NGEC10 Social Sciences Midterm PDF

**PERSPECTIVES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES** Lesson 4: Social Science as a Scientific Study of Human Society Lesson 5: Understanding Culture and Society *"There is only one social science and we are its practitioners\"* -George Stigler **Introduction** In whatever career we pursue, we always wanted...

**PERSPECTIVES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES** Lesson 4: Social Science as a Scientific Study of Human Society Lesson 5: Understanding Culture and Society *"There is only one social science and we are its practitioners\"* -George Stigler **Introduction** In whatever career we pursue, we always wanted to become successful. To become a productive citizen is always our end. Social Science is not merely a field or discipline that we need to study to comply with our academic requirements. It is a discipline that is considered very essential for us to become vigilant and productive citizens of this society. Students must need to understand the various perspectives in Social Sciences for them to develop critical thinking, and to be knowledgeable enough to see the society in a bigger picture. Our everyday lives were anchored in Social Sciences the reason why we can identify various issues and problems that we may encounter along the way. Effective solutions and sound remedies can be applied appropriately if you know this field. Knowledge in the different aspects of Social Sciences can help us develop a better understanding of our society, culture, our roles, statuses, and other concepts that can mold us into better individuals. You deal with Social Science not because you are a student, but because you are a citizen, a human and a social being. **ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING** As social beings, we need to achieve a deeper understanding of our roles in society where we belong. Acquiring adequate knowledge in the various perspectives of Social Sciences can be an effective key to become a productive citizen not only within the community or particular society but in the world. **LESSON 4** **Social Science as a Scientific Study of Human Society** *"Social science means inventing a certain brand of human we can understand." - Nassim Nicholas Taleb--* **TOPICS IN THE LESSON** ❖ Meaning, Nature and Importance of Social Sciences ❖ Social Science and its Scientific Characteristics ❖ Development of Social Sciences ❖ Various Disciplines of Social Science **LEARNING OUTCOMES:** At the end of the lesson, the students should: ❖ Discuss the meaning, nature, and importance of Social Sciences ❖ Explain the scientific characteristics of Social Sciences ❖ Trace the development of Social Sciences ❖ Describe the specific disciplines of Social Sciences **MAIN QUESTION** As a citizen, how these various perspectives of Social Sciences became vital in understanding our society and culture as well as in becoming a productive citizen of his nation. ***LET US BE MOTIVATED!*** Do you have any idea what Social Science is? Why do we need to learn about this discipline? Take a look at these short videos that will give you a gist of what Social Science is all about. Please visit these links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSIdaTSG2Gg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-g3dYJ2RSw **PONDER ON THESE:** 1\. How will you define Social Sciences as a discipline? 2\. Do you consider this field as essential? Why? 3\. How can you imagine yourself without knowledge in Social Sciences? 4\. How can you imagine a society without the Social Science discipline?6 ***LET US DISCUSS!*** According to Taleb, "Social science means inventing a certain brand of human we can understand." How can you expand his thoughts? **MEANING, NATURE, AND IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES** ***Definition of Social Science*** Social Science is a general term that deals with the study of man in a scientific manner. It is a field of science or discipline that studies the various aspects of human life such as behavioral and socio-cultural. Social Science is a scientific field or discipline that delve into human society, human relations, and different activities of man towards his social and physical environment. According to **James High** "*Social Sciences as those bodies of learning and study which recognizes the simultaneous and mutual action of physical and non-physical stimuli which produce social relation".* According to **Charles Beard** "*Social Sciences are a body of knowledge and thought related to human affairs as distinguished from sticks, stones, stars, and physical objects".* **Bining & Bining** defines *Social Science as "the subject that relates to the origin, organization, and development of human society, especially to man in his association with other men"* ***Nature and Scope of Social Science*** - It deals with human relationships. - It deals with man-made institutions - It deals with things related to society - It studies man's development through time. - It actualizes an essential part of the core curriculum. - It prepares the learner for wholesome social living. - It is a unique fusion of different disciplines. - It is concerned with the development of citizen related traits - It deals with past based incidents - It is a realistic course of study. - It includes a commitment to action. - It is an independent and unified subject - To deepen students' imagination and critical thinking - To make us aware of our duties towards human society - It makes us learn how a man can satisfy their necessities. - To give knowledge concerning the natural and social environment - To develop desirable attitudes - To develop human qualities in students - To provide consciousness and wisdom to students - To develop fundamental proficiencies - It helps us to become an efficient citizen of a democratic society - It essentially develops our international viewpoint - It helps to hone our social character - It encourages us to be duty-bound - It leads us towards progress and advancement - It is very essential for society's moral progress - It is a great help for institutions and communities - It enables us to solve practical problems - It provides us with knowledge about culture and civilization - It helps us to develop a democratic education - It leads us to the development of civil qualities - It is important in developing our social behavior - It provides us with knowledge toward social development - It helps us to develop the power of reasoning and thinking - It helps us to develop our personality in a holistic manner - It helps us to promote a sense of universal brotherhood - It emphasizes the significance of mutual dependence - It helps us to develop an ability to mold oneself in relation to the environment - It helps us to develop good habits and suitable proficiency - It hones students' socialization - It helps us to develop toward modernization - It leads us to develop social and moral values To sum up everything, Social Sciences deals with the study of society and the relationship among individuals within the society. The main purpose of this discipline is to help young individuals to develop their ability to make decisions that are sound and reasonable for the public welfare as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world.  **Social Science in Its Scientific Characteristics  **             Some of the studies of the social habitually and comfortably call themselves 'sciences', but others do not. The English word 'science' derives from the Latin 'sciens', or knowing.  In its broadest sense, Science has an intensity of focus and a concentration of intellectual energies greater than that of ordinary, everyday, commonsense or lay 'knowing'. It is more work and harder work. It relies on the ritualistic rigors and accumulated wisdoms of disciplinary practices.          These are some of the out-of-the-ordinary knowledge processes that might justify use of the word 'science', not only in the social sciences but also in the natural, physical, mathematical and applied sciences:          **Science has an experiential basis**. This experience may be based on direct personal intuition of the already-known, on interests integral to the lifeworld, on the richness of life fully lived. Or it might be experience gained when we move into new and potentially strange terrains, deploying the empirical processes of methodical observation or systematic experimentation. **         Science is conceptual**. It has a categorical frame of reference based on higher levels of semantic precision and regularity than everyday discourse. On this foundation, it connects concept to concept into schemas. This is how science builds theories which model the world.           **Science is analytical**. It develops frames of reasoning and explanation: logic, inference, prediction, hypothesis, induction, deduction. And it sees the world through an always cautiously critical eye, interrogating the interests, motives and ethics that may motivate knowledge claims and subjecting epistemic assumptions to an ever-vigilant process of metacognitive reflection.          **Science is application-oriented**. It can be used to do things in the world. In these endeavors, it may be pragmatic, designing and implementing practical solutions within larger frames of reference and achieving technical and instrumental outcomes. Or it may be transformative---redesigning paradigms, social being and even the conditions of the natural world. What, after all, is the purpose of knowing other than to have an effect on the world, directly or indirectly?          Science can be any or all of these experiential, conceptual, analytical and applied things. Some disciplines may prioritize one or other of these knowledge processes, and this may be the source of their strength as well as potential weakness. In any event, these are the kinds of things we do in order to know in the out-of-the-ordinary ways worthy of the name 'science'. **Specific Disciplines in Social Sciences**            Disciplines represent fields of deep and detailed content knowledge, communities of professional practice, forms of discourse (of fine and precise semantic distinction and technicality), areas of work (types of organization or divisions within organizations such as academic departments or research organizations), domains of publication and public communication, sites of common learning, shared experiences of apprenticeship into disciplinary community, methods of reading and analyzing the world, ways of thinking or epistemic frames, even ways of acting and types of person. 'Discipline' delineates the boundaries of intellectual community, the distinctive practices and methodologies of particular areas of rigorous and concentrated intellectual effort, and the varying frames of reference used to interpret the world. **Anthropology**            Known as the \'science of humanity\', anthropology covers a broad range of topics -- from human behavior, to cultural relations, and how the evolution of humanity has influenced society\'s structure. It\'s often described as being both scientific and humanistic, meaning it\'s well-suited for anyone looking to indulge passions for both of these kinds of subject. **Archaeology**           While many people think of archaeologists as being like Indiana Jones, the truth is very different -- though no less interesting. Similar to anthropology in that it is the study of humanity, it relies much more on the material evidence left behind by cultures. There is excavation work, analysis and surveying to be done. Europe has a rich history with the Roman Empire, the Vikings, and much more. **Economics** Economics looks at the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. You can choose to take a close view or a broad one, but in general, it comes down to looking at how the economic systems of the world work. This knowledge can be applied both theoretically and practically, meaning the subject is well suited for anyone interested in the current economic world. **Geography**             Though many of us may remember geography as the subject at school that involved maps, it goes beyond that -- analyzing population, the land itself, the relationship between the two and often linking to the earth sciences (such as geology). At postgraduate level, you\'ll be able to specialize in a particular branch -- such as oceanology, environmental management or tourism geography. **History**             History is a broad subject, encompassing large areas and time periods of the worlds. While postgraduate level study gives you a chance to specialize, you\'ll still be using similar skills -- interpreting sources, looking at current theories of the past, and assessing ideas against the available evidence. With Europe\'s long, well-documented history, there\'s the chance to get to look at the places you\'re studying first hand. **Law**             Studying Law will give you the opportunity to look at a variety of legal systems, and to focus on a particular area -- contract law, international law or criminal law, to name but a few. Doing further study in law is especially useful if intending to go into it as a career, although it is possible to study it solely for academic reasons. **Linguistics**            Linguistics is the study of language -- looking at its form, context, or meaning. Rather than learning to speak a particular language, it\'s more about how language itself works. Within linguistics, there is a broad range of study, from looking at grammar, to language acquisition or the evolution of language. With the EU having 23 official languages, and Europe itself having more than 60 indigenous regional and minority languages. **Political Science**          Politics affect every part of life. Often broken up into Political Philosophy, Comparative Politics and International Relations, this subject allows for studying both historical and current events. **Psychology**         Both theoretical and experimental, psychology makes use of studying both social behavior and neurobiological processes. With such a broad area of study -- the human mind -- you\'ll specialize in particular areas, perhaps child development, interpersonal relationships or social psychology. Europe has a long history with psychology. **Sociology**          Sociology is the study of society, both on the individual and structural level. Covering topics such as class, religion and social mobility, there\'s a broad range to choose to specialize in. Some sociologists work solely for theoretical purposes, while others intend to use their findings in policies or welfare. In such a multicultural continent as Europe, with its large variety of societies, you\'ll find plenty to study, and with the amount of changes that have taken place in the past century. Other distinctive disciplinary modes involve  , Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Science, Communications, Cultural Studies, Demography, Education, Humanities, Management, Media,  Policy Studies, Psychology, and Social Welfare.  The disciplinary variation is so broad that practitioners in some of these areas may not even consider their discipline a 'science', whilst in other disciplines there is a general consensus about the scientific character of their endeavor. **LESSON 5: UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND SOCIETY (REVISED)** **IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE** According to Tylor (1871), culture refers to that complex whole which includes, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as a member of society." Generally, if we speak of culture it refers to the way life of people living in a certain community or society. Culture plays a vital role in a particular society for its people to have the identity that will distinguish them from others. The following are the function and importance of culture ***1. Importance to individuals*** a\. Culture distinguishes man from animal. It is the culture that makes the human-animal a man. It regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. Without culture, he would have been forced to find his way which would have meant a loss of energy.  b\. Culture provides a solution for complicated situations. Culture provides man a set of behavior for difficult situations. In the absence of culture, man would have been baffled even in the simplest situations. Culture not only defines but also determines what we eat and drink, when to sleep, and when to laugh, etc. c\. Culture provides a traditional interpretation of certain situations. Through culture, man gets traditional interpretations for many situations according to which he determines his behavior. For example, if a cat crosses his way he postpones the journey. d\. Culture shapes personality. No child can develop human qualities in the absence of a cultural environment. Culture prepares man for group life. It is the culture that provides opportunities for the development of personality and sets limits on its growth.  e\. Culture helps the individual fulfill his potential as a human being. f\. Through the development of culture, man can overcome his physical disadvantages and allows himself with fire, clothing, food, and shelter. g\. Culture provides rules of proper conduct for living in a society  h\. Culture also provides the individual his concept of family, nation, and class.*** *** ***2. Importance to the group*** a\. Culture keeps social relationships intact. Culture has importance not only for men but also for the group. Culture prepares man for group life. Group life would have been poor, nasty, and short if there had been no cultural regulations. Group solidarity rests on the foundation of culture. b\. Culture has given a new vision to the individual. Secondly, culture has given a new vision to the co-operation of the individuals. Culture teaches him to think of himself as a part of the larger whole. It provides him with the concepts of family, state, nation, etc. and makes possible the coordination and division of labor. c\. Culture creates new needs. Finally, culture also creates new needs and drives, for example, thirst for knowledge and arranges for their satisfaction. It satisfies the moral and religious interests of the members of the group. **Did you know???** ***Aboriginal Australians **are descendants of the first people to leave Africa up to 75,000 years ago, a genetic study has found, confirming they may have the oldest continuous culture on the planet.* **CULTURAL VARIATION** Refers to the differences in social behavior that different cultures exhibit around the world. What we consider good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad etiquette in another. It may be applicable in terms of religion, ethnicity, and nationality. Cultural variation may be in different scopes. It may be universal, general, or particular  *Universalities*- are cultural traits that span across all cultures.  *Generalities- *are cultural traits that occur in many societies but not all of them.  *Particularities*- are cultural traits that are not prevalent but are instead confined with a single place or culture.*** *** ***Cultural Variation Between Cultures*** If human cultures modify the natural environment, it is also true that the natural environment initially shaped, and still shapes to some extent, the culture of society. Like for example, the Filipino diet consists largely of fish, seafood, and vegetables because the Philippines is an archipelago, and the sea and farmlands provided consistent sources of food. Unlike in Mongolia, since it is a landlocked country, the livelihood and their food may differ since they have a deserted and dry type of environment. In short, climate, soil, and geography affect the cultural aspects of every country or society. Philippines Mongolia ***Variations within Cultures*** **a. Mainstream Culture, Subculture, and Counterculture** **Mainstream Culture **- People, activities, or ideas that are part of the prevailing current culture which are regarded as the most typical, normal, and conventional because they belong to the same group or system as most others of their kind. They are the most widely shared systems of meaning in society. Includes the most widely consumed cultural products (music, literature, films), foods, ways of speaking, and widely shared ideas about normal and appropriate behavior. It is sometimes called a ***dominant culture ***because it is represented by dominant expressions of cultural universals such as values, beliefs, attitudes, symbols, artifacts, norms, expectations, technology, infrastructures, etc. **Examples:** *Eating rice as staple food* *Speaking the national language * **Subculture **- A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values which differ from the pattern of a larger society. It is a culture within a culture. - These are groups that have specific cultural traits that set them apart from the dominant culture of society. It has its own distinctive norms, values, and lifestyle. **Examples: ** *The LGBT Community * *The indigenous people* **Counterculture- **Is a group whose practices and values are against the mainstream culture. Their values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society or a group that actively rejects dominant cultural values and norms. **Examples:** *Satanism* *Rebels such as the CPP-NPA* **b. High Culture and Popular Culture** **High Culture **- are creations of a relatively profound and serious nature that primarily appeal to, and are supported by, a fairly small and elite group.  **Examples: ** *Going to Casino *  *International tours* **Popular Culture **- are creations of relatively less serious and less intellectually demanding nature that appeal primarily to, and are supported by a large audience of typical members of the society.** ** **Examples**:  *Watching teleserye*  *Reading newspaper* ***Attitude Towards Cultural Variation*** People from different societies may develop different attitudes towards perceiving other cultures. Even within a particular society, certain groups may display different attitudes towards the cultural practices of the other groups. a. **Parochialism **-- is the belief that your culture\'s ways are the only ways. Sometimes termed as "***provincialism***". ***Example: **A certain group claiming that their religion is the only way to salvation.* *b. **Ethnocentrism **- Regarding the values and behavior of one's own group as "correct" or "best" and judging other groups' values and practices as inferior. It is the practice of judging other cultures by the standards of one's own.* ***Example**: Japanese are claiming that they are the most disciplined people than the rest of the world.* *c. **Xenocentrism **- Regarding the values and behavior of the other group as "correct" or* *"best" and judging one's values and practices as inferior.* ***Example**: Filipinos are praising the Japanese for being disciplined while frowning* *towards their own attitudes.* *d. **Culture Shock **- The feeling of disbelief, disorganization, and frustration one experiences when he encountered cultural patterns or practices which are different from his.* ***Example**: Feeling bad after witnessing genital mutilation performed in a certain African tribe.** *** ***How to Avoid Negative Attitude towards Cultural Variation?*** ***a. Cultural blindness **-- people do not recognize cultural differences in order to be just and to treat everybody equally.* ***b. Synergy **-- cultural diversity is recognized and can lead to both advantages and disadvantages.* ***c. Cultural relativism **- The recognition that one culture cannot be arbitrarily judged by the standards of another. According to Glazer (1994), cultural relativism is an anthropological approach that posits that all cultures are of equal value and need to be studied in a neutral point of view. The basis of cultural relativism is a scientific view of culture, which also rejects value judgments on culture.* ***Did you know???*** *Many of us may think spitting on someone is a rude gesture, but **Kenya's Masai tribe **believes it is a sign of respect. Instead of shaking hands or kissing, they greet people by spitting on each other\'s hand.* ***CONCLUSIONS:*** * Culture has various functions and importance towards individuals and groups.* * Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behavior that different culture exhibit around the world such as religion, ethnicity, and nationality.* * Cultural variation may be considered universal, general, or particular.* * Culture may vary within culture which is represented by mainstream culture, subculture, counterculture, popular culture and high culture.* * By practicing cultural blindness, synergy, and cultural relativism, we can avoid negative attitude towards cultural variations.* **LESSON 2 (Part 2)** **Understanding Culture and Society** *The great hope of society is in individual character."* *- William Ellery Channing --* ***TOPICS IN THE LESSON*** *❖The Society We Are zLiving In* *The Society* *❖Elements of Social Structure (Statuses, Social Roles, Groups and Social Institutions)* *❖Socialization (Role/Agent)* *❖Deviance and Social Control ❖Social Equality* ***LET US DISCUSS!*** According to Channing, "the great hope of society is in individual character." How will you further explain this quote? **THE SOCIETY WE ARE LIVING IN** **The Society** This term refers to the population that occupies the same territory, subject to the same political authority, and participate in a common culture. The term was etymologically derived from the Latin word "societus" meaning "companionship". Generally, the word society denotes a group of people. However, in Sociology, it refers to the relationships between them. Sometimes, it is also defined as a web of social relationships. ***Elements of Society*** - Mutual interaction of individuals - The mutual interrelationship between individuals - A pattern of system - Reciprocal awareness is the most important ingredient - Common propensity which is the "we" feeling - Like mindedness - Implications of differences/ diversities/ variations - Interdependence and cooperation - Society is responsible for the mental and intellectual development of its dwellers - Confers safeguard of our cultures and guarantees its transmission to the future generations - Individuals and society interact with each other and depend on one another - Instability in any of the aspects gives rise to opposition between individuals and society - So basically, society and individuals are complementary and supplementary to each other. ***Characteristics of Society*** - Composed of people - Mutual awareness, continuous reciprocal interaction, and interrelationship among members - Likeness and differences: Similarities like needs, activities, ideals values, etc. Differences like looks, personality, talents, attitudes, etc. - Members have cooperation and share a common interest. - Desires are satisfied and interests fulfilled with joined efforts promoting solidarity and social cohesion - Responsibilities held through the division of labor and delegation of authority - Members show a pattern of interdependence necessary to meet social needs - Society is dynamic. Its changes take place abruptly or gradually - Society has its way of social control (formal or informal) - ***Types and Development of Societies*** - Gerhard Lenski & Jean Lenski (1995) developed a system of classifying all societies found around the world. Claire Renzetti & Daniel Curran (2000) added a sixth type. - 1\. Hunting and Gathering Societies - 2\. Pastoral Societies - 3\. Horticultural Societies - 4\. Agricultural Societies - 5\. Industrial Societies - 6\. Postindustrial Societies - Each society has a distinct culture. The basis for this classification is the way the members of a society sustain themselves. Meeting the needs to survive is a must in society and in meeting these needs interactions take place since humans mostly can prosper, or even survive when they are alone. **1.Hunting and Gathering Societies** - Developed 250,000 years ago - Nomadic lifestyle - Population: 20-200 Members meet their survival needs by hunting game, sometimes by fishing, and by gathering vegetation ▪All social life organized around the family ▪Egalitarian roles ▪The brand of religion and family that we know today do not yet exist A group of people in a field Description automatically generated **2.Pastoral Society** Economic survival is based on domesticating and herding animals ▪Developed 10,000-12,000 years ago ▪Nomadic/ semi-sedentary lifestyle ▪Population: 50 -- several hundred people ▪Accumulation of wealth ▪The emergence of some form of social inequalities ▪Political leadership by hereditary chiefs ▪Trade and emergence of specialized roles: craftspeople and religious leaders  **3.Horticultural Societies** ▪Developed around 10,000 -- 12,000 years ago ▪Semi-sedentary/ sedentary lifestyle ▪Several hundred thousand people ▪Social inequality ▪Rule by a single leader, a hereditary monarch ▪Slavery and trade ▪Specialized roles ▪Religion focused on appeasing their unpredictable gods. A group of people working in a field Description automatically generated **4.Agricultural Societies** ▪Utilize plows, draft animals, and other methods such as irrigation to cultivate crops as a subsistence strategy ▪Developed 5,000 -- 8,000 years ago ▪Sedentary lifestyle ▪Millions of people ▪Numerous individual communities spread over large regions sharing a common economy and government ▪Cultural diversity ▪Social class inequality ▪Slavery and trade ▪Monetary system ▪Written language  **5.Industrial Societies** ▪Use the mechanized system of production to meet their subsistence needs ▪Developed 250 years ago ▪Sedentary lifestyle ▪Millions of people ▪Separation of work from home ▪Formal education and religion ▪Improved standard of living ▪Widespread social class inequality ▪Urbanization and bureaucracy A group of people working in a factory Description automatically generated **6.Postindustrial Societies** ▪Work consists of producing services and information, rather than physical goods ▪Currently developing ▪Sedentary lifestyle ▪Millions of people ▪Dominant social institutions, statuses, roles, and groups are too early to be determined  **Elements of Social Structure** Society is not a random or chaotic mixture of people, there is a thing that holds it together and that is social structure. It refers to the pattern of relationships among the basic components in a social system. It is composed of status, role, group, and social institution. - **Status-** A person's position in society. - **Role-** Pattern of expected behavior attached to a particular status. - **Group-** A collection of people interacting together in an orderly way based on shared expectations about each other's behavior. - **Social Institutions-** A stable cluster of values, norms, statuses, roles, and groups that develop around a basic social need. - **Family-** A long-term, exclusive relationship in which members are related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption, and are committed to one another emotionally as well as financially. - **Religion-** a social institution composed of a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. - **Government-** a social institution with formal authority to distribute power, allocate resources, make decisions for society, and regulate relationships among society members as well as between the society itself and other societies. - **Education-** The social institution for instructing a society's members in the knowledge, values, and skills the society deems important. - **Economy-** The social institution that produces, manages, and distributes society's human and material resources. **Did you know???** ***Leisure and recreation** is now recognized as a major social institution, deserving of serious sociological inquiry, particularly in Western societies* **Socialization** It is the process that teaches individuals to become functioning human beings who must fit into several groups and be productive members of society. Through socialization, individuals not only learn values, norms, and skills of their culture but also acquire a sense of who they are and where they belong. This process is not only limited to infants and children but it continues throughout an individual\'s life. However, it is different for children and adults. It occurs on both a conscious and an unconscious level. Others are taught, others are caught such as values, behavior, and attitudes. ***Roles of Socialization*** - To teach the basics of life in society by introducing the group's shared norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors. - To transmit skills is important to survival in the society. - It instills in its new members a desire to work toward goals that society considers important. - It teaches members how to fulfill social roles, for if a majority of people do so, can the social system continue to exist. - It provides each individual with his or her identity for people who need to know who they are so that they may act accordingly. ***Agents of Socialization*** It refers to specific people, groups, and organizations who are chiefly responsible for transforming an individual into a functioning human being. It includes the family, school, peer group, mass media, and religious group. Other agents of socialization are youth organizations, corporations, clubs, political groups, and many others. **a. Family** - The most important agent of socialization - Is where intimacy, emotions, power, and other elements of the human relationship were learned. - Is where components of values such as values, norms, beliefs, and language were learned. - It is there where we also learn the social structure. - It provides us with our social positions in society. - It provides a crucial foundation in terms of the development of personality, self-concept, and a distinct system of values. **b. School** - Is the primary agent of socialization in industrial societies. - One of the *manifest functions* is to transmit the skills and values appropriate for earning a living and being a good citizen. - On the other hand, one of its latent function is exposing children to new attitudes, values, and ways of looking at the world. **c. Peer Group** - Group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interest such as friends, clubs, gangs, and the "kids of the neighborhood". - They have a more egalitarian relationship. No dominant individual in all respect. - Learned the give-and-take therefore children have the opportunity to learn how to relate to others in a cooperative framework. - It offers young people an identity that supports some independence from - there families. **d. Mass Media** - Are various forms of communication that reach a large audience without any personal contact between the sender and receivers of the messages such as newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, movies, and videos. - It provides instant coverage of social events and social changes, ranging from news and opinion. **Did you know???** ***George Herbert Mead** believed that people develop self-images through interactions with other people. He argued that the self, which is the part of a person\'s personality consisting of self-awareness and self-image, is a product of social experience.* **Deviance and Social Control** ***Meaning of Deviance*** Deviance refers to a behavior that violates significant social norms and is approved by a large number of people. Any behavior that the members of a social group defined as violating the established social norms. ***Nature of Deviant Behavior*** - What is considered deviant in one society may not be considered as such in another. - What is considered sinful and immoral in one society is not sinful and immoral in another. - What is appropriate and acceptable in one society is inappropriate and unacceptable in another. - What is deviant in a particular society at a particular place and time may not be considered deviant at a future time. - Deviant behavior may be tolerated, approved, or disapproved. ***Positive Functions of Social Deviation*** Social deviation performs some positive functions, which are as follows: 1. Several social deviations are the outcomes of legitimate and conventional control. Positive sanctions such as social recognition, the giving of rewards and incentives for model citizens, and outstanding achievements led to the emergence of new heroes in science, business and industry, and in the arts. 2. Social deviance makes people aware of the possible dangers emanating from such deviation. The awareness of the people on the negative sanctions such as capital punishments, life imprisonment, social ostracism, and public condemnation against criminality, abortion, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide, and other anti-social and socially disapproved behaviors are effective deterrents to the commission of the aforesaid undesirable behavior. 3. The recognition of deviance makes the group aware of the limits of tolerance they will have for some standards or norms. The people recognized the conventional rules and regulations, moral codes and values, and most especially laws and other legal sanctions are to be imposed once tolerable limits are reached by violators or transgressors. 4\. A certain amount of deviance may ensure the safety of some people and minimize the strain on society. Some people, for instance, may carry firearms (licensed or unlicensed), or employ armed bodyguards for their personal and family security for their protection and safety. 5.The deviation may serve as a warning device for some imperfections or faults in the society which may cause discontent and unrest and lead to changes that intensify morale and efficiency. Graft and corruption in the government led to the passage of laws and other legal measures. ***Types of Deviant Behavior and the Means of Individual Adaptation*** **1. Innovators --** are those who accept the culturally approved goals but disregard the constitutional means to achieve them. **Examples:** government officials and low-wage earners who commit graft and corruption to achieve a higher standard of living **2. Ritualists--** are those who give up the cultural goals but follow the prescribed norms. **Examples:** a religious fanatic, an employee who reports to work but does nothing about it. **3. Retreatists --** are those who abandoned both the cultural goals and the prescribed means to achieve them. **Examples:** drug addicts, hippies, alcoholics **4. Rebels --** are those who reject both the societal goals and the prescribed means to achieve them but try to set up new norms or goals. **Examples:** rebel soldiers, New Peoples' Army **Social Control** There are various informal and formal sanctions as a means of social control in the Philippines. 1. **Informal sanctions** include pakikisama or concession, gossip, ridicule, ostracism, reprimands, favorable or unfavorable public opinion, the bestowal or denial of affection, approval and praise, mob violence, verbal labels such as immoral, sinful, vicious, anti-social, unethical, brusque, grotesque, obnoxious, distasteful, preposterous, ignoramus, barbaric, uncivilized, disgusting, brutal, satanic, unconscionable, etc. - **labeling technique or sociostat --** a person who publicly takes credit for an act or claim any kind of superiority in the group is cut down to size. - **curbing of anti-social attitudes** by ascribing undesirable statuses to deviants. A person with a serious expression Description automatically generated with medium confidence *Negative informal sanctions*  *Positive informal sanction* 7\. **Formal sanctions** include: - **Governmental sanctions** -- in the forms of penal or criminal laws, administrative codes, civil service rules and regulations, statutes, ordinances, scrolls, certificate and plaque of merits and recognition for exemplary service - **Business groups sanctions --** in the form of promotions, bonuses, certificate of merits, citations or rewards, suspension, and expulsion - **Church or religious groups sanctions --** in the form of promises of salvation or a future state of euphoria, penance, withholding of religious services at death, or ex-communication - **Clubs and Civic organizations sanctions --** in the forms of awards and citation for achievement and meritorious service, or fines, temporary suspension of membership or expulsion from the organization **Social Equality** It means that all citizens are entitled to enjoy equal status in society and no one is entitled to special privileges. There may be a rational distinction in society about occupation and professions, but the feeling of inferiority and superiority should not be attached to these. This concept stands that all should be treated equally in the eyes of law, no discrimination on grounds of color, caste, creed, sex, religion, etc., and removal of social stigmas like untouchability. On the 10\'th December 1948, UNO declared the charter of Human Rights which laid stress on social equality. Social equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, often including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights, ad equal access to social goods and services. ***Social Inequality*** Social inequality refers to relational processes in society that have the effect of limiting or harming a group\'s social status, social class, and social circle. Areas of social inequality include access to voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health care, quality housing, traveling, transportation, vacationing, and other social goods and services. Apart from that, it can also be seen in the quality of family and neighborhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and access to credit. If these economic divisions harden, it can result in social inequality. The reasons for social inequality can vary but are often broad and far-reaching. Social inequality can emerge through a society\'s understanding of appropriate gender roles, or through the prevalence of social stereotyping. Social inequality can also be established through discriminatory legislation. Social inequalities exist between ethnic or religious groups, classes, and countries making the concept of social inequality a global phenomenon. Social inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income as well as between the overall quality and luxury of each person\'s existence within society. It exists because the lack of wealth in certain areas prohibits these people from obtaining the same housing, health care, etc. as the wealthy, in societies where access to these social goods depends on wealth. Moreover, social inequality is linked to racial inequality, gender inequality, economic and wealth inequality. The way people behave socially, through racist or sexist practices and other forms of discrimination, tends to trickle down and affect the opportunities and wealthy individuals can generate for themselves. **LESSON 7: ROLE OF FAMILY (REVISED)** *[The family](https://jel.jblfmu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=44167) is the basis of society. As [the family](https://jel.jblfmu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=44167) is, so is the society, and it is human beings* *who make a family-not the quantity of them, but the quality of them." - Ashley Montagu --* **[THE FAMILY](https://jel.jblfmu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=44167) ** **Family: Nature and Definition** The family is the basic social institution and the primary group in society. There are varied types of family arrangements among families throughout the world. It is defined as a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household, interacting and communicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, creating and maintaining a common culture. Moreover, as defined by Light (1985), it is a group of people who are united by ties of marriage, ancestry, or adoption and who are recognized by the community as constituting a single household and as having the responsibility for rearing children. For Murdock (1949), it is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation, and reproduction. **Family Patterns** Sociologists and anthropologists distinguish different patterns of family organizations among societies of the world. **1. Based on Internal Organization** **a. Nuclear Family**- Compose of a husband and his wife and their children. It can be classified into two types: ▪ ***Family of orientation ***-- is [the family] into which a person is born and where he is reared or socialized. Consist of a father, mother, brothers, and sisters. ▪ ***Family of procreation *-- **is the family that such a person established through marriage and consists of a husband, a wife, sons, and daughters. **b. Extended Family**- Is composed of two or more nuclear families, economically and socially related to each other. The extension may be through a parent-child relationship: when the unmarried children and the married children with their families live with the parents. Another extension is husband and wife relationship: Such as in polygynous marriage, a man keeps several nuclear families and unite them a larger family group. Linton distinguishes two types of family structure corresponding to the nuclear and extended families, namely, conjugal family and consanguineal family. ▪ ***Conjugal family**- *Corresponds to the nuclear family where priority is given to marital ties. The core family consists of the spouses and their offsprings:  blood relatives are functionally marginal and peripheral. ▪ ***Consanguineal family***- Corresponds to the extended family where priority is given to blood ties (between parents or children or between brothers and sisters). The core family consists of blood relatives, with spouses being functionally marginal and peripheral.  **2. Based on Descent **- (Descent- implies genealogical ties of a person with a particular group of kinsfolk.) a**. Bilateral descent- **involves the reckoning of descent through both the father's and mother's family b\. **Unilateral descent**- is a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one\'s father\'s or mother\'s line, whereby one\'s descent is traced either exclusively through male ancestors (patriline), or exclusively through female ancestors (matriline). It has two types: ▪ ***Patrilineal descent *-- **involves the reckoning of descent through the father's family only. ▪ ***Matrilineal descent *-- **involves the reckoning of descent through the mother's family only. **3. Based on Residence - **This refers to the arrangement on where the newlyweds will reside. **a. Patrilocal **-- the married couple lives with or near the husband's family **b. Matrilocal -- **the husband leaves his family and sets up housekeeping with or near his wife's family **c. Neolocal -- **the married couple establish a new home; they reside independently of the parents of either groom or bride.  **d. Bilocal -- **it gives the couple a choice of staying with either the groom's parents or the bride's parents. **4. Based on Authority - **This refers to whom the power and decision-making is vested in the family **a. Patriarchy -- **it is one in which the authority is vested in the oldest male in the family, often the father **b. Matriarchy -- **It is one in which the authority is vested in the mother or the mother's kin **c. Equalitarian or egalitarian -- **It is one in which the husband and the wife exercise a more or less equal amount of authority. **d. Matricentric -- **It is one in which the authority is vested in the mother due to the prolonged absence of the father. **5. Alternative Families** **a. **Single parenthood **b. **Non- marital cohabitation **c. **Commuter, Separated or Transnational families **d. **Communal living **e. **Affiliated families **f. **Voluntary childless families **g. **Female as provider and head of the family **h. **Reconstituted families/Blended families **Did you know???** ***Genealogy **is the study of families, family history, and the tracing of their lineages. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members.* **Filipino Family in the Changing World** According to Dr. Grace T. Cruz of the UP-Population Institute, the Filipino family is in transition. Based on her studies through the years, including the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey Young Adults Fertility and Sexuality Survey, the changing family configurations have challenged traditional notions about the Filipino family because of the observable changes in family composition and relations taking place within a very traditional and patriarchal Filipino culture. Presently, the changes are more obvious and are getting to be a bit more socially acceptable. The common notion that the nuclear Filipino family consisting of a married couple, man and woman, with children, living together under one roof, is being challenged. Self-identification as a family is getting to be more common among groups of people who love, respect, and care for each other no matter if they do not fit the traditional definition of what a family is. If people feel and identify as a family, so be it. The existence of the not-so-usual family configurations cannot be denied. Many people who got married, had kids, and eventually got separated. Some are in new relationships, others decided to raise their children alone. There are heterosexual couples who have been happily together under one roof for many years though they remain unmarried. Some couples have kids but others do not. On the other hand, other married couples decided not to have kids. The number of women in live-in relationships has doubled. This gives the impression that this arrangement is already culturally acceptable. Since there is no divorce law in the country, such an arrangement also involves separated women.  Delayed marriages are getting to be the practice. Many decide to get married after some time of living together. Others, choose to marry later in life when they are already more stable. Live-in arrangements and delayed marriages may have been brought about by the changing values and perceptions concerning sexuality and reproductive health. Some gay and lesbian couples go to great lengths to get "married" despite the knowledge that their ceremonies are not binding in the country. The couple considers themselves as a family. More importantly, they are a happy family, no matter what other people think and say.  Children of the millions of overseas Filipino workers are being raised not by their parents but by other family members. Couples are geographically separated for years and are only able to be together for a short period in a year. Even among the young people, Dr. Cruz mentioned that pre-marital sex is getting to be more acceptable, and virginity is slowly but increasingly seen as less important.  The emergence of solo parent families is also notable. Some are solo parents only temporarily because of migration for work of the partners but others are widowed or separated, and thus, being a solo parent is more permanent. Related with this is the emergence of female-headed households which make up 18% of all Philippine households. 9% of these are headed by single women, 7% are separated/divorced, and 24% are married but the husband is away. There is also the emergence of a "transnational family" that is defined as family members living in different countries. This transnational family is a direct offshoot of labor migration which is estimated to be about 10% of the country's population. There is an entire generation of children who grew up with surrogate parents or with only one parent.  That the realities of Filipino families are changing cannot be denied. What is interesting now is how our society will adapt to these changes. How will the law become protective of all forms of families? How will the government protect the rights and address the needs of the "new" and emerging family configurations? Perhaps it is time to revisit the need for the re-enactment of the divorce law in the country and look into the issue of same sex marriage. **Did you know???** ***The Netherlands **was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in December 2000.* **THE INDIGENOUS FILIPINO COMMUNITIES, AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIETY** **The Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines: A Background** According to De Vera (2007), the Philippines consists of a large number of indigenous ethnic groups. 112 ethno-linguistic groups in the country comprise nearly 15% of the total population. They are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines and were not absorbed by centuries of Spanish and United States colonization in the country thus, they have retained their customs and traditions. A vast majority of the 12 Million population of indigenous peoples in the Philippines reside in the uplands which they claim as part of their traditional territories. Most of the remaining natural resources in the country are found within the traditional lands of the Indigenous Peoples. These people have displayed a variety of social organization, cultural expression, and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity, usually employed to embellish utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons, and spoons. The tribal groups of the Philippines are known for their carved wooden figures, baskets, weaving, pottery, and weapons. **The Indigenous Communities:** Indigenous People represent nearly 15% of the country's population. They are among the poorest and the most disadvantaged social group in the country. Illiteracy, unemployment, and incidence of poverty are much higher among them than the rest of the population. IP settlements are remote, without access to basic services, and are characterized by a high incidence of morbidity, mortality, and malnutrition. There are one hundred ten (110) major Indigenous groups in the Philippines. Most of the indigenous peoples depend on traditional swidden agriculture utilizing available upland areas. However, most of these traditional cultivation sites and fallow areas have now been degraded and are further threatened by the influx of migrant farmers who have introduced unsustainable lowland commercial farming practices (De Vera, 2007). Furthermore, most Indigenous Communities do not have legal recognition over their traditional lands, thus limiting their ability to freely conduct their livelihood activities and are denied access to other natural resources in their communities. The following are some of the indigenous communities from different parts of the country. As discussed by Larena (2015): ***Luzon Area:*** 1. **Igorot, or Cordillerans*, ***is the collective name of several Austronesian ethnic groups in The Philippines, who inhabit the mountains of Luzon. These highland peoples inhabit the six provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Kalinga, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya, and Mountain Province, as well as Baguio City.  2. **Bontoc tribe**, a feared war-like group of indigenous people who actively indulged in tribal wars with its neighbors up until the 1930s. Every Bontoc male had to undergo a rite of passage into manhood, which may include headhunting, where the male has to journey (sometimes with companions) and hunt for a human head. 3. **The Ifugao **call themselves as i-pugao or \"inhabitants of the known earth\"; other variations of the name are Ifugaw, Ipugao, and Yfugao. They live primarily in the province of Ifugao in Central Cordillera, in Northern Luzon. 