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kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw `mKw ˛1 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI tIc-f-k¿°m¿ KT 45-1/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1...

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw `mKw ˛1 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI tIc-f-k¿°m¿ KT 45-1/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1 hnZym-`ym-kh - I - p∏v kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw 2016  tZio-b-Km\w P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm, D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm, Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm, Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl! {]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y- ]q¿W- h p- a mb AXns‚ ]mc- º - c y- Ø n¬ Rm≥ A`n- a m\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂- hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 First Edition : 2015, Reprint : 2016 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT, Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala {]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf, kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw kaq-lØ - n-te°p Xpd-°p∂ hmXn-em-Wv. Adn-hn-s‚bpw hnkvab - ß- f- p-sSbpw A\¥ km[y-XI-fn-te- °mWv Cu hmXn¬ Xpd-∂m¬ \nß-sf-Øn-t®-cp-I. AhnsS Ncn-{X-Øns‚ kph¿W \nan-jß - f - p-≠.v k©m-cn-If- psS enJn- X-ßfpw t]mb ImeØns‚ ASbmfßfpap≠v. \ΩpsS cmPy- Øns‚ Hcn-°epw ambmØ kmwkvIm-cnI ap{Z-If - p-≠v. `qan ]d-bp∂ IY-Ifpw Imcy-ßf - p-ap-≠v. aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy-cp- ap-≠v. Dev]m-Z\ - s - a∂ kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\hpw P\m-[n- ]Xymh-Im-iß- fpap≠v. Aßs\ Hcp-]mSp sshhn-[y-ßf - psS \nd-hm¿∂ temI-sØbmWv kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]m-T] - p-kvXIw \n߃°mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ncn-{XsØ Dƒs°m- ≈m≥, {]Ir- X nsb kv t \ln- ° m≥, sshhn- [ y- ß sf a\knem°m≥, Npa-Xe - m-t_m-[a - p≈ ]uc-∑m-cmbn amdm≥ kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]m-T]- p-kvXIw \n߃°p hgn-Im-´n-bmIpw. N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Zß - fpw At\z-jW - ß - fpw Kth-jW - ß - fpw \nß-fpsS ¢mkp-ap-dn-Isf kPoham°s´. kvt\lm-iw-kI - t- fmsS, tUm. ]n. F. ^mØna Ub-dI - vS¿ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.  ]mT-]p-kvXI cN\mkanXn inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿ A_vZpƒ Ako-kv, hn.]n. bqk^v Ipam¿, Fkv.Fw. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., hn.]n.-sI.-Fw.-Fw.- F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., Kh. tamU¬ -t_mbvkv F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.,]pØq¿]≈n-°¬ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., B‰n-߬ PbIr-jvW≥ H.sI. cmP≥. ]n.]n. F®v.-F-kv.-F, bp.]n.-F-kv.-F, Pn.bp.-]n.-F-kv, sI.]n.-kn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., apt≠mØp]-d-º, ]´-m∂q¿, IÆq¿ ae-∏pdw \nj Fw.Fkv. hnP-bvIp-am¿, kn.B¿. bp.]n.-Fkv.F., ]n.F®v.Fkv.-Fkv., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., sagp-then, ]Ø-\w-Xn-´ Kh. t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., anXrΩe \nim¥v taml≥ Fw. jm≥em¬.-F._n F®v.F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., Kh. Xangv F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., Nme Kh.-tamU¬ t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Xncp-h\-¥]-pcw lcn-∏mSv {]Zo-]≥, ‰n. F®v. F. kenw F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n, Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., slUvam-ÿ, Pn.bp.-]n.-F-kv, Ipa-cw-Nn-d, I√m-®n, tImgn-t°mSv imkvXmw-tIm´ tUm. _m_p-°p-´≥, ]n. ko\-nb¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub‰v, sIm√w hnZ-Kv≤¿ tUm. A_vZpƒ dkm-Iv ]n.]n. tUm. {]ntb-jv kn.F Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv, ]n.F-kv.Fw.H tImtf-Pv, Xncq-cß - mSn bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw tUm. AtimIv AeIvkv ]n.Fkv. at\mPv Ipam¿ Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv, hna≥kv tImtf-Pv, lnÃdn, sI.sI.Sn.Fw.Kh.tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sImSp-ß√ - q¿, Xriq¿ at\m-Pv, sI.hn. sF.-]n. tPmk^v dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.), Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn. Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿ Nn{Xm-am-[-h≥, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.k - n.C.-B¿.Sn.  D≈-S°w 1. a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-߃ 07 2. a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw 21 3. tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw 31 4. Dev]m-Z\ - {- ]-{In-bb - n-eqsS 47 5. `qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw 59 6. sshhn-[y-ßf - psS temIw 79  Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Nne Nn”߃ ]T\kuIcyØn\mbn D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p A[nIhmb\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\v hnt[bamt°≠Xn√ ]T-\- ]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃ {]h¿Ø\-߃ kw{Klw {][m\ ]T\t\´ßfn¬ s]Sp∂h hnebncpØmw XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃ kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-߃ Iq ´p- I m- t c, Rm≥ bap-\m-\-Zn. nse G‰hpw henb Fs∂-°p-dn®v tI´n-´p-≠m-Ipat√m. C¥y-b mWv Rm≥. DØcmJ- \Zn-bmb KwK-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifn¬ H∂ D¤-hw. Rm≥ Hgp- WvUnse bap-t\m {- Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv Fs‚ mWv U¬ln. Ip∂ h-gn-bnse {][m\ \K-c-ß-fn¬ H∂ Xw`w, Ppam- a-kvPnZv, IpØ_van\m¿, salvdq-fn-bnse Ccpºv kv n Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I߃ sNt¶m-´, C¥ym- tK-‰v.... Aßs\ H´-\h[ [n cmP - h w- i - ß fps S Ch nsS Xe - b p- b ¿Ø n \n¬ °p - ∂ p. \nc - h camWv U¬ln. hf¿®bv°pw X-I¿®bv°pw km£nbmb \K U¬ln-sb-°p-dn®v bap\m\Zn ]d-™Xv tI´-t√m. \ap°v U¬ln-bpsS a[y-Im-e- N-cn{X-Øn-te°v Hcp bm{X-bm-b-mtem? kn.C. F´mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ Imew C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ s]mXpsh a[y-Im-e-L´w F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw U¬ln-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-Øn-eq-sS... Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (`q]Sw 1.1) \nco-£n°q. Fs¥√mw hnh-cß-ƒ Is≠Ømw? kn‘p KwKm ka-Xew kn‘p˛KwKm ka-X-e-ØnemWvv U¬ln- ÿnXn sNøp-∂sX∂v I≠t√m. Cu {]tZ-isØ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX Im¿jnI ]ptcm-KX - n°v klm-bI- a- m-bn. `q]-SØ - n¬ Bc-h√n ]¿hX-\n-c-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp- Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°q. Cu ]¿h-X- \n-c-Iƒ i{Xp-°-fpsS B{I-a-W-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ U¬ln-sb klm-bn®p. Bc-h√n ]¿Δ-X-\nc-I-fnse ]md-°q-´- `q]Sw 1.1 ßfn¬ \n∂v tIm-´-I-fp-sSbpw sI´n-S-ß- fp-sSbpw \n¿Ωm-WØ - n-\m-hi - y-amb I√p- Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ Ign™p. bap\m\Zn Pe-KX - m-KX - sØ klm- bn®Xns\m∏w U¬ln°v Bhi-y-amb Pew Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn. Cu `qanimkv { X {]tXy- I - X - I fmWv `c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- I - s f U¬ln-bn-te°v BI¿jn-®X - v. U¬lnsb A[n-Imc tI{μ-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im- cn-Isf t{]cn-∏n® `qan-imkv{X LS-I-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p? U¬ln A[n-Imc-tI{μw kn.C. 8˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ cP-]p-{X-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ sXmac cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-ØmWv U¬ln BZy-ambn A[n-Im-c -tI-{μ-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv "Zn√nI' F∂ t]cn-emWv U¬ln 8 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI Adn-b-s∏´ncp-∂-Xv. sXmac cmPm-°-∑msc XpS¿∂v Nulm≥ cmP- h w- i Øn¬s]- ´ - h ¿ U¬lnbn¬ cP-]p-{X¿ `c- W m[n- I m- c n- I - f m- b n. Nulm≥ hwiØnse at[y-¥y-bnsebpw hS°p]Sn- Ahkm\ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂p ]rYzncmPv ™mtd C¥ybnsebpw Nulm≥. At±- l sØ Iog- S - ° n tLmdnse £{Xn-bh - n-`m-KØ - n¬s∏´hcm- bn-cp-∂p cP-]p-{X¿. Ch-cn¬ (C∂sØ A^vLm-\n-ÿm≥) aplΩZv U¬lnbn¬ {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p sXma- B[n]Xyw Dd-∏n®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ tk\m\mbI\m- c∑mcpw Nulm-∑mcpw. bncp∂p IpXv_p±o≥ sF_°v. tLmdnse apl-Ω- Zns‚ ac-Wt- ijw kn.C. 1206˛¬ IpXv_ - p-±o≥ sF_°v U¬ln tI{μ-am°n `cWw Bcw-`n-®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ cmP-hwiw aweq°v hwiw (ASn-a-hw-iw) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aweq°v hwisØ XpS¿∂v thsd \mev cmP-hw-i-߃ 1526 hsc U¬ln Bÿm- \-am°n `cWw \S-Øn. kn.C. 1206 apX¬ kn.C. 1526 hsc- U¬ln Bÿm\am°n `cWw \SØnbh¿ kp¬Øm-∑m¿ F∂pw Cu Imew k¬Ø-\Øv Imew F∂pw Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´n¬ k¬Ø-\Øv ImeØv U¬ln `cn® cmP-hw-iß - s - fbpw {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Is - fbpw {Ia-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. aweq°v hwiw (ASn-ah - w-iw) IpXv_p±o≥ sF_Iv, C¬XpXvanjv, _m¬_≥  J¬Pn hwiw Aemhp±o≥ J¬Pn  Xp Iv hwiw aplΩZv _n≥ Xp °v, ^ntdmkv jm Xp °v  kønZv hwiw Jnkn¿Jm≥  temZn- hwiw C{_mlnwtemZn 9 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ^vtfm Nm¿´nse hnh-cß - f - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I: k¬Ø\Øv cmP-hw-i-߃ {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ $ aweq°v hwiw $ IpXv-_p±o≥ sF_-°v, C¬XpXvan-jv, _m¬_≥ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ U¬ln kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS `cWw C¥ybpsS a‰v `mK-ßf - n-te°v hym]n-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v t\m°mw. IpXv_p±o≥ sF_-°n-\p-tijw A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-bXv C¬XpXvanjv Bbn-cp∂p. At±lw apƒ´m≥, emtlm¿, _wKmƒ XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-߃ Iog-S-°n. Xs‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn- cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp GIo-IrX \mW-b-hy-hÿ \S-∏n-em- °n. X¶, PnX¬ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p \mW-b-߃. emtlm¿ apƒ´m≥ C¬XpXvanjns‚ ImesØ \mW-bß - ƒ kp¬Øm\ dknb KpP-dmØv _wKmƒ U¬ln k¬Ø- \ - Ø nse GI h\nXm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm- bn-cp∂p kp¬Øm\ dkn-b. C¬XpXv a njns‚ aI- f m- b n- cp∂p dknb. Nne {]`p-°- C¬XpXvanjns‚ A[o-\-X-bn-ep≠mbn- ∑m¿ FXn- c m- b - t XmsS cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ kp¬Øm\ dkn-bbv°v A[n- Imcw \jvSs- ∏-´p. `q]Sw 1.2 C¬Xp-Xa v n-jn\ptijwA[n-Im-cØ - n- se- Ø n- b {][m\ `c- W m- [ n- I mcn 10 _m¬_≥ Bbn- c p- ∂ p. a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI k¬Ø\Øns‚ hym]\w aweq°v hwi-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v A[n-Im-cØ - n-se-ØnbXv J¬Pn hwi- am-bn-cp-∂p. J¬Pn hwi-Ønse {][m\ `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn. At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p sXt° C¥y-bn-epw ]Sn--™msd C¥y-bn-epap≈ {]tZ-i-߃ U¬ln kp¬Øm- ∑ m- c psS `c- W - Ø ns‚ Iogn- e m- b Xv. KpP- d mØv Bbncp∂p BZyw At±-lØ - ns‚ A[o-\X - b - n-em-bX -.v X∂n-´p≈ `q]-S-Øn¬ (1.2) KpP-dmØns‚ ÿm\w Is≠Øq. Fs¥-√m- amWv KpP-dm-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-ƒ? \o≠ kap-{Z-Xocw KpP-dm-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-sW∂v ImWm-a-t√m. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nch[n Xpd-ap-J-߃ KpP-dm-Øn-ep-≠v. KpP-dmØv Iog-S-°n-b-tXmsS Xpd-ap-J-߃ Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn- bpsS \nb-{¥-WØ - n-em-bn. Cdm-Jn¬\n∂v Cu Xpd-ap-Jß - ƒ hgn anI-®b - n\w IpXn-cI - sf Cd-°p-aXn sNøm≥ Ign™p. CXv At±- l-Øns‚ ssk\ysØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu ssk\y-Øns‚ klm-bt- ØmsS sXt° C¥y-bnepw ]Sn-™msd C¥y-bn-epap≈ {]tZ-i-߃ Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn Xs‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em°n. KpP- d m- Ø n- t ∑- e p≈ B[n- ] Xyw Aem- h p- ± o≥ J¬Pn- b psS ssk\ysØ Fßs\bmWv i‡n-s∏-SpØnbXv? Zue-Øm-_mZv apl-ΩZ- _ v n≥ Xp - °ns‚ A[o-\X - - Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn-bpsS A[o- bnep≠m-bn-cp∂ \-X-bn-ep≠mbn-cp∂ {]tZiw {]tZiw (ssk\nI \o°-ßfmWv Aº- S-bm-fØ - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn- °p-∂Xv) `q]Sw 1.3 `q]Sw 1.4 11 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw J¬Pn hwi-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v Xp °v hwiw A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn. AXnse {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcnbmbn-cp∂p apl-ΩZv _n≥ Xp °v. `cWw Imcy-£-a-am-°m≥ At±lw Xe-ÿm\w U¬ln-bn¬ \n∂v tZh-Kn-cn-bn-te°v am‰p-Ibpw AXn\v Zue-Øm-_mZv F∂ t]cv \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. `q]-S-Øn¬ (1.4) Zue-Øm-_mZv AS- bm- f - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv t\m°q. hn]p- e o- I - c n- ° - s ∏´ cmPyØns‚ GI-tZiw a[y-`m-KØ - m-bn-cp-∂p Zue-Øm-_mZv. Xe- ÿm\w Zue-Øm-_m-Zn-te°v am‰p-Ih - gn F√m {]tZi-ßtfbpw \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw Icp-Xn. F∂m¬ Xe-ÿm- \-am‰w ^e-{]-Z-a-s√∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Cu Xocp- am\w ]n≥h-en-®p. Xp °v hwi-Øn-\p-tijw A[n-Im-c-Øn-se- Ønb kønZv hwi-Øn-sebpw temZn hwi-Ønsebpw `c-Wm-[n- Im-cn-Iƒ Zp¿_-ec - m-bn-cp-∂p. Xp °v hwi-Øn\p tijw k¬Ø- \Øv `cWw £bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. U¬ln apKƒ`-cW - Ø - n¬ 1526 G{]n¬ 26... U¬ln-°S- p-Øp≈ ]m\n-∏Ø - n¬ Im_qfnse (A^vLm-\n-ÿm≥) `c-Wm-[n-Imcn _m_-dp- sSbpw k¬Ø\Øv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn C{_mlnw temZn- b p- s Sbpw ssk\y- ß ƒ G‰p- a p- ´ n. C{_mlnw temZnsb ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-Øn _m_¿ U¬ln ]nSn-s®-SpØp. ]oc-¶n-bpw shSn-a-cp-∂pw D]-tbm-K-n®Xn-\m¬ _m_- d psS ssk\y- Ø n\v C{_mlnw temZnbpsS ssk\ysØ Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ ]cm-P- b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-bn. k¬Ø-\Øv `cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v U¬ln tI{μ-ambn _m_¿ XpS°w Ipdn® `cWw apKƒ `cWw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]m\n-∏Øv bp≤-cwKw Nn{X-Im-cs‚ `mh-\b - n¬ 12 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS {][m\ apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw: lpa-bq¨ Hudw-K- _m_¿ AIv_¿ Plmw-Ko¿ jmPlm≥ 1530˛1540, tk_v 1526˛1530 1556˛1605 1605˛1627 1627˛1658 1555 ˛ 1556 1658˛1707 _m_¿ XpS°w Ipdn® apKƒ `cWw ]n¬°m-eØv - I qSp- X ¬ {]tZ- i - ß - f n- t e°v hym]n- ® p. apKƒ tj¿j kqcn km{amPyw- hnkvXrXam-°p-∂X - n¬ AIv_¿ {][m\ kn.C. 1540 apX¬ kn.C. 1545 ]¶p-h-ln-®p. At±lw hensbmcp ssk\ysØ hsc-bp≈ ImeØv U¬ln cq]oIcn®p. CXn-\p-th≠n hyXykvXamb Hcp coXn tI{μ- a mbn `cn- ® Xv kq¿ kzoIcn®p. "a≥k-_Zv mcn k{º-Zmbw' F∂mWv CXdn- hw-iØ - nse tj¿j kqcn-bm- b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ Hmtcm DtZym-K- bn-cp-∂p. apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn ÿ\pw Xß-fpsS Iogn¬ Hcp \n›nX FÆw lpa-bq-Wns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp- ssk\n-Isc -\ne-\n¿Øm≥ _m[y-kvY-\m-bn-cp∂p-. - Øn-bmWv At±lw A[n-Im- cmPmam≥knwKv, cmPm-tXm-U¿amƒ, _o¿_¬, cmPm c- Ø n- s e- Ø n- b - X v. tj¿j- PbvknwKv XpSßn-b-h¿ apKƒ `c-W-Øn¬ {][m\ bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ Zp¿_-e- ]Z-hn-Iƒ hln® cP-]p-{X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. cm- b n- c p- ∂ p. Cub- h - k cw `q]Sw (1.5) \nco-£n®v AIv_dns‚ A[o\Xbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v kn.C. 1555 ¬ Dƒs∏´ {]tZi߃ Is≠Øn FgpXpI. lpa- b q¨ U¬lnbpsS A[n-Imcw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®p. Im_qƒ Imivao¿ apƒØm≥ Jm≥tUjv U¬ln _nlm¿ AIv_d - psS amƒh _wKmƒ KpP-dmØv A[o-\X - bn Jm≥tUjv epƒs∏´ {]tZ-iß - ƒ AIv_-dpsS Ime- L´-Ønse C¥y `q]Sw 1.5 13 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw AIv_¿ \mabpw Abn≥˛C˛AIv_cnbpw AIv_-dpsS sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ A_pƒ^- k ¬ Fgp- X nb Ncn- { X- I r- X n- Pm´p-Iƒ bmWv "AIv_¿ \ma'. Cu ]pkvXI - Ø - n\v cP-]p-{X¿ aq∂v `mK-ßf - p-≠v. BZy-`m-Kw AIv_d- psS ap≥Km-an-I-sf-bpw c≠mw- `m-Kw AIv_- dpsS `c-W-Im-e-tØbpw aq∂mw `mKw AIv _ - d psS `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ tØbpw {]Xn- ] mZn°p- ∂ p. aq∂m- a sØ `mKw admØIƒ "Abn≥˛C˛AIv_cn' F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏- Sp-∂p. Hudw-K-tk-_ns‚ apKƒ km{amPyw G‰hpw hnkvXrXn Ime-L-´-Ønse {]m]n-®Xv HudwKtk_ns‚ ImeØmbn- C¥y cp∂p. `q]Sw 1.6 \nco-£n-°q. AºXv h¿j-°mew At±lw `cWw \SØn. `q]Sw 1.6 HudwKtk_n\ptijw apKƒ km{amPyw Zp¿_eambn. F¶nepw 1857 hsc B cmPhwiw \ne\n∂p. ""a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse k¬Ø-\Øv ˛ apKƒ`-cW - Ø - ns‚ hym]\w'' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]Z- a- m°n Hcp skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°p-I. Z£n-tW-¥y-bn-sebpw ]›n-ta-¥y-bn-sebpw A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃ a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse Hcp A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-sa∂ \nebnep≈ U¬ln-bpsS hf¿®-bmWv \mw CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw ]›n-ta-¥y-bnepw \ne-\n-∂n- cp-∂ a‰v {][m\ cmPy-ßfpsS t]cp-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p- ≈-X:v cmPyw {]tZiw tNmf-cmPyw hnP-b\ - K - cw Z£n-tW¥y _mlvan\n admØ ]›n-ta¥y 14 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI tNmf-cmPyw kn.C. HºXmw \q‰m-t≠msS-bmWv tNmf-cmP- hwiw {]_-ea - m-bXv. cmP-cm-Pt- Nm-f\pw cmtP- {μ-tNm-f\pw Bbn-cp∂p {][m\ tNmf-`c - W - m- [n-Im-cn-Iƒ. i‡-amb \mhnItk\ tNmf- ∑m¿°p-≠mbncp∂p. Ch-cpsS kzm[o\w ate-jy, Cs¥m-t\-jy≥ Zzo]pIƒ F∂n-hn- S-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®n-cp-∂p. {ioe¶ atejy `q]Sw (`q]Sw 1.7) \nco-£n®v C¥y°v ]pdØv Cs¥m-t\jy≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ tNmf- ∑ mcpsS kzm[o\w hym]n® cmPy- ß ƒ Is≠ØpI. `q]Sw 1.7 hnP-b\ - K - c- w ""Cu cmPm-hns‚ `c- -sa-¶nepw thWw. cmPy- W-Øn\p Iogn¬ tImgn- Øns‚ `qcn-`mKw t°mSns\-t]m-se-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßfpw ^e-`q-bn- 300 Xpd-ap-Jß - ƒ D≠v. jvThpw ]Xn-hmbn At±-lØ - ns‚ `c-W- Irjn-bn-d°- p-∂X - p- Øn-\p-Io-gn-ep≈ {]tZ-i- amWv. ssk\y- ß-fn¬ bm{X-sN-øW - - Øns‚ AwK-_ew sa-¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv aq∂v 11 e£w hcpw''. amksØ ka-b A_vZp¿ dkmJv hnPb\Kc cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn®v t]¿jy≥ k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ A_vZp¿ dkm-Jns‚ hnh-c-W-Ønse Hcp `mK-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-X-v. CXn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ Is≠Ømw? hnP-b-\-K-c-cm-Py-Øn¬ [mcmfw Xpd-ap-J-߃ D≠m-bn- cp∂p. 15 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw kn.C. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ hnP-b-\-Kc cmPy- Øns‚ ÿm]-I¿ lcn-l-c≥, _p°≥ F∂nh-cmbn-cp∂p. IrjvWtZh-cm-b¿ Bbn-cp-∂p hnP-b-\-Kc cmPy-Ønse {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn. _mlvan\n cmPyw Aem-hp-±o≥ l ≥ _m“≥jm Bbn-cp∂p _m“n\n cmPy- Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥. IrjvW, XpwK-`{Z F∂o \Zn-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ InS-°p∂ sdbv®q¿ {]tZiw ^e-`q-bn-jT v a - m-bn-cp-∂p. Z£n-tW¥y- bnse s\√-d- F∂mWv CX-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂X - v. Cu {]tZ-iØv B[n- ]Xyw t\Sm≥ hnP-b-\-Kc `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw _m“n\n cmPm- °-∑mcpw \nc-¥cw bp≤-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. sdbv®q¿ {]tZiw C∂v GsXms° kwÿm-\ßfpsS `mK-am-sW∂v `q]- S-Øns‚ klm-bt- ØmsS Is≠-Øn Fgp-XpI. sdbv®q¿ {]tZ-i-߃°pth≠n bp≤w \S-Øm≥ hnP-b-\-Kc˛ _mlvan\n cmPm-°-∑msc t{]cn-∏n® LS-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn- cp-∂p? adm-ØcmPyw kn.C. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv adm-ØIƒ ]qs\ {]_e i‡n-bm-bn- amdnb-Xv. `qan-imkv{X khnti-jX - I - ƒ adm-ØI-fpsS hf¿®sb Gsd admØ cmPy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\n®p. hn‘y˛kXv]pc ]¿Δ-X-ß-fpw A[o-\-X-bn-ep≠mbn- cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ \¿ΩZ˛Xm]vXn \Zn-Ifpw admØ {]tZ-isØ kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®p. CXv admØ- { ]- t Z- i - Ø n\v {]Ir- X n- Z - Ø - a mb kwc£Ww \¬In. admØn `mjbpw kmln- `q]Sw 1.9 ˛ Xyhpw P\-ß-fn¬ sFIy-t_m[w hf¿Øn. 16 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI admØIfpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn® -L-S-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn- cp∂p? admØ cmPy-Ønse {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn inhPn Bbn-cp-∂p. "O{X-]Xn' F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ At±lw kzoI-cn-®p. i‡-amb \mhn-I-tk\bpw Ic-tk-\bpw adm-Ø- cm-Py-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX Bbn-cp-∂p. {]_-ea - mb cmjv{So-bi - ‡ - n-bmbn amdm≥ CXv Ahsc klm-bn-®p. admØ cmPy-Øns‚ Bÿm\w ]qs\ Bbn-cp-∂p. U¬ln-°p-]p-dsa a[y-Ime C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n∂ A[nIm-ct- I-{μ-ßs- f-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. U¬lnsb A[nImctI{μambn sXcs™Sp°m≥ `cWm[nImcnIsf t{]cn∏n®Xv AXns‚ `qanimkv{X {]tXyIXIfmWv. sXmac cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-ØmWv U¬ln BZy-ambn A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-ambXv. U¬ln Bÿm-\a - m-bmWv k¬Ø-\Øv `cWw ÿm]n°- s∏-´X - v. Aemhp±o≥ J¬PnbpsSbpw aplΩZv _n≥ Xp °ns‚bpw `cWImeØv k¬Ø\Øv `cWw IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-i-ß-fn- te°v hym]n-®p. 1526 se ]m\n∏Øv bp≤Øn¬ C{_mlnw temZnsb ]cmPbs∏SpØnb _m_¿ apKƒ `cWØn\v XpS°w Ipdn®p. KT 45-2/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1 apKƒ km{amPyw hnkvXr-Xam°p∂Xn¬ AIv_dpw HudwKtk_pw {][m\ ]¶phln®p. a[y-Im-eL- ´- Ø - n¬ ]›n-ta-¥y-bnepw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw hyXykvX A[n-ImctI{μ-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. 17 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-߃  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw a[y-Ime C¥y sXmac cmP-hwiw (U¬ln) tNmf-∑m¿ (Z£n-tW-¥y) Nulm≥ cmP-hwiw (U¬ln) hnP-b-\-Kcw (Z£n-tW-¥y) k¬Ø-\Øv `cWw (U¬ln) _mlvan\n (Z£n-tW-¥y) adm-T-Iƒ (]›n-ta-¥y) apKƒ cmP-hwiw (U¬ln) U¬ln Xeÿm\am°n Db¿∂ph∂ k¬Ø\Øv, apKƒ cmPhwi-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw hym]-\hpw hniIe\w sNøp∂p. `qanimkv{X khntijXIƒ `c-WI - q-Sß - f - psS hf¿®sb kzm[o\n®sXßs\sb∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ]›n-ta-¥y-bnepw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw \ne-\n∂ hnhn[ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ßsf∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. 