral terms tinged with ethical so that they can position considerations. themselves as outsiders without becoming entangled in values. Scope Sociologists quite often Social anthropology study parts of existing tended to study societies societies or processes such (particularly simple as social mobility. societies) in their entirety. Social anthropologists typically study small societies that are relatively stable and generally devoid of historical records. 6 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Research Method Sociologists frequently Social anthropologists rely on statistics and typically live in the questionnaires, and their communities they study analysis is frequently in order to observe and formal and quantitative. document what they see. Their research is primarily qualitative. Subject Matter Sociology is primarily Anthropology also concerned with cultural investigates physical and social issues. aspects of evolution and biology. Similarities Despite their differences, the two disciplines have some similarities. 1. An interest in understanding humans is common to both disciplines. 2. History is also important in both Sociology and Anthropology. Although their scope and focus differ, people who study Sociology and Anthropology both use historical events to understand how humans came to exist as they do today. 3. Culture is an essential component of both Anthropology and Sociology because they are both concerned with humans and their lives. 4. Both disciplines place a premium on norms, beliefs, customs, institutions, and all other social aspects of the cultural context. 5. In modern practise, both Anthropology and Sociology employ a mixture of scientific and humanistic approaches to the study of humanity. 6. Sociology and Anthropology's methodologies, areas of focus, and practises have become very similar as they are now pursued. Thus, despite their distinct areas of specialisation, the union of anthropology and sociology is regarded as desirable and advantageous. 7 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (c) Critically examine positivistic approach in sociological studies. 10 marks Approach  Introduce answer with definition of Positivism.  Give key features of positivistic approach of sociological studies.  Give the criticism of positivistic approach of sociological studies.  Provide a balanced conclusion. Modern sociological study is mostly dominated by the positivistic approach. It is based on the belief that social realities can be objectively described and explained, and that social phenomena can be investigated scientifically, much like natural phenomena. Here Positivism refers to a research approach that emphasizes using empirical, quantitative methods to discover universal laws and patterns in natural and social phenomena, seeking to establish causal relationships between variables. The key features of the positivistic approach include: 1. Empiricism: The conviction that knowledge is acquired by experience and observation and that the best basis for understanding social reality is provided by scientific evidence. 2. Objectivity: The view that social phenomena may be investigated objectively and that, in order to draw correct findings, individual prejudices and subjective interpretations should be kept to a minimum. 3. Generalizability: The idea that general principles and theories that can be applied to different populations and contexts can be used to describe and explain social patterns. 4. Experimentation: The use of controlled experiments and observational studies to test hypotheses and validate theories. 5. Quantitative methods: The study of social phenomena using quantitative data from sources like surveys and statistical analysis. Numerous sociological areas, such as social stratification, crime and deviance, and demographic patterns, among others, have seen extensive usage of the positivistic method. However, some of the key criticisms of this approach include: 1. Reductionism: It is argued that the positivistic approach ignores the subjective feelings and meanings associated with social events and processes in favour of simplifying complex social phenomena into quantitative data. Jurgen Habermas said that positivism lose sight of the actors reducing them to passive entities determined by natural forces. 2. Lack of subjectivity: It is claimed that the emphasis on quantitative procedures and objective facts ignores people's individual experiences and the influence of culture, values, and beliefs on social reality. Max Horkheimer said that positivism is engaged in ‘objective anarchism’, an obsession to study everything objectively. 3. Rigidity: It is said that relying too heavily on fixed categories and tight definitions leaves out the complexity and fluidity of social phenomena. 4. Lack of cultural sensitivity: The positivistic approach is criticised for disregarding the power dynamics that determine social reality as well as for failing to take into account the cultural context and experiences of various groups. Dilthey said that a fact-based approach explores only one dimension as it ignores cultural and ideological dimensions. 8 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 5. Limitations: It is said that the emphasis on generalizable rules and theories is too limited and ignores the particular historical, cultural, and contextual aspects that influence social reality. 6. Oversimplification: It is said that using quantitative data and statistical analysis leads to an imperfect understanding of social reality and oversimplifies complex social phenomena. 7. Interpretivist scholars highlight the limitations of the positivist approach in capturing the complexity of social phenomena and the subjective nature of human experiences. They argue for a more holistic and interpretative understanding of social reality, emphasizing the importance of subjective meanings, social contexts, and the active role of individuals in shaping their own realities. Despite these criticisms, the positivistic approach still has a significant impact on sociological study, especially in the development of quantitative methods and the application of empirical data to support hypotheses and comprehend social phenomena. However, a growing number of sociologists today support a more multidimensional and holistic approach that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods and takes into account the subjective experiences and cultural environment of both individuals and groups. 9 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (d) Examine science and technology as agents of social change. 10 marks Approach  Introduce answer with definition of social change and mentioning the factors which help bring social change.  Mention both positive and negative social changes brought by S&T. (should be the major part of answer)  Mention how S&T impacted different societies differently.  Provide a balanced conclusion Solution Social change is the gradual transformation of patterns in social institutions, social structure, and social behaviour. Law, education, and religion are only a few of the many elements that influence it. However, science and technology are what accelerate this process of social change. Positive Social Change 1. By enhancing food security and lowering the cost of essentials, science and technology can help millions of people escape poverty. Connectivity and communication have dramatically enhanced thanks to science and technology. 2. Technological advancements have had a significant impact on people's lives in India. The secularisation of life goals is taking place, there is progress toward gender equality as more women are finding employment, and new educational practices have opened up new worlds for the younger generation. 3. Marx was the first to emphasise the significance of science and technology in terms of forces of production that change production relations. 4. According to Leslie White, when a society's consumption per person rises, the techno- economic component exerts pressure on the organisational component of culture to change. Negative Social Change 1. However, when this transformation takes place without a corresponding adjustment in the cultural features of society, it leads to conflict, or what William Ogburn referred to as "Cultural Lag." It's because any new technology also carries with it a fresh set of values that must confront with the old ones. 2. Furthermore, Science and technology also have a homogenising tendency. Nowadays, work is done in more similar ways. Today's globalised industries produce identical goods, clothes, tastes, and levels of consumption. It is bringing the world together, but at the expense of diversity. 3. A transition from "adaptation" to "change" of the environment is also being brought about by an over-reliance on science and technology. Climate change and an increase in natural disasters are two important effects of this. 4. The alienating features of technology in the workplace were also noted by Robert Blauner in his paper "Alienation and Freedom 1964." Certain technology, such as automation, cause workplace monotony. Marxists contend that technology alienates man from his labor. The effects of similar technologies vary in various societies. While printing led to the standardisation of manuscripts in China, it facilitated the diversity of literary works in Europe. 10 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Nuclear energy was used to completely destroy two cities during the Second World War, although it was later also used for peaceful purposes. Similar to this, information technology may be utilised for empowerment and social transformation as well as for centralization and espionage. Social change is a long-term process that affects practically every area of society. No culture can effectively resist social change, but if these changes are gradual, indigenous, and accepted by everybody, society will be more peaceful. 11 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology e) Analyse the contemporary trends in family with examples. 10 marks Approach  Introduce answer with definition of family.  Explain the contemporary trends in institution of family. (Should be the major part of answer)  Also briefly mention the relevance of family as a unit of study.  Provide a balanced conclusion. Solution The family is a social unit characterised by shared housing, economic cooperation, and sexual reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes who maintain sexual relationship that is socially acceptable. It also includes one or more children who are either their biological or adopted offspring. As a result of societal economic and social changes, various social institutions such as the family are changing. Changes in Structure: 1. Parsons and Goode argued that family are changing from extended to nuclear. Parsons told nuclear family is a structural fit with industrial society. Industrialization also promotes achievement-based status and strengthens conjugal bonds. 2. Because newlywed couples who are employed must relocate to new areas where their jobs are situated, patrilocal patterns are being replaced by neolocal patterns. 3. Margaret Obrian discussed the rise of single-parent families, reconstituted families, and dual- earner families. 4. Metropolitan cities have also seen an increase in live in families, gay and lesbian families, and families with varying levels of acceptance. Changes in Relationship: 1. Love marriages are now a common method for individuals to start families. Free choice of spouse has added a romantic element to the family. Today's husband-wife relationship is more centred on cooperation than dominance, and women are also taking more active roles in decision-making. 2. Parsons claims that nuclearization has improved the relationships between husband and wife. 3. Today's brother-sister relationships are founded on equality and fellowship. 4. Women's and children's situation has improved due to legal issues. Today, women have more rights. Additionally, people are now freer to move separately. Changes in Function: 1. Traditional gender roles within families have undergone significant changes. This has resulted in a reconfiguration of household responsibilities and a move toward more egalitarian divisions of labor within families. 2. Aging populations and shifting family structures have made caregiving for older family members more complex, creating a growing need for long-term care and support. 12 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 3. Balancing work and family responsibilities has become challenging due to longer work hours and demanding careers, leading to discussions on parental leave, flexible work arrangements, and childcare support. However, some sociologists argue that family is no longer cornerstone of society for the following reasons. 1. Countries such as the Netherlands have as many as 80% of single individuals aged 18 to 45. 2. Alternative institutions such as hospitals, play schools, multiplexes, and the media are assuming some of the functions of the family. 3. Alternatives such as Kibbitzs in Israel raise concerns about the universality of family. 4. As a unit of sociological analysis, the family is being replaced by the household. In India, extent of change is not as dramatic as it is in western societies. So, emerging trends in family reflects the adaptive changes with the socio-economic changes as said by Talcott Parsons. 13 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Question 2. (a) Analyse the limitations of quantitative methods in social research. 20 marks Approach  Introduce by briefly explaining what is quantitative method.  Mention the inclination of early positivist towards quantitative methods and mention some of its types  Give limitations of quantitative research methods. (Should be the major part of answer)  Conclude by giving some ways to overcome the limitations. Solution  Quantitative research makes use of quantitative measurements and statistical analysis. Natural science's ability to uncover the true nature of reality inspires quantitative methods in social research. Because positivists believed that the subject matter of social science and natural science was the same, they advocated quantitative methods for social research.  Saint Simon, August Comte and Emile Durkheim were its chief proponents. Some of the important quantitative methods include survey, structured interviews, structured questionnaire etc. Limitations of quantitative research methods includes: Improper target population representation  Improper representation of the target population may impede the researcher's ability to achieve its desired goals and objectives. This could result in a calculation error and the proposition becoming untrue. Lack of data gathering resources:  Quantitative research methodologies often call for a high sample size. However, the paucity of resources makes this extensive investigation impractical.  In many developing nations, interested parties might not have the necessary knowledge or means to carry out exhaustive quantitative study. Being unable to control the environment:  Researchers may run into issues when trying to control the environment. The responses provided by the respondents frequently depend on a specific time, which in turn depends on the circumstances existing at that particular time. Limited findings from a quantitative study:  The structured questionnaire used in quantitative research has closed-ended questions. It results in the limited outcomes outlined in the research proposal. As a result, the results may not always accurately reflect the situation as it actually occurred.  Also, the respondents have limited options for responses, based on the selection made by the researcher. 14 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Analyzing data can be challenging:  Extensive statistical analysis is needed for the quantitative investigation, which might be challenging for researchers without statistical training. Since statistical analysis is based on scientific methodology, it is challenging for non-mathematicians to perform. Other limitations of quantitative methods:  Everything cannot be quantified by numbers it cannot capture the meanings and motives. They cannot capture subjective or non-empirical dimensions of social reality. Thus, ethnomethodologist and phenomenologists said that quantitative methods are unsuitable for sociology.  Non-Positivists argue that the social reality is value laden, therefore complete separation of fact and values can't happen which is a must in quantitative research method. However, there are numerous ways to overcome the limitations of quantitative methods, including triangulation, methological pluralism, ideal types, etc. It may also be beneficial to combine these quantitative and qualitative methods. 15 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (b) Critically examine the functionalist tradition in sociology. 20 marks Approach  Introduce by briefly explaining what is Functionalism.  Explain the functionalist tradition in sociology.  Give criticism of functionalist tradition in sociology.  Provide a balanced conclusion. Solution Functionalism is a tradition in sociology that views society as a complex system of interdependent parts, each of which performs a specific function to maintain the stability and stability of the whole system. 1. This tradition is based on the work of Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons, who emphasised the importance of understanding the functions of social institutions such as the family, the economy, and the state, as well as how they contribute to the overall stability and stability of society. 2. Functionalism sees social order as the product of shared values and norms that guide behaviour and direct the actions of both individuals and groups. 3. It places a strong emphasis on upholding social stability and order and sees social issues as impediments to the system's functioning rather than as a result of systemic defects. 4. Functionalism argues that social norms and institutions are intrinsically stable and fulfil a defined purpose, such as upholding social order or meeting fundamental needs of people. According to this viewpoint, social change takes place slowly and gradually through social structure evolution and adaptation rather than by revolution or abrupt change. 5. The functionalist viewpoint tries to explain social stratification in terms of how it helps to keep society stable and orderly. They examine social stratification to determine how well it meets the "functional prerequisites" of society. The 'shared value system' keeps conflict between hierarchically arranged groups in check. 6. Functionalism has influenced our understanding of social systems and has been applied to a variety of social issues such as crime, education, health, and the economy. 7. For much of the twentieth century, it was the dominant theoretical perspective in sociology, but it was also criticised by other sociological perspectives. Some of the criticisms of functionalism are as follows: 1. Determinism: Functionalists believe that social structures and institutions are determined by social needs and functions, ignoring individuals' agency and the role of power and conflict in shaping social structures. 2. Idealized View of Society: Conflict theorists argue that functionalists frequently present an idealised view of society as a harmonious and orderly system, ignoring the presence of social problems and conflicts. 3. Inadequate Explanation of Social Issues: Functionality has also been challenged for its inability to explain social problems and inequalities because it assumes that all parts of society are working in harmony and fails to consider the sources of social conflict and power imbalances. 16 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 4. Conservatism: Functionalists have been accused for their conservative tendencies, as they see social change as disruptive and existing social arrangements as natural and desirable. Feminist theorists argue that functionalism perpetuates gender inequalities by reinforcing traditional gender roles and expectations within families and society. 5. Status-Quoist: Critics argue that functionalism may reinforce the dominant ideology and support the perpetuation of existing power structures, as it often portrays social inequalities as functional or necessary for the smooth functioning of society. 6. Reductionism: The functionalist viewpoint is frequently admonished for reducing complex social phenomena to simple functional relationships, thereby ignoring the complexity and diversity of social life. 7. Micro-Macro Divide: The functionalist tradition has been attacked for its narrow focus on the macro-level of analysis and for ignoring micro-level social processes and individual experiences. Symbolic interactionists argue that functionalism neglects the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals attach to their actions, which are central to understanding social phenomena. 8. Ignores Historical Context: Functionalists often treat social structures and institutions as timeless and universal, oblivious to the historical and cultural contexts in which they emerge and evolve. 9. Lack of Empirical Evidence: Finally, functionalism has been chastised for its lack of empirical evidence to back up its claims, as well as its reliance on abstract models and theory rather than empirical research. Overall, the functionalist tradition in sociology has been a powerful and influential viewpoint in the field, but it has also been criticised for its shortcomings and oversights. As a result, other sociological perspectives that focus on different aspects of social life and offer alternative ways of understanding the social world have complemented and challenged it. 17 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (c) Analyse the salient features of historical materialism. 10 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly what is historic materialism  Explain the salient features of the historic materialism.  Conclude by providing relevance of historic materialism. Solution  Historical Materialism is essentially a conception of society as it evolves from one stage to the next. It is an important 'analytical tool' for comprehending the origins and progression of human society.  It is considered 'historical' because Karl Marx traced the evolution of human societies from one stage to another. It is 'materialistic' because the evolution of societies has been interpreted in terms of their 'material or economic base of society'  The concept demonstrates how economic infrastructure serves as the foundation for social change. Also known as 'Dialectical Materialism,' its main focus is on the contradiction between the interests of the two classes. Following are some of the salient features of historical materialism: Idea of Human Progress:  Historical Materialism examines how human society has advanced from prehistoric times to the present age with a significant shift in social relationships. As a result, he has identified the various stages of human history into four "modes of production": primitive communism, ancient slave society, feudal society, and capitalist society. Based on the dialectics process:  This indicates that the process of change is a result of the tension or class conflict caused by the interaction of two opposing forces. Dialectic refers to a dual existence, such as that of a master and servant in slave society. Society seen in form of Structure and Superstructure:  Production by humans to meet their own need is the foundation of social existence. The production process is further based on matter or economy (structure), which decides the superstructure (institutions, relations, family pattern etc) in the end. A new stage of history, or what Karl Marx refers to as a new "mode of production," is ushered in as a result of changes in the superstructure brought about by changes in the structure. Existence of Contradiction:  Contradiction is the cornerstone of historical materialism. In other words, contradiction persists as a major force in every structure and superstructure, and as a result, the form of a new social system is determined. However, there are certain inherent contradictions in this new structure. 18 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Continual state of change until communism:  The state of nature is constantly changing. The building of a new social order following social change is too subject to contradiction and change, just as a thesis has its own antithesis which brings about a shift in ideas. Marx asserts that this is an ongoing process that will continue until communism is achieved.  Historical Materialism remains the cornerstone of Marxian theories which have been used as methods to study societies & their various processes. For example, historical materialism has been used to study global stratification after World War 2. The most one being word system theory by Wallenstein. 19 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Question 3. (a) Compare Karl Marx with the Emile Durkheim with reference to the framework of 'division of labour'. 20 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of division of labour  Provide the difference between the point of view of Karl Marx and Durkheim on division of labour.  Mention the similarities between the two.  Provide a balanced conclusion Solution By the phrase of ‘division of labour’ we mean the splitting up of an activity into a number of parts or smaller processes. These smaller processes are undertaken by different persons or groups of persons, thereby speeding up the performance of the activity. The division of labour can also be seen as the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize. Durkheim and Karl Marx both thought deeply about the division of labour and came to opposing conclusions. Points of Difference Durkheim Karl Marx Work on Division of Division of Labour in Society, Das Capital, 1867 Labour 1893 Basic approach. His theory based is upon His theory is more of conflict functional nature. nature. Causes of Division of The division of labour in It is not viewed by Marx as a Labour industrial society is explained means for cooperation and by Durkheim as the result of coexistence. He sees it as a increased material and moral practice that the capitalists density. And the ability to are forcing on the workforce specialise allows for peaceful in order to reap profits. coexistence. Nature of Division of According to Durkheim, the Marx views the division of Labour division of labour is useful and labour as a "Unequal promotes cooperation. relation" that legitimizes the status quo between the haves and the have not. Consequence of Division It leads to integration in society. It leads to dehumanization of Labour of workers and alienation in industrial society. 20 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Solution to the Problems According to Durkheim, Marx argued that the issue Related to Division of anomie is abnormal and can be with capitalism is capitalism Labour controlled by educating itself. The division of labour employees about their place in is a necessary component of society and making them feel the capitalist society's organically connected and framework for efficiency and involved in society's life. scaled-up production, but it also creates alienation. He identifies division of labour as a crucial element in the alienation of workers from their work, from their co- worker's, and ultimately from themselves. Revolution can put an end to alienation issues. They have many differences in their perspectives on labour division, but they also have some similarities. 1. Both stated that the division of labour differs in simple and complex societies. 2. Both agreed that division of labour is inevitable. 3. Both recognised the negative aspects of division of labour and proposed solutions. Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx contributions to the theory of division of labour continues to inspire scholarship and policies and public discourse. 21 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (b) Critically analyse the contribution of G.H. Mead to 'symbolic interactionism'. 20 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of symbolic interactionism.  Bring out the major contributions made by G.H. Mead in the field of symbolic interactionism.  Also provide various criticism on his work in the field of symbolic interactionism.  Provide a balanced conclusion. Solution  Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another and how they attach meaning to symbols and shared understandings in their social interactions. It emphasizes the role of symbols, language, and gestures in shaping social interactions and the construction of social reality. The dynamic patterns of social action and social relationship are the focus of symbolic interactionism. G.H. Mead’s Contributions  George Herbert Mead's theory of 'Self and Identity' has made significant contributions to 'Symbolic Interactionism'. According to Mead, human thought, experience, and behaviour are ultimately "social." They derive their nature from the fact that humans communicate by employing "symbols," of which language is the most significant.  According to Mead, the act of playing a role helps people create their own sense of who they are. One can think about themselves by putting themselves in other people's shoes.  He distinguished between "Me" and "I," two facets of the Self. Me is defined by Mead as the organised set of attitudes of other which one himself assumes. I is the immediate response of an individual to others. It constitutes something that we all seek, which is the realisation of self.  Mead claims that the "Self" is not something that is inborn. There are two basic stages in the creation of the "Self," which is learned during childhood. The first one is referred to as the "play stage". Children play out roles that are not their own in this stage. The "game stage" is the second phase of the self-development process. Children learn to see themselves from the perspective of the other players or from the standpoint of ′ the generalised other ′ when engaging in a game stage.  It is crucial to develop in "consciousness of self" as it serves as both the framework for human society and the basis for cognition and conduct. Individuals can perceive how others perceive them when they are self-aware. For "cooperative action" in society, this serves as the foundation. It is through the ‘generalized other’ that the social process influences the behaviour of the individuals. Mead's symbolic interactionism has received the following criticisms: 1. Despite his great insight into the development of society's self-consciousness, Mead's explanation of the nature of social organisation in society lacked clarity. 2. Reaper claims that Mead disregarded the historical background of the contemporary social structure. 22 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 3. Mead falls short of articulating the instances at which an individual interacts with society. 4. It was unclear what Mead meant when he said that the person and the mind create society. He was unable to cover all facets of interpersonal and societal communication. 5. Mead acknowledges the presence of culture and believes that social roles do influence human conduct to some extent, but people still have a great deal of "choice" in how they behave. 6. Mead did not go into the issues of social mobility, class, or power dynamics. Despite criticism, George Herbert Mead's "Self and Identity" theory's integrative orientation contributed to firmly establishing the microscopic emphasis of Symbolic interactionism. 23 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology c) Examine the salient features of Weberian bureaucracy? 10 marks Approach  Introduce with Weber's general view of Bureaucracy and how it is linked with his Ideal Type.  Provide the features or characteristics of Bureaucracy as per Weber.  Conclude with his reservations on the Bureaucracy. Solution Like many of Weber's other ideas, bureaucracy is linked to the Ideal Type idea, and Weber associated it to the growing rationalisation of society. Here, Ideal types refers to conceptual frameworks that are constructed by highlighting and exaggerating certain characteristics or features of a social phenomenon while ignoring or simplifying others. Weber asserts that the most "rational" method of exercising power over people is through bureaucracy. Weber specified a few typical bureaucracy-related features, which includes: 1. The offices are organized into a ‘hierarchical system.’ 2. Authority is derived from position in organizational structure. 3. The incumbent is not allowed to appropriate the position. 4. Positions always remains a part of the organisations. 5. Objective criteria are used to choose the staff. 6. Competence and merit are the main criteria in recruitment. 7. Work is specialised in bureaucracy and staff is trained accordingly. 8. The bureaucracy's work is a full-time career. 8. Offices are used to organise work, and the tasks that need to be completed are called as official duties. 9. Decisions are made using a set of abstract and rational rules. 10. Bureaucrats are supposed to carry out executive orders without bias or value addition. 11. Administrative acts, decisions, and rules are written down and recorded. 12. Modern bureaucracy is distinguished by its rationalism and objectivity. Although this ideal sort of bureaucracy is only approximately realised in practise, Weber contends that due to this type of organization's technical superiority over other types of organisations, bureaucracies in contemporary cultures are gradually resembling this pure type. Weber was also concerned about "red tape" and the suffocation of "individual creativity and liberty" behind a web of regulations which he called as “iron cage of rationality”. Further he also differentiated between the ideal-typical bureaucrat and the ideal-typical bureaucracy. 24 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Question 4. (a) How are open and closed systems of stratification undergoing transformation in the emergence of new hierarchical social order in societies? 20 marks Approach  Begin with a definition of social stratification.  Explain the open and closed stratification systems in brief.  How these systems are changing, as well as the factors causing change and the magnitude of change.  Give a well-balanced conclusion. Solution Social stratification is the process by which social inequalities manifest themselves as structural hierarchical strata, one above the other. Sutherland and Maxwell define social stratification as a process of differentiation that elevates some people above others. Open System: An open system of stratification is one in which social mobility is encouraged by the norms and values of a particular society. Individual talent, skill, and effort are prioritised over ascribed attributes in this situation. An example of an open system is the class-based stratification that exists in European society. Closed System: A closed system is one in which social mobility within the social structure is discouraged by the norms and values of a particular society. In this situation, ascribed traits take precedence over personal talent, skill, and effort. Stratification based on caste is an example of a closed system. Societies are open or closed in theory, but no society is completely open or closed in practise. In their study of 'Black-coated workers,' Lockwood and Gold Thorpe discovered that the lower class, despite their economic achievements, does not find easy acceptance in the middle class. They are rejected by being called Nouveau Riche. Furthermore, no system can be sufficiently closed to deny its members social mobility, because in any closed system, some individuals can ensure social mobility through their efforts. Sanskritization (M. N. Srinivas), Migration (David F. Pocock), and Conversion (Yogendra Singh), for example, were all methods of social mobility within the caste system. Both systems are opening up as a result of new forces such as industrialisation, urbanisation, globalisation, high growth, increased access to education, and democracy. A society becomes more fluid as it transitions from traditional to modern. However, changes in the open system occur faster than changes in the closed system. There is also evidence that in modern societies, the idea of social mobility is exaggerated. Duncan and Blau concluded in their 1967 book "The American Occupational Structure" that long- range mobility is uncommon. Brown and Gay conducted a study in Britain on race-based stratification. 25 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology They sent bogus job applications on behalf of various nationals and discovered that 90% of English cases received positive responses while only 63% of Asians did receive positive response. In India, Santosh Goyal discovered that 38% of CEOs were from the Dvija class, which is higher than their actual population share. As a result, the open/close system is a relative concept. The closed system offers few opportunities for social mobility, whereas the open system has fewer barriers. However, no society is completely open or closed. 26 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (b) Is patriarchy a universal phenomenon? Critically examine how does patriarchy affects sexual division of labour in societies. 20 marks Approach  Begin with a definition of Patriarchy.  Give answer to the question "Is patriarchy a universal phenomenon?"  Explain how patriarchy and sexual division of labour are related.  Then talk about the changes in division of labour and patriarchy.  Give a well-balanced conclusion. Solution Patriarchy literally means "rule of the father" in a maledominated family. It is an ideological and social construct that views men—the patriarchs—as being superior to women. It is "a set of societal norms and practises in which men rule over, subjugate, and benefit from women." The foundation of patriarchy is a hierarchy and inequality of power structure in which men have control over the sexuality, reproduction, and production of women. In society, it enforces notions of masculinity and femininity that serve to legitimise the unfair power dynamics between men and women. Despite being the most dominant ideology and almost universal, patriarchy is not a universal phenomenon. For instance, the Khasi tribe in India's northeast is renowned for its matriarchal society. The idea of motherhood, which limits women's mobility and places the task of caring for and raising children on them, is promoted by patriarchal society. The biological factor to bear children is linked to the social obligations of motherhood, which include providing for, educating, and raising children while devoting one's self to the family. In patriarchal societies, women's conduct is also regulated. She is forbidden from mixing with people like males are allowed to do because she represents the honour of the family and society. As a result of this forcing women into domesticity, patriarchal ideology becomes internalised over time. But the gender-based distribution of labour is evolving now. Women are getting meaningful employment and defying the patriarchal mentality. Women are overcoming their biological limitation with the help of contraception and other technological advancements. According to a study by Blood and Wolfe, the wife's power within the family tends to vary according to how closely her pay check matches her husband's. Further Men today take more interested in child rearing & household management. The Symmetrical Family (as envisioned by Michael Young and Peer Willmott) has become a reality as a result, in which the husband and wife considerably share each other's burdens. However, despite women's increased participation in the labour force, important family decisions are still made by men, according to Blood and Hamblin. And the motherhousewife role is still the most important. In their 1977 article "Women, Work, and Class Structure," Blackburn and Stewart argue that women going to work does not ensure gender equality, but rather enforces it because women enter only a specific market that is reserved for females only. 27 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology The issues of gender pay gap, occupational segregation (pink collared jobs for woman) and glass ceiling effect reinforces social stratification and patriarchy. As a result, patriarchy and division of labour have an impact on one another. Previously, patriarchy was responsible for division of labour but now, changing sexual division of labour is changing patriarchy. 28 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (c) Examine the role of pressure groups in parliamentary democracy? 10 marks Approach  Begin with a definition of Pressure Groups and Parliamentary Democracy.  Positive role of pressure group in parliamentary democracy  Negative role of pressure group in parliamentary democracy  Give a well-balanced conclusion. Solution A pressure group is any organised association of people with the goal of influencing government policies and actions or simply changing public opinion. The Trade Unions, Dalit Sangarsh Samities, Kissan Sabhas, Mahila Samaj etc function as pressure groups. Parliamentarian democracy is a form of democratic governance in which the executive derives democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the support of the legislature, usually a parliament, to which it is accountable. Pressure groups operate outside of formal decisionmaking processes and are thus not accountable for any actions. They are not held accountable and are not bound by rules. Role of Pressure Groups in Parliamentary Democracy Positive Role: 1. They act as essential links between the government, and society. 2. They do study and inform the government of the issues in society. 3. Through their medium, they promote the voices of the impoverished and the marginalised. For instance, the Narmada Bachao Andolan helped local residents be heard by the government and brought attention to their suffering. 4. In a democracy, consultation with impacted groups is a sensible method of decision-making. 5. Pressure groups help new concerns and issues, particularly those affecting the marginalised and poor, get on the political agenda, promoting social progress and preventing social stagnation. 6. Pressure groups serve as a "safety valve" for both individual and community grievances, which promotes social cohesiveness and political stability. 7. They also act as vehicle of mobilization of masses. For example, Indian farmer's protest to repeal three farm acts. 8. Pressure groups enhance democracy by increasing participation and access to the political system. For instance, Arvind Kejriwal first belonged to a pressure group but ultimately decided to create a political party because the cause had gained popular recognition. Negative Role: 1. Even if pressure groups increase participation, they do so unevenly, favouring the well- organized. In contrast to the others, they favour "those who shout loudest." 29 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 2. As a result, pressure group occasionally reinforce the current system of class and power. 3. Group opposition can frequently impede or even stop desired changes. 4. Even while protests and dissent are permitted in democracies, certain pressure groups turn to violence, undermining the institutions of democracy. 5. Additionally, because pressure groups' purview is segmented, frequently certain pressure groups with "greater influence and authority" may also be "lessening the spirit of democracy." Regardless of the issue raised above, political parties and pressure groups are the foundation of a democracy because they have significantly improved parliamentary democracy. 30 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Section B Question 5. (a) Distinguish between people being socially excluded and people excluding themselves socially in societies? 10 marks Approach  Begin with a definition of social exclusion.  Talk about people being excluded socially.  Talk about people excluding themselves socially.  Conclude with some commonalities between the two kind of exclusion. Solution  Social exclusion refers to a state in which people are unable to fully participate in economic, social, political, and cultural life, as well as the process that leads to and sustains such a state.  Social exclusion can be seen in two ways: people being socially excluded and people socially excluding themselves. People being social excluded: 1. Participation in social life may be hampered when people do not have access to material resources such as income, employment, land, and housing, as well as services such as education and health care. 2. However, participation is also limited when people are unable to express themselves or interact with one another, and when their rights and dignity are not treated with equal respect and protection. 3. As a result, social exclusion includes not only material deprivation, but also a lack of agency or control over important decisions, as well as feelings of alienation and inferiority. 4. Age, gender, disability, race, caste, ethnicity, religion, migration status, socioeconomic status, place of residence (living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood), and sexual orientation and gender identity have all been grounds for social exclusion in nearly all countries to varying degrees. 5. The above dimensions may be concentrated in specific groups, such as elderly women who are ethnic minorities and live in poor neighbourhoods. 6. The various dimensions may interact to reinforce social exclusion. Poor health, for example, may prevent people from pursuing opportunities to work, learn, and participate in society. At the same time, class, ethnicity, and gender all have an impact on health inequalities, which leads to exclusion. 7. According to Anthony Giddens, homelessness is one of the worst forms of social exclusion because it automatically excludes a person from a variety of other social services. 8. When compared to western nations, India has more severe exclusion issues. This is a result of the caste system, which is the social structure of Indian society. 31 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology People excluding themselves socially: 1. Not all instances of exclusion include individuals who are weakest and least privileged in society. 2. People excluding themselves from aspects of mainstream society can also result in social exclusion. 3. New dynamics of social exclusion at the top have emerged. Because of their wealth, influence, and connections, a small group of people at the very top of society can choose not to participate in mainstream institutions. 4. The wealthy may completely withdraw from the domain of public healthcare and education, choosing instead to pay for private services. 5. Rich residential areas are becoming more and more walled enclaves, cutting them off from the rest of society. 6. Due to their greater position in terms of popularity, celebrities and businesspeople exclude themselves. It is their exclusivity that makes them important. 7. Like bureaucrats, politicians isolate themselves from their constituency once they gain power. 8. Then there are hermits who live in seclusion as a form of religious discipline and come from various faiths. 9. Other scenarios where people might exclude themselves include delinquency, drug addiction, school dropout, anomie, and escapist mentality. The importance of both structural inequality and power imbalances is emphasised by social exclusion, which is created when people are excluded from society or when people exclude themselves from society. Moreover, social exclusion at the top is harmful to an integrated society in the same way that social exclusion at the bottom weakens social solidarity and cohesion. 32 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (b) Define social movement. Elucidate the role of reformist movement in social change. 10 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of social movement.  Also briefly describe the reformist movement  Describe how reformist movement helped in bringing social change with examples. (Should be the major part of answer)  Conclude appropriately. Solution  A social movement is described as a collection of people acting collectively and persistently to support or oppose change in the society or group, they are a part of. Some movements attempt to change specific aspects of the current social order, while others could want to alter it completely. The first are referred to as reform movements, whereas the second are referred to as revolutionary movements.  A reformist movement is one that strives to bring a social or political system closer to the ideal of the community. It believes that although society is generally good, some traditions and practices have caused society to become dysfunctional. It therefore attempts to do away with some of the traditions and practises. Role of Reformist Movement in Social Change:  The ideas of a reform movement are often grounded on liberalism, even though they may also be anchored in socialist or religious concepts.  Some reformist relies on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change.  Campaigns that are well-organized and persistent can produce dramatic results. For instance, the 'American civil rights movement' was successful in making racial segregation in schools and public places illegal.  Some well-known reform movements in India include the Prarthna Samaj, the Brahmo Samaj, and the Aligarh Movement. Brahmo Samaj The Brahmo Samaj movement was started in Calcutta in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a leading social reformer who fought against idol worship, polytheism, caste oppression, superfluous rituals, and other societal ills like Sati, polygamy, the purdah system, child marriage, etc. In addition, society fought for women's rights such as widow remarriage and female education. Additionally, it combated and opposed the prevalent Hindu superstitions. Prarthana Samaj The Prarthana Samaj, which was established in 1863 by Keshub Chandra Sen, promoted monotheism and opposed caste distinctions and priestly hegemony. 33 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Aligarh Movement Sayyid Ahmed Khan established the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875 to provide Muslims with a modern education. Movements to protect the environment, manage population growth, protecting workers rights, supporting right to abortion, etc. also comes under reformist movements. It is important to note that reform movements typically function in democratic societies where individuals are free to criticise the status quo and possibly effect change. In non-democratic societies social change takes place either from the top for example the recent changes in Saudi Arabia under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud or by means of revolution. 34 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (c) 'Science has empirical means to logical ends and religion has non- empirical means to logical ends'. Comment. (10 Marks) Approach  Introduce by defining religion and science and highlighting the basic difference.  Explain how science provides answer to the questions/challenges that human faces through empiricism.  Explain how religion provides answer to the questions/challenges that human faces through non-empirical means.  Conclude by showing the complementary nature of science and religion in human life. Solution Religion is, in its simplest form, a belief in the supernatural. The systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world is science. Science is based on observations, experiments, verifications, proofs, and facts, whereas religion is based on faith and rituals. We now have a better understanding of the causes of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, and rain due to science. Better forecasting and management of external events evolved from it. We discovered with the aid of science that people are remarkably genetically similar, sharing nearly 99.9% of their genetic code with one another, dispelling the myth of the biological basis of race. We were able to analyse society and its shifting tendencies thanks to technology that is based on science. It gave explanations for the changes that society was and is currently going through for example differential effect of climate change on communities. Thus, science, with its empirical and rational foundations, assists us in explaining various aspects of human life and assisting mankind in leading a meaningful life. Without any supporting empirical data, religion has been doing the same thing for thousands of years of human history. Religion has evolved into several forms, such as naturism and animism, to assist man in coping with uncertainty and provide explanations for phenomena whose causes were unknown to people at the time. Animism, as argued by Taylor, helped explain the occurrence of death, whereas naturism, as argued by Max Muller, helped explain phenomena like rain. Tylor asserted that religion developed to satisfy man's intellectual needs, but Millers believed that religion developed to satisfy man's emotional needs. Today, religion is viewed in terms of its contribution to establishing social solidarity, value consensus, harmony, and integration - the functional requirements or basic necessities of society. For instance, according to Durkheim and Malinowski, religion promotes social cohesion and reinforces social norms and values. The search for explanations for numerous unexplained phenomena, such as the universe's origin, is currently ongoing in science. In the meantime, religion help fills the gaps left by the questions for which science cannot provide an answer. Thus, through assisting in coping with life's uncertainties and dangers, science and religion have greatly benefited humankind. Thus, we can conclude that while religion uses non-empirical means to achieve logical purposes, science uses empirical means to do so. 35 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (d) Examine the social dimensions of displacement induced by development. 10 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of Development-induced-displacement.  Briefly mention the reason for such displacement.  Provide various social dimensions of such displacement. (Should be the major part of answer)  Conclude by providing solution to the issue of development induced displacement. Solution Development-induced displacement is defined as the permanent relocation of all households within a geographical area as a result of developmental projects such as building large dams. Over 40,000 people were displaced by the Sardar Sarovar Dam, the largest dam in the Narmada Valley Project. Compensation and rehabilitation policies aimed at mitigating the effects of displacement are frequently ineffective. This is largely due to street-level bureaucrat corruption, underestimation of the value of resources, planners' failure to recognise the complexities of the existing social and economic systems of the displaced people, and their lack of participation in the planning process. The social dimensions of such displacements are many: 1. Most of these areas from where people are displaced are tribal dominated. These people have strong beliefs regarding their forests, land and water. At the same time they are also totally dependent upon these resources for their survival hood. 2. People's kinship patterns are disrupted, isolating them from their relatives and depriving them of social bonding. The joint family systems deteriorate. 