Sociology Midterm PDF

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? A. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family B. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses C. The Rositian Clan, a small commun...

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? A. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family B. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses C. The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family’s land for centuries D. The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? A. Coal miner B. Sharecopper C. Children’s book author D. Software engineer Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? A. Feudal B. Horticultural C. Industrial D. Hunter-gather Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? A. Agricultural B. Industrial C. Feudal D. Hunter-gather According to Marx, the ____ own the means of production in a society. A. Vassals B. Bourgeoise C. Proletrait  D. anomie Which of the following best depicts Marx’s concept of alienation from the process of one’s labor? A. A construction worker is laid oO and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before. B. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. C. An associate professor is afraid that she won’t be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. D. A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. A. Salvation is only achievable through obedience to God. B. Performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven C. No person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior D. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? A. Fredrich Engels B. Max Weber C. Karl Marx D. Emile Durkheim Émile Durkheim’s ideas about society can best be described as ________. A. Conflict theorist B. Functionalist C. Symbolic Interactionist D. Rationalist Mary works full-time at an oOice downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor’s house. She’s just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? A. Role strain B. Status Strain C. Role Conflict D. Self-fulfilling prophecy According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ______. A. Role performance B. Institutionalization C. Status D. Habitual actions Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he’s never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco’s behavior can be best explained by the concept of _______. A. The looking-glass self B. Role performance C. Role strain D. Habitualization Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? A. Deviance is defined by federal, state and local laws. B. Deviance is socially defined. C. Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action D. Deviance’s definition is determined by one’s religion During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ______. A. Criminal mores B. An act of deviance C. An act of social control  D. A social norm As student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning oO her phone. In the situation, the professor used _____ to maintain social control. A. Formal negative sanctions B. Informal negative sanctions C. Informal positive sanctions D. Formal positive sanctions Social practice social control to maintain _______. A. Formal sanctions B. Cultural deviance C. Sanction labeling D. Social order One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______. A. Formal sanctions B. Positive sanctions C. Deviance D. Informal sanctions A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police oOicer. The student explains that she is running late, and the oOicer lets her oO with a warning. The students actions are example of _______. A. Primary deviance B. Secondary deviance C. Positive deviance D. Master deviance According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? A. Mechanic B. Professor C. A War Veteran D. A senator According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? A. A community where neighbors don’t know each other very well. B. A city with a large minority population C. A college campus with students who are very competitive D. A neighborhood with mostly elderly citizens Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. A. Wealth B. Family values C. Master Status D. Power According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? A. Because his fame protects him from retribution B. Because his fame disconnects him from society C. Because his parents committed similar crimes D. Because he is challenging socially accepted norms A convicted sexual oOender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? A. The oOender is poor and responding to the diOerent cultural values that exist in his community  B. The oOender has lost the social bonds he made in prison and feels disconnected from society C. The oOender has returned to his old neighborhood and so reestablished his former habits D. The oKender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. ______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labeled a deviant. A. Secondary; does not B. Primary; may or may not C. Primary; does not D. Negative; does Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? A. Burglary B. Embezzlement C. Larceny D. Assault Spousal abuse is an example of a _______. A. Corporate crime B. Nonviolent crime C. Violent crime D. Street crime Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States? A. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing B. Rates of violent crimes are decreasing, but there are more nonviolent crimes now than ever before C. Rates of street crime have gone up, but corporate crime has gone down D. Crime rates have skyrocketed since the 1970s due to lax corrections laws 16. What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? A. The NCVS doesn’t include demographic data, such as age or gender B. The NCVS doesn’t address the relationship between the criminal and the victim. C. The NCVS only includes information collected by police oOicers. D. The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as a tool individuals use to express how much wealth they have? A. Cyberfeminist B. Functionalist C. Symbolic Interactionist D. Conflict How has advertising revenue significantly changed in the past few years? A. Magazine revenue has risen steadily while online and newspaper revenue has fallen dramatically. B. Cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged, while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue have fallen greatly C. Online advertising revenue has fallen slightly, while newspaper advertising revenue has increased greatly. D. Newspaper advertising revenue has greatly increased, while online advertising revenue has fallen. Which of the following is NOT an example of new media? A. Twitter B. Facebook C. The Kindle D. Barnes and Noble After the floppy disk was introduced, zip drives were invented shortly after, followed quickly by flash drives. This is an example of: A. Evolutionary model of technological change B. Stolen technology C. Digital Divide D. Design patent Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence? A. Jerome spills coffee on his MacBook, and it ruins the keyboard. B. Sarah’s iPod breaks just as the newest iPod Nano is being introduced C. Target offers a ‘buy two get one free’ sale on Blue Ray discs D. Evangeline refuses to purchase a Droid or an iPhone because her Razor phone has been in perfect shape for the past six years. Last week, a major politician was caught in a political scandal. The story was featured on the front page of the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, CNN.com, and was the lead story on NBC, ABC, and CBS nightly news. This is referred to as: A. Alliteration B. Fragmentation C. Telecommunication D. Homogenization E-readiness can be defined as: A. The ability to sort through, interpret and process digital knowledge. B. The electronic waste created by consumers C. The virtual experience offered by leading education institutions D. The application of science to solve problems in daily life. The term technological diffusion is defined is A. The breakdown of communication between technological innovators and the general public. B. The spread of technology across borders. C. The global lack of access to online media. D. A form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observed is never communicated with directly. Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he’s more prepared than Ted for coursework which includes computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of: A. Computer lag B. Technological pause C. New media D. Digital Divide The term media globalization can be defined as: A. The inability of geographically rural areas to access new media. B. The government sanction allowing worldwide access to media education. C. The cross-cultural development and exchange of computer hardware. D. The worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas. What factor makes caste systems closed? A. Most have been outlawed B. People cannot change their social standings. C. They are run by secretive governments D. They exist only in rural areas. What factor makes class systems open? A. They allow for movement between the classes. B. People are more open-minded C. They do not have clearly defined layers. D. People are encouraged to socialize within their class. Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? A. Caste B. Endogamy C. Class D. Monarchy Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? A. First-shift factory worker B. Firstborn son who inherits the family business C. First-generation college student D. First-time interviewee who is hired for a job Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A. A single mother receives food stamps and struggles to find adequate employment. B. A celebrity actress owns homes in three countries. C. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in the first year. D. A suburban family lives in a modest ranch home and enjoys a nice vacation each summer. Based on meritocracy, a physician’s assistant would: A. Earn a pay raise for doing excellent work  B. Receive the same pay as all the other physician’s assistant C. Be encouraged to earn a higher degree to seek a better position D. Most likely marry a professional at the same level In the United States, most people define themselves as: A. Upper class B. Middle class C. No specific class D. Lower class Structural mobility occurs when: A. An individual moves up the class ladder B. A member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings C. A large group moves up or down the class ladder due to the societal changes D. An individual moves down the class ladder The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: A. Power B. Underclass C. Prestige D. Class traits Occupational prestige means that jobs are: A. All equal in status B. Not equally valued C. Assigned to a person for life D. Not part of a person’s self-identity Social stratification is a system that: A. Destroys competition between society members B. Ranks society members into categories C. Reflects personal choices of society members D. Allows society members to choose their social standing. Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? A. Pyramid B. Pie Chart  C. Planetary movement D. Flag poles The GNI PPP figure represents: A. A country’s total accumulated wealth B. Annual government spending C. The average annual income of a country’s citizens D. A country’s debt The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: A. Is an artificial reflection of society B. Serves a purpose in society C. Is an outdated mode of societal organization D. Cannot be justified Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. A. Encouraged to train for B. Often fired from C. Denied the opportunity to obtain D. Forced into Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? A. Men often earn more than women, even working the same job. B. Teachers continue to struggle to keep benefits such as health insurance. C. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. D. Doctors earn more money because their job is more highly valued. When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: A. Move from one geographical location to another B. Must labor alone, without companionship C. Do not feel connected to their work D. Have to put forth self-effort to get ahead Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: A. Spend money wisely B. Get rich while workers stay poor C. Are ambitious D. Fund social servies