18 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI A[n- I m- c - t I- { μ- a mbn amdm≥ U¬lnsb klm- b n® `qanimkv{X LS-Iß - ƒ Fs¥√mw? C¥ym Ncn{XØnse kp{][m\ bp≤ambncp∂p 1526˛se ]m\n∏Øv bp≤w ka¿∞n-°pI. apKƒ km{amPyw hnkv X rXam°p∂Xn\v AIv _ ¿ kzoIcn® \bw hniIe\w sNøpI. "sdbvNq¿ {]tZiØn\pth≠n hnPb\KcØnsebpw _m“n\nbnsebpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \nc¥cw bp≤w sNbvXp' Cu {]kvXmh\bpsS ]›mØeØn¬ sdbv®q¿ {]tZiØns‚ {]tXyIXIƒ ]cntim[n°pI. admØ cmPy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb klmbn® `qan-imkv{X LSI߃ GsXms°bmbncp∂p? "F' hn`mKØn\v tbmPn°p∂h "_n' hn`m-KØn¬\n∂p Is≠Øn FgpXpI. F _n C¬XpXvanjv ]m\n∏Øv bp≤w IrjvWt- Z-hc - m-b¿ a≥k_vZmcn k{ºZmbw aplΩZv _n≥ Xp °v PnX¬ \mWbw _m_¿ hnP-b\ - K - cw AIv_¿ Xeÿm\am‰w sX°pIng°≥ Gjy≥ cmPyßfpw C¥ybpw XΩnep≈ kmwkvImcnI _‘߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ sXfnhpIƒ tiJcn°pI. 19 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse hnhn[ cmP-hw-i-ß-fp-sS A[o-\-X- bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ ImWn-°p∂ `q]-S-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn A‰vekv \n¿Ωn-°p-I. Xangv kn\n-aI - f - psS {][m\ dneokv tI{μß-fn¬ H∂mWv sX°pIng-°≥ Gjy≥ cm-Py-߃. ImcWw Is≠Øp. kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw ]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏ tS≠Xp≠v U¬ln-bpsS `qan-imkv{X {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw U¬lnsb Xe-ÿm-\-am-°nb BZy-Ime cmP-hw-i-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw k¬Ø\Øv `cWØns‚ hym]\w hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw k¬Ø\Øv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A[o- \-X-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ Xncn-®- dn-bm≥ Ignbpw ]m\n-∏Øv bp≤-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®- dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw apKƒ km{amPyw hnim- e - a m- ° p- ∂ - X n\v AIv_¿ kzoI-cn® \b-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw a[y-Im-eØv C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ßsf∏‰n hni- Z-am°m≥ Ignbpw 20 a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃ a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw lnμp-ÿm≥ A¤p-X-ap-f-hm-°p∂ `q`m-K-amWv. a‰p cmP cmPy-y-ß-fp- ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ AXv XnI®pw hn`n-∂-am-Wv. ChnSsØ ]¿Δ- X - ß ƒ, \Zn- I ƒ, ImSp- I ƒ, acp- ` q- a n- I ƒ F√mw hyXykv X - amWv. Chn-SsØ arK-߃, sNSn-Iƒ, P\-߃, `mj-Iƒ, ag, Im‰v, F√mw sshhn-[y-am¿∂hbmWv... a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-߃ ˛ _m_¿\ma apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn _m_-dns‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏mb _m_¿\m-a-bn¬ \n∂p≈ `mK-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn´p-≈Xv. C¥y-sb-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ CXn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mw? C¥y-bnse sshhn-[y-ß-fpw hn`-h-ßfpamWv _m_¿ hni-Zo-I-cn- °p-∂-Xv. Cu sshhn-[y-ßfpw hn`-h-k-ar-≤n-bpamWv k©m-cn-Isf a[yIme C¥y-bn-te°v BI¿jn-®-Xv. A°mesØ kmaq-lnI kmº-Øn-Im-hÿ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v AhcpsS k©m-c°pdn- ∏p-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw Irjnbpw ssIsØm-gnepw ""[m\y- ß ƒ Irjn- s N- ø p- ∂ - X n\pw I∂p- I m- e n- I sf tabv ° p- ∂ - Xn\pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v `qan-°chpw ta®n¬°-chpw sImSp- °-Ww. CXp-t]mseØs∂ I®-hS hcp-am-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \n-Ip- Xn-b-Sbv-°Ww. hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Bdn¬ Hcp `mKw \mSns‚ kwc-£WØn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A¬-˛_-dq-\n at[y-jy-bn¬\n∂v C¥y-bn-se-Ønb A¬-˛_ - d- q-\n- F∂ k©mcn- bpsS hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ `mK-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn- °p-∂Xv. A¬-˛-_-dq-\n-bpsS hnh-c-W-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≈ sXmgn-ep-Ifpw \nIp-Xn-Ifpw GsXm-s°-bmWv? a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS {][m-\- sXm-gn¬ Irjn-bm-bn- cp-∂p. ]cp-Øn,- [m\y-߃, ]b-dp-h¿K-߃, \oew, Icnºv XpS-ßn-bhbmbn-cp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ hnf-I-ƒ. Irjn-°\ - p-tbm-Py-am-bXpw F∂m¬ Irjn-bn-d° - mØ-Xp-amb `qan A°m-eØv C¥y-bn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw `qanbn¬ BZy-ambn Irjn sNøp∂h¿°v AXns‚ DS-amh-Imiw e`n-®n- cp∂p. C{]-Imcw Irjn`qanbpsS DS-am-h-Imiw t\Sm≥ D¬km- l-io-e-cmb I¿j-I¿ {ian-®p. Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn `c- Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ kzoI-cn® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {i≤n-°q. Pe-tk-N-\-ku-I-cy-߃ Hcp°n hnØp-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNbvXp \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-Iƒ \¬In. a[y- I m- e - L - ´ - Ø n¬ DtZym- K - ÿ ¿°v thX- \ - a mbn `qan ]Xn®psImSp-Øp. Cu k{º-Zmbw k¬Ø-\Øv ImeL´-Øn¬ CJvX F∂pw apKƒ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ PmKn¿Zmcn F∂pw Adn- bs∏-´p. k¬Ø-\Øv˛apKƒ `c-W-Im-eL´-ß-fn¬ Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb klm-bn® LS-Iß - ƒ Fs¥√mw? N¿® sNøq. 22 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI IrjntbmsSm∏w Im¿jn- t Im- ] - I - c - W - ß - f psS \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e ssIsØm-gn-ep- Ifpw {Kma- ß - f n¬ \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p. Ah Fs¥ms°-bm-bn-cn°mw? N¿® sNøq. teml∏Wn s\bvØpw a‰v ssIsØm-gn-ep-If - p-am-bn-cp∂p ]´-W- ß-fnse {][m-\ sXmgn¬. {KmaoW P\X Dev]m- Zn∏n® ]cp-Ønbpw \oehpw ]´p-\qepw s\bvØp hyh-kmbsØ i‡-am-°n. C¥y≥ s\bvØp-Im¿ I¿j-I¿ Pe-tk-N\ - Ø - n\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hyXykvX KpW-Ønepw \nd-Øn-ep-ap≈ hkv{X- Pe-N{Iw ߃ Devv]m-Zn-∏n-®p. ]´v, ]cp-Øn, Iºnfn F∂n-h- sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb hkv{X-߃ Ah-bn¬ {][m-\s - ∏-´h- b - m-bn-cp∂p. XpWn- s \- b v Ø n\v ]pXnb D]- I - c - W - ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ® p. \q¬\q¬°m\p≈ N¿°bpw s\bvØn-\p≈ X-dn-If - pw Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. XpWn-I-fn¬ Nmbw ap°p-∂-Xn\v \oehpw \nd°q´p-I-fpw D]tbm-Kn®p. C¥y≥ XpWn-Ø-c-߃ temI{]i-kvXn t- \Sn. N¿° Im¿jn-I-ta-Je s\bvØp-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ hf¿®sb klm-bn-®-sX-ß- s\-sb∂v N¿® sNøp-I. \K-cß - fpw hmWn-Pyhpw hnP-b-\-Kcw F∂ aal lm-\-Kcn Iogv-°mw-Xq-°mb ae-\n-c-Iƒ°- cnIn-em-Wv. \K-c-Øn¬ BI¿j-I-amb DZym-\-ßfpw D]-h-\-ßfpw D≠v. kº¬kar-≤n-bpsS tIZm-c-amb Cu \K-c-Ønse AßmSn- I-sf√mw hne-]n-Sn® hkvXp-°sfs°m≠v \nd-™-h-bm-Wv.... \nt°mfm tIm≠n 23 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw C¥y-bn-se-Ønb C‰m-en-b≥ k©m-cn-bmb \nt°mtfm tIm≠n hnP-b-\-KcsØ°p-dn®v \¬Inb hnh-cWw {i≤n-°q. Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ ]ptcm-KXn hmWn-Pyw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sm-\p≈ kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°n. C¥y-bnse kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-߃, XpWn- Ø-cß - ƒ, XpI¬, cXv\ß - ƒ, Nμ-\w, teml-߃, apØv, B\-s°mºv XpS-ßn-b-h ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ Imen-t°mbpw Imen-°‰pw {]nb-ap-≈ hn`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Cu hn`-h-ß-fmWv tImgn- t °mSv \n∂v hym]m-cn-Isf C¥y-bn-te°v BI¿jn-®Xv. temI- ]cpØnØp-Wn-Øc - ß - ƒ a‰p Øns‚ hnhn[ `m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nc-h[n I®-h-S- ÿe-ß-fn-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn °m¿ a[y-Im-eØv C¥y-bn-se-Øn. sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu XpWn-Øc- ߃ bqtdm-]y≥ hn]-Wn-bn¬ C¥y-bp-ambn hym]mcw \S-Ønb ]pdw-\m-´p-Im¿ "Iment°m' F∂mWv Adn-b- Bsc-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p? s∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. tImgn-t°m-Sn-s\ ssN\°m¿ bqtdm- ] y∑m¿ Imen- ° ‰v Ad_n-Iƒ F∂mWv hnfn-®Xv. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ U®pIm¿ Cw o-jp-Im¿ {^©p-Im¿ henb P\-kw-Jybpw \nd™ kº- Ø p- a p≈ \K- c - ß - f mWv B{Kbpw ^tØ-]p¿ kn{Inbpw C¥y-bn-ep-≈Xv. \K-c-ß-fpsS Al- Ω - Z m- _ mZpw temI- Ø p- sXcpthm- c - ß ƒ sshhn- [ y- Xs∂ henb \K-c-amb e≠-t\- am¿∂ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Itºmfß-fmWv. h¿Æm-`-amb °mƒ hep-Xm-Wv. U¬ln-bm-hs´ ]´- W - ß - f mWv U¬lnbpw hepXpw kº- ∂ - h p- a mb \K- Zue- Ø m- _ mZpw. chpw.... C_v\p _ØqØ dm¬^v ^n®v dm¬^v ^n®v 24 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI k¬Ø-\Øv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y kμ¿in® samtdmt°m k©m-cn-bmb C_v\ - p- _-Øq-Øbpw apKƒ Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ C¥y kμ¿in® Cw ojv k©m-cn-bmb dm¬^v ^n-®pw C¥y-bnse \K-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p \¬Inb hnh-c-W-߃ {i≤n-®-t√m. Ah-bn¬\n∂v A°m-esØ \K-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®v Fs¥√mw hnh c-ß-fmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv? N¿® sNøq. Dev]m-Z-\-tI-{μ-ß-sfbpw N¥-I-sfbpw tI{μo-I-cn-®mWv \K-c- ߃ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ \KcßfmWv [m°, ss]Øm≥, Im©o]p-cw, Dd-bq¿, a[pc XpS-ßn-bh. ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ]cn-Nm-c-I¿, ASn-a-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \K-c-hm-knIƒ. U¬ln B{K ap¿jn-Zm-_mZv Al- Ω - Z m- _ mZv [m° I¬°Ø kqdØv ss]Øm≥ lw]n n-°-S¬ -S¬ Im©o]pcw Ad-_ ° alm- _ - e n- ] pcw Dƒ Dd- b q¿ mƒ tImgn- t °mSv a[pc X©m- h q¿ wK sIm®n _ sIm√w a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse {][m\ hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-߃ a[y-Im-e C¥y-bnse {][m\ hmWnPytI{μ-߃ `q]-SØ - n¬\n∂v Is≠- ØpI. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse hmWnPytI{μ-ßf- psS ]ptcm-KX - nsb klm-bn® `qanim-kv{X-]c- a- mb s]mXp-kh - n-ti-jX Fs¥∂v N¿® sNøpI. 25 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw sXmgn¬tI-{μ-߃ Im¿Jm-\-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ henb apdn-Iƒ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw ImWp- ∂ p- ≠ v. Hcp apdn- b n¬ ta¬t\m- ´ - ° m- c \p Iogn¬ Nn{X- Ø p- ∂ ¬ \S- Ø p- ∂ - h sc ImWmw. as‰m- ∂ n¬ kz¿Æ- ∏ - W n- sb- S p- ° p- ∂ - h - s c-... Nmbw- ] q- i p- ∂ - h cpw sNcp- ∏ p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ - h cpw sht∆sd apdn-Ifn¬ ]Wn sNøp-∂p-≠v.... _¿Wn-b¿ _¿Wn-b¿ _¿Wn- b ¿ F∂ {^©v k ©mcn sXmgn¬tI- { μ- ß - s fbpw sXmgn¬hn-`m-K-ß-sf-bpw-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-∂-XmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn´-p≈ - X - v. sNt¶m-´-bnse Im¿Jm\˛Hcp s]bn‚ nwKv apKƒ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw sIm´m-c-ßfn- te°p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ \n¿Ωn®v hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂ tI{μ- ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Im¿Jm-\-I-ƒ GsX√mw sXmgn¬°q- ´ - ß - f mbn- c p∂p Im¿Jm- \ - I - f n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv? 26 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI P\-Pohn-Xw apKƒ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y kμ¿in® {^©v k©m-cn-bmb Sh¿Wn-b¿ C¥y-bnse kmaq-lnIPohn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p- ∂Xv {i≤n-°q. C¥y-bnse Hmtcm ÿe-ß-fn-sebpw P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn°pw hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn\pw `£-W-co-Xn°pw Imcy-amb hyXym-k-߃ D≠v. Bh-iy-Øn-tesd h¿W-s∏m-en-a-bp≈ hkv{Xw -[-cn-°p-∂- hscbpw \ma-am-{X-amb hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-h-scbpw ChnsS I≠p. Sh¿Wn-b¿ Sh¿Wn-b¿ Cu hnh-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v A∂sØ kmaq-lnIPohn-X-sØ-°p- dn®v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-߃ e`n-°pw? kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ih - p-amb Ak-aXz-߃ A°m-eØv P\- ߃°n-Sb - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Ah Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v t\m°mw. PmXn, DtZym-Kw, kºØv XpS-ßn-b-hsb ASn-ÿm-\- am°nbmWv kmaq-lnI]-Zh - n-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°s - ∏-´ncp-∂Xv. cmPm-°-∑m¿, {]`p-°∑m¿, ]ptcm-ln-X∑m¿, DtZymK-ÿ¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Db¿∂ kmaq-lnI-]-Zhn A\p-`-hn®p. ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifnepw Irjn-bnepw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂h - ¿ kaq- l-Ønse Xmsg X´nep≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm PmXn-bn¬s∏-´h - ¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb BNm-cß - fpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kXn, ssii-h-hn-hmlw XpS-ßn-b A\m-Nm-c-߃ \ne- \n∂n-cp∂p. hn⁄m-\t- I-{μ-amb C¥y \Ωƒ C¥y-°m¿°v GXv `m-j-bnepw kwkm-cn-°m-\m-Ipw. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°v \ΩpsS `mj hg-ßm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. hn⁄m-\- kºm-Z-\-Øn\v a‰p cmP cmPy-y-ß-fn-te°v C¥y-°m¿ t]mIp-∂n-√. a‰p≈ cmPcmPy-y- ß - f n¬ \n∂p≈h¿ C¥y- b n- t e°v hcn- I - b m- W v. NXp-cw-Kw, ]©-X-{¥w-I-Y-Iƒ, kwJym-imkv{Xw F∂nh temI- Øn\v C¥y \¬Inb kw`m-h-\IfmWv... Aao¿ Jp{kp 27 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw k¬Ø\Øv ImeØv Pohn®ncp∂ Ihn Aao¿ Jp{kp--hns‚ hm°p-I-fm-Wn-h. C¥y-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v CXn¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw a\- n-em-°mw? \fμ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-sb-°p-dn®v ap≥¢m- n¬ N¿® sNbv Xn-´p≠t√m. a[y-Im-e C¥y-bnepw \nc-h[n hnZym-tI-{μ-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZym¿∞nIƒ Cu hnZym-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ Adnhv tXSn-sb-Øn. _\m-d-kv, B{K, emtlm¿, Im©n, aYp-c, U¬ln F∂n-hn-S-ß- fnse hnZym-tI{μ-߃ Ch-bn¬ {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-im-kv{Xw F∂o hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ A°meØv ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn. `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy¿ cNn® eoem-hXn {it≤-ba- mb KWn-Xi- m-kv{X-{K-Ÿa - m-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ t]¿jy≥ `mj-bn-te°v X¿÷a sNø-s∏-´p. Pbv]q¿, U¬ln, D÷bn\n, _\m-dkv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hm\-\n-co-£W tI{μ- ߃ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse kmº-ØnI˛kmaq-lnI ÿnXnbpw˛ssh⁄m-\nI cwK-ßf- nse ]ptcm-KXnbpw' F∂ hnj-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\a- m°n Hcp skan- \m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y-bn-te°v h∂ k©m-cn-I-fp-sS Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ B Ime-L-´-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-c-߃ Xcp-∂p. I®-hS- Ø - n-\mbn \nc-h[n hntZ-in-Iƒ a[y-Im-eL - ´- Ø - n¬ C¥y-bn-te°v h∂p. Im¿jnI˛hmWnPy ]ptcm-KX - n°pth≠ klm-bß - ƒ `c- Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ sNbvXp sImSp-Øp. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ssIsØm-gnepw I®-hStI{μ-ßfpw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. 28 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI apKƒ cmPm-°∑ - m-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°∑ - m-cp-sSbpw sIm´m-cß - fn- te°p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ \n¿Ωn®v hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂ tI{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Im¿Jm-\-I-ƒ a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI Ak-aXzw \ne\n-∂n-cp-∂p. C¥y kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-s°m∏w hn⁄m\ ]ptcm-K- Xnbpw ssIh-cn-®p. Ncn-{X-t{km-Xkv F∂ \ne-bn¬ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse kmaq-lnI -kmº-ØnI Po-hn-Xw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p. \K-c-ß-fpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn® hnhn[Xcw kmº- ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. a[y-Ime C¥y hn⁄m-\-cw-KØv ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-KXn hni-Za- m-°p-∂p. a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse Im¿jn-I-{]h¿Ø-\-߃ anI-hp-‰- Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hni-Z-am-°pI. s\bvØn-s‚bpw I®-hS- Ø - n-s‚bpw hym]\w \K-cß - f- psS hf¿®sb klm-bn-®sXßs\? a[y-Ime C¥y-bn-te°v k©m-cn-Is - fbpw I®-hS- ° - m-scbpw BI¿jn® LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw? a[y-Ime C¥y hn⁄m-\-cw-KØv ssIh-cn® ]ptcmKXn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 29 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ]T- \ - b m- { XIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ k©m- c - ° p- d n- ∏ v Fgp-Xn Xbm-dm-°p-I. a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse {][m\ hmWnPy tI{μ-ßfpw Ah C∂v ÿnXn sNøp∂ kwÿm-\-ßfpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ k©mc kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm- dm-°p-I. Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ k©m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw AhcpsS {KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw ]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏ tS≠Xp≠v a[y-Ime C¥ybn-te°ph∂ k©m-cn-Iƒ Bsc-√m-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂v a[y- Ime C¥y-bnse P\-Po-hnXw hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ign-bpw. a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse kmaq-lnI˛kmº- Øn-Im-hÿ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. a[y-Ime C¥y-bpsS kº-∂X°v ASn- ÿm\w Irjn- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v Is≠Øm≥ Ign-bpw. s\bvØpw I®-h-Shpambn-cp∂p \Kc-ß- fpsS hf¿®bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂v Xncn-®- dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. a[y-Ime C¥ybnse hn⁄m-\-cw-KsØ ]ptcm-KXn Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. 30 a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw ""hgn... hgn HXpßn\n¬°Ww...'' temdn-If - n¬ \n∂v Npa-Sp-ambn \oßp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ hnfn®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A—-t\m-sSm∏w ]´-WØ - n-se-Ønb Rm≥ BZy-am-bmWv C{Xbpw henb ]®-°-dn-°-tºmfw ImWp-∂-Xv. F{X hep-Xm-Wo Itºmfw! aØ\pw sh≈-cnbpw ae- t]mse Iqºmcw Iq´n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]Sh-e-ß, Imc-‰v, Imt_-Pv, hmg-°p-e-, sh≠-bv°, ]mh-bv°... F{X-sb{X Xcw ]®-°d - n-If - m-Wn-hn-sS! Ah[n Ign-™p≈ Zn\- am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \√ Xnc-°m-bn-cp-∂p. FhnsS \n∂mWo ]®- °-dn-Is- fms° FØp-∂Xv?  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ssakqcp, Du´n, ta´p-∏m-f-bw, Iºw, tX\n, HsV≥®{Xw, \mK¿tImhn¬ F∂n-ßs\ Iptd ÿe-ßf - psS t]cp-Iƒ A—≥ F\n-°v ]d-™p-X-∂p. \ΩpsS {][m\`-£-W-amb Acn-bp-sS \s√mcp ]¶p-sa-Øp-∂Xv C\n-bp- tasd AIse koam{‘bn¬ \n∂pw HUnj-bn¬\n∂p-sam-s°- bm-W-t{X. apfIv, a√n, ]b¿, ISe... tIcfØn\v ]pdØp \n∂pw FØp∂ km[\ßfmWv H´pan°Xpw Fs∂\n°v t_m[y- ambn. C\n ]q°tfm? ap√∏q, sNØn, Pa¥n, Xmac F∂n- ßs\ tIcfØn¬ hn‰gn- °s∏Sp∂ ]q°ƒ FØp∂Xpw AXn¿Øn°∏p- d Øp \n∂p- Xs∂. \ap°v th≠ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]ehyRvP\߃, ]q°ƒ XpS-ßn- b-h-bn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw A\y-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p- h-tc≠nhcp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mbncn°mw? Hcp- I m- e Øv ]´- W - ß - f n¬ am{X- a mWv CØ- c - Ø n¬ ]pdØp\n∂pw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]q°fpsams° FØn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v \ΩpsS \m´n≥]p-d-ß-fnepw CXp-Xs∂ ÿnXn. ]®-°-dn-Ifpw `£y-[m-\y-ß-fp-sams° \ap°v Xs∂ Irjn sNbvXp-IqtS? CXn\v Fs¥m-s°-bmWv ASn-ÿm-\L - S- I - ß - f - mbn th≠-Xv? hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv A\p-tbm-Py-amb Imem-hÿ Pee`yX a\p-jym-[zm\w at‰sX-¶nepw LS-I-ß-fp-s≠- ¶n¬ Iq´n-t®¿°q. 32 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI Ab¬\mSp-am-sbmcp Xmc-Xayw tIc-f-Øn-te°v ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]q°fpw ]ehyRvP-\-ßfpw FØn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Xan-gv\m-SmWv ap∂n¬. Xan-gv\m-´n-sebpw tIc- f-Øn-sebpw Im¿jn-I-km-l-Ncy߃ \ap-s°m∂v Xmc-Xayw sNbvXmtem? t\csØ \mw Is≠-Ønb ASn-ÿm-\L - S- I - ß - ƒ ap≥\n¿Øn-bmImw Xmc-Xa - yw. Xmsg \¬Inb ]´n-II - ƒ t\m°q. {][m\ aÆn-\ß - ƒ Pee`yX tIcfw Xangv\mSv tIcfw Xangv\mSv $ hm¿jnI ag $ hm¿jnI ag 300 sk.ao. 95.9 sk.ao. F°¬aÆv sNΩÆv $ 44 \ZnIƒ $ 14 \ZnIƒ $ ag e`n°p∂Xn- $ag IpdhmbXn\m¬ em‰-ssd‰v aÆv Idp-Øa - Æv \m¬ ]ebnSß- PetkN\ kuIcyw fnepw PetkN\- hym]Iambn G¿s∏- h\-aÆv em‰s-sd‰v aÆv kuIcy-ßfpsS SptØ-≠X - p≠v. BhiyIXbn√. sNΩÆv Xoc-tZi aÆv tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-´nepw GXm≠v Htc-X-c-Øn-ep≈ aÆn-\- KT 45-3/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1 ß-fmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Irjn°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm- Py-amb F°¬aÆv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. ag-bpsS -e-`y-X-bn-em- Is´ tIcfw Xan-gv\m-Sn-t\-°mƒ Gsd ap∂n-em-Wv. as‰-s¥ms° \nK-a-\-ß-fn-seØmw? 33 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw tIcfw Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]tZ-i- am-sW∂v t_m[y-am-bnt√? Irjn-°-\p-Iq-e-amb Cu kml-N-cy-ß-sf tIc-fw Hcp ImeØv th≠-hn[w D]--tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. sXßv, s\√v, ac-®o\n, tN\, Im®n¬ XpS-ßnb hnf-I-sf-°q-SmsX Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, C©n, Gew XpS-ßnb kpK‘hnf-Ifpw hf-cp-∂X - n\v A\p-Iqe kml- N-cy-ß-fp≈ \mSmWv tIc-fw. tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu Im¿jn-I-ssh-hn-[y-hpw AXn\p Imc-W-amb `q{]-IrXnkhn-ti-j-X-I-f-pw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n°mw. tIc-fØ - ns‚ `q{]-IrXnsshhn[yhpw Irjnbpw kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n-¬ \n∂p≈ Db-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f- Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xnsb ae-\m-Sv, CS-\m-Sv, Xoc-{]-tZiw F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-°m-sa∂v ap≥ ¢m n¬ \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu `q{]-IrXn hn`m-Kß - tfmtcm-∂nepw Irjn sNøp∂ hnf-Iƒ°v Nne {]tXy- I- X - I fp≠v. sshhn- [ y- tIcfw am¿∂ hnf- I ƒ Irjn sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amWv I¿Wm-SI \ΩpsS `q{]-IrXn. e£ Xan-gv\mSv Zzo ] vI S¬ In.ao. Nn{Xw 3.1 34 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI ae-\mSv Nn{Xw 3.2 tIcfØns‚ Ing-°≥ {]tZi-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ae- tPm¨ tPmk^v a¿^n \m´n¬ agbpw a™pw XWp∏pw GsdbmWv. kap-{Z- Ab¿e‚ v \n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw hfsc Db-cØn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂ kztZ- i n- b mb kly-]¿ΔX\nc-bpsS `mK-amWnhnSw. ChnsS Irjn Ct±lw C¥y- bnse d_¿ sNøp∂ Gew, tXbne F∂o hnf-If - mWv Nn{X-Øn¬. Irjn-bpsS (Nn{Xw 3.2). Cu hnf-If - psS hf¿®-°m-hi - y-amb `qanim- (1872 ˛ 1957) ]nXm-hm-bmWv kv{X-L-S-I߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. Adn- b - s ∏- S p- Xm]-\n-e 30 Un{Kn sk¬jy-kn¬ Xmsg- ∂Xv. At±lw kplr-Øp-°- tfm- s Sm∏w s]cn- b m- d ns‚ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ ag XocØv Bep-h-bv°-Sp-Ømbn \o¿hm¿®bp≈ aÆv 1902˛¬ d_¿ Irjn XpS-ßn. ae-\m-Sns‚ ÿm\w `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 3.1) \nco-£n®v ]n∂oSv At±lw tIm´bw Pn√- Is≠-Øq. Gew, IpcpapfIv, C©n, a™ƒ XpS-ßnb bn¬ ap≠- ° - b - Ø n- \ - S pØv G¥-bm-dn¬ hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\- kpK-‘h - nf-Iƒ°pw tXbn-e, Im∏n XpS-ßnbhbv°pw Øn¬ d_¿ Irjn Bcw-`n®p. A\p-tbmPyamb Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv Chn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. tIhew Hcp πm‚¿ am{X-am-bn- Cu `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn-¬ \n∂pw e`n® kpK-‘- cp- ∂ n√ a¿^n. sXmgn- e m- f n- hn-f-I-fpsS s]cp-a-bmWv tIc-fsØ hntZ-in-I-fpsS Iƒ°mbn s]≥j≥ B\p-Iq- {]nb-s∏´ CS-am-°n-bs- X∂v Ncn-{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ ey-߃, \m´p-Im¿°mbn hnZym- e-b-߃, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ tIc-fØ - ns‚ Imem-hÿ - b - nepw `qhn-\n-tbm-KØ - nepw F∂nh At±lw ]WnXp h∂ am‰-߃ Cu taJ-e-bnse Im¿jn-I Dev]m-Z- \¬In. \sØ Gsd _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. 35 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw \ΩpsS ae-\mSv {]tZiw GsXms° hnf-I-fpsS Irj-n°mWv A\p- tbmPyw? ]´n-I-bm-°q. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \n߃ ]´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb hnf-Iƒ ae- \m-´n¬ Irjn sNøm\mIp-∂Xv? CS-\mSv Xoc-{]-tZ-iØ - n\pw ae-\m-Sn-\p-an-Sb - n-em-bmWv CS-\mSv. tIc-fØ - n¬ G‰hpw A[nIw hnf-ssh-hn-[y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv. `£y-[m- \y-߃, ]®-°d - n-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-h¿§-߃ XpS-ßn-bh CS-\m-´nse hnf-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. at‰-sXms° hnf-I-fmWv CS- \m-´n¬ {][m-\-ambpw Irjn sNøp-∂-sX∂v Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 3.3) t\m°n Is≠-Øq. Nn{Xw 3.3 [mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ ag, Cu taJ-e-bnse sNdpIp∂n≥ {]tZißfnse em‰-ssd‰v aÆns‚bpw \Zo-X-S-ß-fnse F°¬ aÆn-s‚bpw kmam\yw I\Ø Bh-cWw XpS-ßn A\p-Iq-e `qan- imkv{XLS-Iß - fmWv C - S-\m-´nse hnf-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v Imc-Ww. tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ hmWn-Py-hn-f-bmb d_¿ Irjn sNøp-∂- Xn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amWnhn-Sw. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn-emWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ d_¿ hym]-I-ambn Irjn sNøm≥ XpS-ßp∂-Xv. AXp-hsc ac-®o-\n, Im®n¬, tN\ XpS- ßnb Ing-ßp-h¿K-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw hym]-I-ambn Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p. GØ-hmg Irjn-bpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hym]-I-am- bn- c p- ∂ p. CS- \ mSns‚ Cu hnf- s sh- h n[yw AXn- t hKw d_- d n\v hgn- a m- d p- I - b m- W v. sNdnb IrjnbnS- ß ƒt]mepw C∂v d_¿ Irjn-°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ \´v 36 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI hnf-sh-Sp∏v XpS-ßn-bm¬ Gsd-°mew hnfhv e`n-°p-sa∂Xv d_- dns‚ ta∑-bm-Wv. I¿j-I¿ ]c-º-cm-KX hnf-Iƒ Dt]-£n®v d_¿ Irjn-bn-te°v amdm≥ Imc-Ws- a-¥m-bn-cn°mw? CXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xs- si-en-bn¬ D≠m-°p∂ am‰-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn°pw? N¿® sNøq. Xoc-{]-tZiw Nn{Xw 3.4 kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂pw A[nIw Db-c-an-√mØ {]tZ-i-amWv Xoc- {]-tZiw. Fs¥m-s°-bmWv Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse apJy-hn-f-Iƒ? Nn{Xw 3.4 ]cn-tim-[n-°q. Xmgv∂ CS-ß-fnse F°¬a-Æns‚ \nt£]w s\¬°r-jn°pw Xoc{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse D∏p-c-k-ap≈ F°¬a-Æv sXßv Irjn°pw Gsd A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv. Cu hnf-Iƒ kar-≤-ambn Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ta-J-e- Iƒ Ime-{I-taW P\-hm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fmbn amdm≥ XpS-ßn. CXv Irjn`qanbpsS Af-hn¬ Imcy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-°n. hnØv, hfw, XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse hne h¿≤\hv Irjn BZm-b-I-ca√mXm-°n. CXp-aqew I¿j-I¿ a‰p sXmgn-ep-If - n-te°v amdm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X- cm-bn. `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ - , Pe-e`- y-X, aÆns‚ hf-°qdv F∂nh tIc-fØ - n¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnf-Iƒ Irjn sNøp-∂X - n\v A\p-Iq-ea- m-sW-∂v a\- n- em-bt√m? F∂n´pw tIc-fØ - n¬ Irjn ]n∂m°w t]mIm≥ CS-bm°nb kml-Ncyw F¥v? N¿® sNøq. 37 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw Irjnsb s\t©-‰nb \mSv tIcfw Hcp Im¿jn-Ik - w-kI v m-cØ - ns‚ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p- F∂Xn\v sXfn-hmbn At\Iw BtLm-j-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw \ΩpsS \m´n-ep-s≠∂v ap≥ ¢m n¬ \n߃ a\knem°nbn´p≠t√m. \ΩpsS \m´nse Nne ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ {i≤n-°q. "Ipw`-Øn¬ ag s]bvXm¬ Ip∏-bnepw amWnIyw', "Ipw`-Øn¬ \´m¬ IpS-tØmfw tN\', "ao\-Øn¬ \´mtem ao≥ IÆn-t\m-fw', "Xncnapdn-bmsX Xncp-hm-Xnc Rm‰p-th-e...' CsX√mw Irjnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cØ- n¬ F{X-am{Xw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\p≈ sXfnhpI-fm-Wv. Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ Is≠-Øq. Ah-sb- °p-dn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°q. amdp∂ `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw, amdp∂ Pohn-X{- Iaw tIcfØnse Nne {][m\ hnfIfpsS `qhnkvXrXnbn¬ Ign™ Ac\q‰m≠n\nsS D≠mbn´p≈ hyXymkamWv NphsS tN¿°p∂ ]´nIbn¬. h¿jw hnf 1961 1987 2011 (`qhnkvXrXn e£w slIvSdn¬) s\√v 7.5 6.04 2.08 ac®o\n 2.37 1.72 0.75 sXßv 5.05 7.75 8.21 d_¿ 1.33 3.59 5.40 Ahew_w : ^mw ssKUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v F°tWmanIvkv & Ãm‰nÃnIvkv 38 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI GsXms° hnfIfpsS `qhnkvXrXnbnemWv Ipdhv tcJ- s∏-Sp-Øn--bn-´p-≈X - v? GXp hnfbpsS `qhnkvXrXnbmWv G‰hpw Ipd™n´p≈Xv? GsXms° hnfIfpsS `qhnkvXrXnbmWv IqSnbn´p≈Xv? apI-fn¬ \¬Inb tNmZy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]´nI hni- I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ Fs¥√mw \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°mw? s\√v, ac-®o-\n F∂o hnf-I-fpsS Irjn-bn¬ Ipdhv hcp- tºmƒ d_¿°rjn hym]n-°p-∂Xmbn ImWmw. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-`q-hn-\n-tbm-K-Ønepw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ henb am‰-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ipf-ßfpw hb-ep-Ifpw aÆn´v \nIØn a‰m-h-iy-߃°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Ip∂n-Sn-°- epw Ip∂n≥Ncn-hp-I-fn¬ Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn Irjn sNøp-∂-Xp- sams° C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Irjn-`q-an- Ipd-bp∂Xv Im¿jnI taJ-eb - n¬ D≠m-°p∂ am‰-߃ Fs¥m- s°-bm-bn-cn°pw? N¿® sNøp-I. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 amdp∂ Pohn-X{- Iaw 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 ]mSØpw ]d-ºn-ep-sams° A≤zm-\n-®n-cp∂hcm-bn-cp∂p \ΩpsS ]gb Xe-ap-d. \qX\ sXmgn¬ta-J-e-Iƒ h∂-tXmsS ]pXnb Xe-apdbv°v Irjn-tbm-Sp≈ XmXv]cyw Ipd-™p. Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hcp-am\w a‰p taJ-e-I-fn-¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Irjn sas√ Dt]-£n-°-s∏-´p. s]mXpsh Imbn-Im-[zm\w IqSp-X¬ th≠ Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ae-bmfn ]Xps° ]n≥am-dm≥ XpS-ßn. CXv Pohn-X-co-Xn- bnepw Btcm-Ky-kp-c-£-bnepw A-\-h[n am‰-߃°n-S-bm-°n. 39 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw Pohn-Xssienbn-ep-≠mb am‰-ßf- mWv ]pXp-Xe - a - pdtcmK-ßf - mb c‡-k-Ω¿±w, lrt{Zm-Kw, {]talw F∂nhbv°v apJy Imc-W- at{X. Pohn-Xs - sieo tcmK-߃ F∂m-Wn-hbv°v s]mXp-sh-bp≈ t]cv. Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v amdnb ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X- ssi- e n- b n¬ Fs¥ms° am‰- ß - f mWv D≠m- b n- ´ p- ≈ - X v ? ]´nIs∏SpØq. {KmaoW Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p \K-c-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb PohnXcoXn- bn-te°v amdnb ae-bmfn C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\-amWv amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-Ww. {Kma-ß-fn¬t]mepw amen-\y- kw-kvI-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. ho´nse amen-\y-߃ Ahn-sS-Øs∂ kwkvI-cn-®v ssPh-h-f-am- °m\pw ]®-°-dn-tØm-´-ß-fnepw Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn- °m\p-ap≈ ]pXnb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°cn--°msX C\n \ap°v apt∂m´p t]mIm-\m-hn-√. amen-\y-w Zp¿K‘w han-°msX kwkvI-cn-°m≥ C∂v \nc-h[n am¿§ßƒ {]Nm-cØ - n-ep-≠v. ho´nse amen-\y-ßf - n¬ AgpIn-s∏m- Sn-bp-∂h D]-tbm-Kn®v aÆnc ItºmÃv Xøm-dm-°mw. Cu hnZy ASp-Øp≈ Irjn`h-\n¬ At\z-jn-®-dn-bq. ssPh-am-en-\y-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v _tbm-Kymkv \n¿Ωn-°p-Ib - mWv as‰m-∂v. _tbm-Kymkv πm‚ v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°m¿ k_vknUnbpw \¬Ip-∂p. \ap-°ptXSmw _Z-ep-Iƒ tIc-fw C∂v `qan-imkv{X khntijX-If - psS km[y-XIƒ {]tbm- P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn\p ]Icw Im¿jnI kwkvIm-c-sØ hn´-I-∂- Xmbn I≠nt√? ]q¿W-ambpw Hcp Xncn-®p-t]m°v C\n km[y-amtWm? AXn-\p-I- gn-bn-s√-¶nepw Nne _Z-ep-Iƒ \ap°v kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Nne amXr-I-Iƒ {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 3.5, 3.6). 