4. Esteemed as "the strong people of the Cordilleras", **Kalingans**, simultaneously, profoundly cherish family and kinship. A Kalinga household consists of a nuclear family and sometimes, an aged grandparent; generally speaking, they show great respect towards elders and, are clannish. Thus, the household, extended household of the kinship circle, and territorial region are significant units of Kalinga society.  5. The **Balangao**, also known as Boliwons were the early settlers of the Eastern Mountain Province in central Cordillera. Concentrations of this ethno-linguistic group are found in the towns of Barlig, Natonin, and Paracelis. 6. The **Ibaloi or Nabaloi **is an indigenous ethnic group found in the northern Philippines. The Ibaloi are one of the indigenous peoples collectively known as Igorot, who live in the mountains of the Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon. 7. The **Gaddang **are an indigenous people from the area of Solano, in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, in the region of Cagayan Valley. The tribe was first discovered by the Spaniards in the early 1600s. 8. The **Ilongots **in the southern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Mountains on the east side  of Luzon particularly Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya. 9. The **Batak **is one of about 70 indigenous peoples of the Philippines. They are located in the northeastern portions of Palawan, a relatively large island in the southwest of the archipelago. There are only about 500 Batak remaining. Also called Tinitianes, the Batak are considered by anthropologists to be closely related to the Ayta of Central Luzon, another Negrito tribe. 10.  **Mangyan tribe **is from the islands of Mindoro whose cultural practices are in danger of vanishing because of the influence of modern lowland culture. The literature and traditions of the different Mangyan groups are short of documentation; thus, mainstream society lacks awareness of the beauty of Mangyan culture and its relevance to Filipino culture as a whole. ***Visayas Area*** 1. The **Tumandok or Suludnon **(also known as Panay- Bukidnon or Panayanon Sulud) is an indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the Capiz- Lambunao mountainous area of Panay in the Visayan islands of the Philippines. They are the only culturally indigenous group of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas that perform the \"tig-babai" wedding dance. 2\. The **Eskaya**, less commonly known as the Visayan-Eskaya, is the collective name for the members of a cultural minority found in Bohol, Philippines, which is distinguished by its cultural heritage, particularly its literature, language, dress and religious observances. 3. **Negritos of Negros**- More than 100 tribal chieftains and leaders from the two major and recognized indigenous groups in Negros Oriental, namely the Ata Negritos tribe. The total population of recognized IPs in Negros Oriental has yet to be determined by an ongoing census but with the Ata Negritos alone, there is a roughly estimated population of about 260,000 in the province. ***Mindanao Area*** 1. **Yakan **- Basilan is home to the Yakan tribe who is also known as one of the finest weavers in the Philippines.  2\. The **B'laan **are one of the indigenous peoples of Southern Mindanao. They are famous for their brass works, beadwork and t'nalak weave. The B'laan were in Mindanao way before Islam came to the islands in the 14th Century. They were there before a single mosque was built in Mindanao. 2. The **Bagobo **are proud people with proto Malayan features. They have ornate traditions in weaponry and other metal arts. They are noted for their skill in producing brass articles through the ancient lost wax process. 3. The **Mandayas **is a group of a non Christian tribe, non-Islamic people living in Eastern Mindanao. They hand down from generation to generation the art of weaving  cloth from the fibers of the abaca plant, colored with root and mud dyes with intricate figures and patterns depicting the folklore and religion of the tribe 4. Living in the Pulangi River headwaters in the southern part of Bukidnon, the **Pulangiyen Manobo **is one of the many indigenous natives of the province.  5. The **Matigsalug **are the Bukidnon groups who are found in the Tigwa-Salug Valley in San Fernando, Bukidnon. "Matigsalug " is a term, which means "people along the River Salug". 6. The **Samal **are the poorest and least independent of the major Muslim groups. They serve as the "loyal commoners" in the hierarchy of Muslim minorities. Their lives are literally over the  sea, where the villages stand on stilts above the coastal waters. 7. Widely known as the "Sea Gypsies" of the Sulu and Celebes Seas, the **Badjao **are scattered along with the coastal areas of Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some coastal municipalities oF Zamboanga del Sur in the ARMM. Amongst themselves, they\'re known as Sama Laus (Sea Sama) and are found living on houseboats where they make their livelihood solely on the sea as expert fishermen, deep-sea divers, and navigators. 8. The **Tausūg or Suluk **people are an ethnic group of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The Tausūg is part of the wider political identity of Muslims of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan known as the Moro ethnic group who constitute the third largest ethnic group of Mindanao. 9. The **Lumad **is a group of indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning \"native\" or \"indigenous\". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (literally \"indigenous peoples\"), the autonym officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986. 10. The life of the **Maranaos **is centered on Lake Lanao, the largest in Mindanao, and the second largest and deepest lake in the Philippines.\\ 12\. The **T'boli tribe **is an indigenous tribe living in the highlands of Lake Sebu in South Cotabato in the Southern part of the Philippines. The T'boli people believe in many  gods, their high regards with the spirits of nature is very much evident in their way of living. **Indigenous Peoples Contribution to the Society** The existence of the various indigenous people in our country gave a big impact on society especially to our identity, culture, as well as to our natural environment. Since these indigenous people were known as the first people or native inhabitants of the area, they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share this characteristic, as many have adopted substantial elements of a colonizing culture, such as dress, religion, or language. Indigenous peoples may be settled in a given region (sedentary) or exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory, but they are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they depend. These people largely contribute to society's uniqueness in terms of cultural practices that highlight our identity as Filipinos. Moreover, indigenous people are making this world a safer and more sustainable place. Data shows that forests and ecosystems that are better kept are found in Indigenous territories, which means that the Indigenous Peoples have been practicing sustainable practices for environmental management and development. Therefore, they should be involved in making decisions and practicing these traditional systems, and they should be rewarded for it. **Did you know???** ***Henry Otley Beyer **was an American anthropologist, who spent most of his adult life in the Philippines teaching Philippine indigenous culture. He is known as the Father of Philippine Anthropology*