3. Loss of connection to historical, religious, symbolic, or geographical locations as a result of forced migration erodes cultural identity. 4. Distress migration to towns and cities has an impact on the demographic and sociocultural fabric of both the source and destination. 5. Displaced people also struggle to adjust to the new ecology of their new surroundings. 6. People who are displaced from agriculture are converted from self-cultivators to non- agricultural wage labourers. 7. If they move to cities, massive slums and shantytowns proliferate. 8. Cultural conflict arises when displaced people relocate to other areas. 9. Women are disproportionately affected because the loss of land used by women to generate economic worth further marginalises their socioeconomic standing by making them more reliant on their husbands. 10. Girl children are married off at a young age because their displaced parents are unsure of their future. 11. Landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalisation, food insecurity, increased morbidity and mortality, loss of access to common property, and social disarticulation are eight potential risks of displacement, according to sociologist Michael Cernea. A better policy for land acquisition, compensation, and rehabilitation should be developed with the help of social scientists, development planners, human rights activists, civil society, and other stakeholders. Policy implementation should be made more effective by involving those who will be affected in the planning and decision-making processes. 36 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (e) Analyse the gender bias in the present society with examples. 10 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of Gender bias  Provide the instances of gender bias in various aspects of life in present society with example/data/studies.  Provide instances of how gender bias has been overcome in various aspects of life in today's society.  Provide a balanced conclusion Solution Gender bias is the practise of treating people differently based on their real or perceived gender identity. Gender bias is a socially constructed expectation and role that includes prejudice and discrimination against both men and women. Gender bias begins at home, as evidenced by boys being assigned maintenance chores such as mowing the lawn or painting, while girls are assigned domestic chores such as cooking and cleaning. Gender bias can also be seen in the differences in career encouragement that children receive. According to World Bank data, 18% of girls in tertiary education pursue STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) studies, compared to 35% of boys. According to UNESCO, India ranks among the bottom, with only 14% of female researchers working in STEM fields. Gender bias can also be found in the workplace and in employment. Karuna Ahmad observes four trends in women's employment: clustering of women in a few occupations, also known as pink colorization; clustering in low status occupations or the lower rungs of prestigious professions; women earning lower wages than men; and a high proportion of highly educated and professionally trained unemployed women. According to the World Economic Forum, women worldwide earn only 63% of what men earn. It is also estimated that closing the global wage gap will take 202 years. According to the ILO's Global Wage Report, India has the highest wage disparity, with women earning 34% less than men. Diane Pearce discusses the feminisation of poverty, which implies that women make up a disproportionate share of the world's poor, which is due to a lack of capabilities and gender biases rather than a lack of income. Other institutions, such as law and religion, exhibit gender bias. According to senior lawyer and activist Indira Jai Singh, all entitlement laws are based on patriarchy rather than gender equality. According to Karen Armstrong, all major religions are male-dominated, with women relegated to marginal positions. However, there are also some encouraging developments happening. Due to the expansion of the service industry, the phenomenon of feminization of the workforce has been on the rise recently. This has put women on an equal footing with their male counterparts in both the social and economic spheres. 37 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Various schemes such as flexi-hour worktime, re-joining the workforce after an interim break, sections operated only by women, period-leaves, maternity leaves are introduced in private enterprises as early as the 1990s with the benefits being reaped now. Additionally, programmes like SHGs and affirmative action have greatly contributed to the empowerment of women by providing them with the means to make autonomous choices regarding their families, their marriages, and their employment. Women are now regarded as capable in many fields where they were previously underutilised, such as the permanent commission of women in the navy and the creation of similar option for the rest of the armed forces. Further men today take more interested in child rearing & household management. The Symmetrical Family (as envisioned by Michael Young and Peer Willmott) has become a reality as a result, in which the husband and wife considerably share each other's burdens. The emergence of modernity and globalisation has altered the position of women in the political, social, and economic spheres. However, despite the fact that women's roles are expanding, gender bias still exists. 38 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Question 6. (a) How do Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in terms of their analysis of social stratification? 20 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of social stratification.  Provide the difference between the analysis of Karl Marx and Max Weber on Social stratification. (Should be the major part of answer)  Mention the similarities between the two.  Provide a balanced conclusion Solution  Social stratification is the process by which social inequalities manifest themselves as structural hierarchical strata, one above the other. Stratification is regarded as a social process as well as a method devised by sociologists to comprehend social inequality.  A majority of subsequent advancements of the views on stratification have been greatly influenced by and built on the class theories of Marx and Weber. These are the ways in which their analyses of social stratification differ from each other: Karl Marx's analysis of social Max Weber's analysis of social stratification stratification Marx viewed society through the lens Whereas Weber's view of stratification was more of conflict, emphasising its negative positive and acceptable than Marx's view of consequences. stratification. Marx considered class to be the only In addition to the class dimension inside the dimension of stratification based on economic order, Weber adds two non-economic economic interest. dimensions—status group linked with the social order and party or power associated with the political order—that significantly contribute to the class stratification. Marx divided society into two classes: According to Weber, there are four different the "haves" (Bourgeois/Capitalists) classes in modern society: the property-owning and the "have-nots" upper class, the property-less white-collar (Proletariat/Workers). workers, the petty bourgeoisie, and the manual working class. The means of production and Weber does not limit the definition of class to the relationships of production are means and relations of production, but also central to Marx's definition of class takes into account the competitive market inequality. situation in which class situation is established. The have-nots, according to Marx, are exploited by the haves. They work 39 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology hard but receive a small share of the produce. Karl Marx recognised the middle Weber discovered evidence of the middle class class as the stratum between the growing as a result of social mobilisation. upper and lower strata. However, he According to Weber, contemporary bureaucratic argued that there will be a administration and clerical staff are necessary polarisation of the classes due to the for capitalism, which leads to an expanding greater use of machinery, disparities white-collar middle class. in income and the causes of pauperization, and the competitive nature of capitalism, which allows a small number of big capitalists to take over the petty bourgeoisie. Due to this, there are now more disparities between the two main classes. Marx argued that the Proletariats According to Weber, social bipolarization and cannot be identified as one class until collective action are difficult to achieve because and unless they achieve 'class each individual has a distinct position of class, consciousness. status, and power. Marx predicted that the proletariat Classes, according to Weber, are not will unite and lead the revolution. communities and are therefore unlikely to come together. Marx therefore only saw class Weber thus viewed class stratification from a stratification from an economic multidimensional standpoint, with the essential standpoint, or from a single cause. dimensions being market situation, life chances, status, and power. However, there are certain similarities between Weber and Marx's analyses of social stratification, including the following: 1. Weber agrees with Marx that economic interests form the basis of class. 2. Between upper and lower strata, middle class strata were accepted by both Karl Marx and Max Weber. 3. Marx and Weber are both criticised by feminists for not taking into account "gender" in their viewpoints. 4. Both ideas have been crucial and highly influential in the majority of subsequent advancements of stratification theories. The theories can be considered complimentary rather than mutually exclusive, despite the fact that they regularly contradict one another. This is demonstrated by the fact that some researchers, such as W. G. Runciman, employ both Marx and Weber concepts in their approach. 40 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (b) Examine the social impact of globalisation on labour and society. 20 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of Globalisation.  Provide the positive and negative social impact of globalisation on Labour.  Provide the positive and negative social impact of globalisation on Society.  Give an appropriate conclusion. Solution  Globalisation is defined as an ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society. As a process, it involves the ever- increasing integration of these aspects across nations, regions, communities, and even seemingly isolated locations. The following effects of globalisation on the labour market are noticeable: 1. Many segments in numerous industries have grown over the years as a result of globalisation and the expansion of the consumer market. The rate of demand and supply has significantly increased as a result of this. For the people, these have created new employment prospects. 2. The service sector now accounts for over 54% of the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in nations like India. 2. The service sector now accounts for over 54% of the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in nations like India. 3. Additionally, India's exports of IT and software services have grown at an exponential rate. 4. Both in developed and developing nations, it has contributed to a rising feminization of the workforce. 5. One of the most notable aspects of globalisation around the world is the movement of workers across borders. 6. In addition, people, especially those from underprivileged and marginalised communities, now face more hardship as a result of migration from rural to urban regions for employment. 7. Many nations have weakened their labour rules in an effort to attract more foreign investment, placing workers in a precarious position. 8. More structural unemployment in the formal sector as a result of increased globalisation has driven employment into the unorganised sector. 9. Sweatshops are becoming more prevalent in developing and poor nations, which has resulted in the exploitation of their labour forces 10. According to scholars, globalisation in the short term encourages child labour because trade between nations is based on comparative advantage, but in the long run, as family wealth rises in low-income households, it decreases child labour. Globalisation has an impact on society in the following ways: 1. Globalization is transforming us from regionalists to nationalists to global citizens. 41 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 2. With the advent of Globalization, social norms and values are becoming more diffuse and generalised (Parsons). 3. This phenomenon is causing changes in a variety of social institutions, including the family. As examples, there has been an increase in live-in relationships and acceptance of gay relationships. 4. Michael Mann believes globalisation is resulting in an increase in two types of power: a. Extensive power - the ability to organise large numbers of people over far-flunged territories in order to engage in minimally stable cooperation. Like Major Religions do. Example - Online communities of a specific product like Apple. b. Intensive Power - the ability to organise tightly and command high level of mobilisation or commitment from the participants. Like Religious sects. 5. Leslie Sklair believes that globalisation has primarily negative consequences, namely class polarisation and ecological unsustainable development. 6. Globalization brings diverse people together, which can lead to conflict. 7. The forces of social change that Anthony Giddens refers to as "High Modernity and Globalization" are to blame for the rise of fundamentalism. 8. Terrorism, drug trafficking, and money laundering are examples of world problems. 9. Other societal effects of globalisation include rising homogeneity, cosmopolitan culture, and the rise of global risk culture - AIDS, Covid. Held and McGrew advocate a Transformationalist stance in which there is nothing new about globalisation and it may change direction or be reversed in the future. 42 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology (c) Examine the relevance of Parsonian social system in present society? 10 marks Approach  Introduce by explaining briefly the concept of Social System.  Give the relevance of Parsonian social system in present society. (Should be the major part of answer)  Provide criticism of the Parsonian social system.  Give a balanced conclusion. Solution  A social system, according to Parsons, is a collection of interconnected and interrelated social institutions and structures that collaborate to maintain social order and stability. He saw the social system as being made up of various subsystems, including the economic, political, and legal systems, among others.  The social system, according to Parsons, is a complex, interdependent system governed by shared norms, values, and expectations. He emphasised the significance of functional interdependence among the various subsystems, and he saw the social system as having a self-regulating mechanism that aids in the maintenance of social stability and order. The relevance of Talcott Parsons' social system theory in present society is seen as below: 1. His theory provides a comprehensive framework for comprehending society's structure and functioning. 2. Its emphasis on the interdependence of social institutions and the role of culture in shaping social behaviour provides useful insights into contemporary social dynamics. 3. The concept of "functional fit" between various subsystems of society, such as the economy, politics, and culture, developed by Parsons, remains an important framework for understanding how these systems interact and influence one another. 4. His emphasis on the significance of cultural and symbolic elements in shaping social systems and behaviour continues to have an impact, particularly in the fields of cultural sociology and symbolic interactionism. 5. Parsons' emphasis on system interdependence, the role of norms and values, and the importance of social institutions is still relevant in discussions of contemporary social and political issues. Some of Parsons' prerequisites for a social system are also relevant in the following ways 6. It demonstrates that in order to survive, the social system requires the necessary support from other systems. For example, educational institutions, law and order, and so on are required to support a stable economy. 7. It demonstrates that the social system requires adequate participation from its members. For example, in order for a government to function effectively, all of its bodies, including citizens, must be involved. 43 Access all our courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology 8. It demonstrates that the system should have the bare minimum of control over potentially disruptive behaviour. Consider the role of the constitution and the penal code. Some of the most significant criticisms levelled at Parsons' theory are as follows: 1. Determinism: Some criticise Parsons' theory for being overly deterministic, implying that individuals have little agency and that social structure determines individual behaviour. 2. Oversimplification: Parsons' theory has also been criticised for oversimplifying society, reducing it to a collection of interconnected subsystems governed by shared norms and values. 3. Ignorance of power and conflict: Parsons' theory has been criticised for failing to fully account for the role of power, conflict, and inequality in shaping social relationships and institutions. 4. Eurocentric perspective: Parsons' theory has also been criticised for its Eurocentric perspective, which focuses solely on Western societies and fails to take into account the diversity of cultures and social systems around the world. In general, Parsons' theory of the social system continues to be a significant viewpoint in sociology, but it has also generated considerable discussion and criticism due to its flaws and oversimplifications. 44 Access all Our Courses: - sleepyclasses.com/sociology-for-upsc/  T.me/SleepySociology Question 7 (a) Evaluate how do civil society and democracy mutually reinforces each other. 20 marks Approach  Introduce by