40 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI Nn{Xw 3.5 41 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw _Z-ep-Iƒ km[y-XI - ƒ Irjn sNøm-s\¥n\m aÆv ! Irjn sNø- W - s a- ∂ p- ≠ v , ]t£ aÆn√. \K-ch - m-kn-If - psS ÿncw ]cm- Xn- I - f n- s em- ∂ m- W n- X v. sslt{Um- t]mWnIvkv AXn-s\mcp ]cn-lm-ca - m- Wv. kky- h - f ¿®- b v ° m- h - i y- a mb [mXpe-hW - ß- ƒ sh≈-Øn-ee - n-bn®v \¬Ip-Ib - m-Wn-hn-sS. thcp-Iƒ°v ]S- cm≥ sXm≠v, Nc¬ XpS-ßnb hkvXp- °ƒ \¬Im-hp-∂X - m-Wv. hf- s c- ° p- d ®v ÿew D≈h¿°v - t]mepw ho´n¬ ]®- ° dntØm´w D≠m- ° m≥ klm- b - I - a mWv sh¿´n°¬ s\‰v ^manw-Kv. apf-bntem Iºp- I - f ntem hne- I p- d ™ he IpØs\ hen- ® p- s I- ´ n- b mWv Cu Irjn-coXn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ ]bdpw ]mh-ep-sams° apI- f n- t e°v ]S- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ ÿe°p-dhv {]-iv\a - m-In-√. Nn{Xw 3.6 ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ Irjn°v \qdp-ta\n hnfhv Ip´-\m-´nse BZysØ ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ I¿j-Ic - n-sem-cm-fmWv ]n.sP. tXmakv. s\¬Ir- j n- b n- e mWv At±lw Xs‚ Im¿jnI ]co- £ Ww \S- Ø n- b - X v. AsX-ßs - \-sb∂v Adn-tbt≠? CXm tIt´m-fq. NmWIw, tKmaq-{Xw, ]mSsØ aÆv XpS-ßn-bh {]tXyI A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ Iq´n-°- e¿Øn GXm\pw Znhkw AS-®p-aqSn sh®p. Cu an{inXw s\¬s®-Sn-Iƒ°p-aosX hoin Hgn-®p. ssPh-an-{in-Xa - m-bX - p-sIm≠v sNSn-bn¬ hoWmepw Ipg-∏a - n-√. 15 Znhkw hoXw CS-hn´v CXv aq∂pXhW Bh¿Øn-®p. Btcm-Ky-tØmsS hf¿∂ s\¬s®Sn- I-fn¬ \ndsb IXn-cv. cmk-Irjn sNbvX a‰p ]mS-ßf - n-sems° G°-dn\v c≠c S¨ s\√v In´n-bt- ∏mƒ tXma-kv tN´\v In´n-bXv 3 S¨ s\√v! 42 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI Cu amXr-I-I-fn¬ Nne-sX√mw A\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-Wv. CXn-eqsS \ap°v \ΩpsS \jvSs∏´ Irjnsb ]q¿W-ambn Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Bhn- s √- ¶ nepw aÆns\ \ne- \ n¿Øm- \ mhpw. aÆns‚ \o¿hm¿Nbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ipfn¿abpw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Bbm¬ Xs∂ AXv hen-sbmcp t\´-am-Wv. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 k¿°mcns‚ t{]m’ml\w 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI ]mc-ºcyw Xncn- ® p- ] n- S n- ° m≥ k¿°m- c ns‚ Nne \qX-\-Ir-jn-co-Xn-Iƒ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ lcn-X-Kr-l-Irjn (Green house Farming) Bhn- j v I - c n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v. P\ßsf sImSpw-XW- p-∏p≈ CS-ßf - n¬ hnf-Iƒ \in-®p-t]m-Im- Irjn sNøm≥ t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ Xn-cn-°m-\mbn kv^SnI ta¬°qcbp≈ apdn-I-fn¬ \nch[n kvIoap-Ifpw k¿°m¿ Xe- Ahsb hf¿Øp-∂ c - o-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. Øn-ep≠v. shPn‰_nƒ B‚ v {^q´v IrXyXm-Irjn (Precision Farming) Hmtcm {]tZ-i-sØbpw aÆn\pw hnfbv°pw Hmtcm s{]mtamj≥ Iu¨kn¬ tIcf kabØpw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-N-cWw (sh≈w, hfw ( V.F.P.C.K), AØc-Ønep≈ Hcp F∂n-h) IrXyamb Af-hn¬ \¬Ip∂ Irjn-co-Xn-bm- kwcw`am-Wv. Wn-Xv. ]®-°d- n-Ir-jn-°\ - p-tbm-Py-amb \o¿hm¿®bpw ]g߃, ]®°dnIƒ, kpK‘- kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw e`n-°p∂ GXv ÿehpw IrXyXm Irjn°v {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Ømw. hnfIƒ, Iq¨ C\߃, Huj[ s^¿´n-tK-j≥ (Fertigation) kky- ß ƒ F∂nhbpsS Irjn sh≈hpw hfhpw IWn-Im-cq-]Ø - n¬ {Un∏-dp-If - n-eqsS t{]m’mln∏n-°pI F∂ e£y \¬Ip∂ coXn-bmWv s^¿´n-tK-j≥. ]q¿Æ-ambpw tØmsSbmWv kwÿm\ tlmƒ´n sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ cmk-hf - ß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p- Iƒ®¿ anj≥ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. ∂-Xp-sIm≠v sNSn-Iƒ°v Ah thK-Øn¬ hen-s®-Sp- °m≥ Ign-bpw. tX\o® hf¿Ø¬ t{]m’mln∏n- °pI F∂Xpw Cu anjs‚ e£y amWv. Irjn-h-Ip∏pw IpSpw-_-{io a - n- j \pw a‰p \nc- h [n GP≥kn- Ifpw Irjn t{]m’mln∏n °p ∂Xn¬ k¿°m- c ns\ klmbn- °p- ∂ p- ≠ v. 43 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw I¿j-IZ- n\w Nnßw 1 I¿j-I-Zn-\-am-Wv. Cu h¿jsØ I¿j-I-Zn\w \nß-fpsS kvIqfn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv BtLmjn°p-∂Xv? Iq´mbn Nn¥n-°p-at√m. lcn-X-tI-cfw tIc-fØ - ns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw aÆpw Imem-hÿ - b - p-sa√mw Irjn°v G‰hpw A\p-Iq-ea - m-Wv. CXns\ D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp Pohn- X-ssi-en-bn-te°v tIcfob¿ amtd-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw Ah¿°m-hi - y-ap≈ ]®-°d - n-Iƒ ho´p-]d - º - n¬ Irjn sNøp-∂p. kvIqƒ D®-`-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-°m-h-iy-amb ]®-°-dn-Iƒ kvIqƒ tImºu-≠n¬Øs∂ Irjn sNbvXp-≠m-°p-∂p. \m´n-seßpw hnj-an-√mØ ]®-°-dn-Ifpw `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw hnf-bp∂p. ]mSØpw ]d-ºnepw A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Pohn-X-ssieo tcmK-ßf - pan√. Cß-s\-sbmcp \msf-bmWv \ap°p th≠-Xv. \msa-√m-hcpw Hcp- t]mse D’m-ln-®m¬ CsXms° \njv{]-bmkw km[n-°m-hp- ∂- t Xbp≈q. `q{]- I r- X n, aÆv , Imem- h ÿ, ag, \Zn- I ƒ Chsbms° Im¿jn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-Iq-e-amb \Ωp- sS \mSns‚ Im¿jn- I - k w- k v I mcw hos≠- S p- ° m≥ \ap°v ssItIm¿°mw. 44 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn-ssh-hn[yw Im¿jn-I-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v A\p-Iqe kml-Ncyw Hcp-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - ns‚ `q-hn-\n-tbm-KØ - n¬ am‰-߃ D≠mbn-´p-≠v. CXv Irjn-bpsS hym]-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. XnI®pw ]cn- ÿ nXnkulr- Z - ] - c - a mb Irjn- c o- X n- b mWv ssPhhfw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ -Ir-jn-co-Xn. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kwkvImcw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn- \mbp≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Irjn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn \nc-h[n k¿°m¿ ]≤Xn- Iƒ D≠v. tIc-fw C∂v `£yhkvXp-°ƒ°mbn Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ß- sf-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p- ∂p. Irjn-°\ - p-Iq-ea- mb `qan-imkv{X LS-Iß- f- mWv tIc-fØ - n-ep- ≈-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ - , aÆn-\ß - ƒ F∂n-hb - nse sshhn[yw Im¿jnI sshhn-[y-Øn\v Imc-W-ambn F∂p-Xn- cn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse Im¿jnI `qhn-\n-tbm-KØ - n¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ am‰- ߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. `£ykzbw-]c - ym-]vXX - b - v°m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ G¿s∏- Sm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw cq]s∏Sp-∂p. 45 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw tIc-fØ - ns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ - , aÆn-\ß- ƒ F∂nh- bnse sshhn-[yw Im¿jnI sshhn-[ysØ kzm[o-\n- °p∂pt≠m? DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-°p-I. `£y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-X-bv°mbn Hmtcm hy‡nbpw I¿Ω- \n- c - X - c m- t I- ≠ - X p- ≠ v. hnZym¿∞n F∂ \ne- b n¬ Fs¥ms° {Inbm-flI - \ - S- ] - S- n-If - mWv CXn-\mbn \n߃°v Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-I? Xcn-ip-In-S° - p∂ ]mS-ßf - n¬ Iq´mbn Irjn sNøm≥ Irjn- °msc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°q. PetkN\w, If ]dn-bv°¬, hf-{]-tbmKw F∂nh Hcpan®v sNøp-∂-Xns‚ sa®-߃ ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøq. Irjn Hm^o-kd - p-ambn A`n-apJw \SØn \qX-\I- rjn coXn- I-sf-°p-dn®v hnhcw tiJ-cn-°q. 46 tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw  Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw arK-ßsf th´-bm- Snbpw Kpl-I-fn¬ Xma-kn®pw Ign-™n-cp∂ Ncn{Xw Hm¿°p- at√m. C∂v Aßs\ Hcp Pohn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\m-Iptam? sam´vkqNn a-- p-X¬ Ir{Xntam]-{Klw hsc FÆn-bm¬ Xocm-Ø{X km[-\-߃ C∂v D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. \n߃ Hcp Znhkw D]-tbm- Kn-°p∂ km[-\-ßfpsS t]cv Fgp-Xn-t\m-°q. t]\ ]pkvXIw F¥mWv km[-\-߃ F∂-XpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? a\p- jys‚ Bhiy-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂Xpw ImWm\pw kv]¿in-°m\pw Ign-bp∂Xpamb hkvXp-°fmWv km[-\-߃ (Goods). \n߃ apI-fn¬ Fgp-Xnb F√m km[-\- ߃°pw Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dt≠m F∂v t\m°q. \n߃ Fgp-Xnb F√m km[-\-ßfpw \n¿an-°p-hm\pw hnX-  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw cWw sNøp-hm\pw [mcmfw Bfp-I-fpsS tkh-\-߃ D]-tbm- Kn-°m-dp-≠t√m. F¥mWv tkh\w (Service)? