Sociology Exam 2 PDF
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Uploaded by GreatestNeptune5479
Ohio Northern University
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Summary
This document covers various topics in sociology, including culture, norms, values, and social control. It explores concepts like cultural change, socialization, and the different types of norms. Furthermore, it examines theoretical frameworks on identity, social structure, group dynamics, and cultural variation.
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### **Culture: Norms, Values, and Variations** #### **Culture Overview** - ### **Comprises all objects and ideas within a society, including learned behaviors.** - ### **Encompasses two aspects:** - ### **Material Culture: Physical artifacts of a society.** - ### **Non-material...
### **Culture: Norms, Values, and Variations** #### **Culture Overview** - ### **Comprises all objects and ideas within a society, including learned behaviors.** - ### **Encompasses two aspects:** - ### **Material Culture: Physical artifacts of a society.** - ### **Non-material Culture: Shared non-physical features, serving as a guide for social life.** #### **Cultural Change** - ### **Culture Lag: Concept by Ogburn (1922) where one aspect of culture develops faster than others, leading to societal issues.** #### **Mechanisms of Cultural Change** 1. ### **Discovery: Identification of something that previously existed.** 2. ### **Invention: Creation of new items by combining existing ones.** 3. ### **Diffusion: Change from contact with other cultures, involving both material and non-material aspects.** #### **Cultural Appropriation** - ### **Adoption of elements from one culture by another, often involving exploitation by a dominant group without understanding the history of the marginalized group.** ### **Norms, Values, and Social Control** - ### **Norms: Standards of acceptable behavior.** - ### **Values: Ethical foundations justifying normative behavior.** - ### **Social Control: Strategies to control and deter deviance.** #### **Processes of Social Control** 1. ### **Internalization: Learning and accepting group norms.** 2. ### **Sanctions: Society\'s reactions to behavior, positive or negative.** #### **Types of Norms** - ### **Formal Norms (Mores): Essential for societal survival; enforced with severe consequences.** - ### **Informal Norms (Folkways): Everyday behaviors guided by peers with milder punishments.** ### **Conformity** - ### **Solomon Asch\'s study (1961) demonstrated how conformity affects group behavior, with a significant percentage of participants conforming to incorrect group answers.** ### **Culture and Language** - ### **Language is crucial for communication and understanding cultural context. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language shapes thought and behavior toward the world based on cultural significance.** ### **Cultural Variation** - ### **Ideal Culture: Values claimed to support.** - ### **Real Culture: Actual behaviors and beliefs in practice.** - ### **High Culture: Artistic and cultural products of the upper classes.** - ### **Low/Popular Culture: Mass appeal tastes in culture.** ### **Subcultures and Countercultures** - ### **Subcultures: Groups within a culture that differ in some aspects but still align with the dominant culture.** - ### **Countercultures: Groups that reject the dominant culture, often seen as a societal threat.** ### **Attitudes Toward Variation** - ### **Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures by one's own standards, seeing one's culture as superior.** - ### **Cultural Relativism: Understanding norms within their cultural context to meet community needs.** ### **Cross-Cultural Variation** - ### **Variation can manifest in norms, values, and morals across different cultures, sometimes visibly (clothing, food) and other times less obvious.** ### **Socialization** - ### **Heredity vs Environment** - - ### **Identical Twins** - - - ### **Feral Children** - - ### **Genie: The Secret of the Wild Child** - - ### **Piaget- Cognitive Development** - - ### **Sociologists\' Perspective on Piaget\'s Theory** - - ### **Genesis of the Self (Mead, 1934)** - - - ### **Stages of Self Development** - - - ### **The Generalized Other** - ### **The Self as I and Me** - - ### **Agents of Socialization** - - ### **Social Institutions** - - - ### **Agents of Socialization and Social Institutions** - - - - - - ### **Resocialization** - - ### **Total Institutions** - ### **Life Course Perspective (Elder, 2003)** - - ### **Social-Age Grades** - - ### **Birth Cohort** - - ### **Social Structure** - ### **Social Construction** - - ### **Racial Formation Theory (Omi & Winant, 1989)** - - - - ### **Ethnic Groups** - - ### **Social Construction of Reality (Berger & Luckmann, 1966)** - - - - ### **Elements of Structure: Status** - - - ### **Intersectionality** - ### **Elements of Structure: Roles** - - - - ### **Identity Theory (Stryker, 1980)** - - - - - - - ### **Roles and Dramaturgy (Goffman)** - - - - - ### **Summary: Goffman vs. Stryker** - - ### **Social Structure** - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Social Density** - - - - ### **Bureaucracy** - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Iron Cage of Rationality** - - - -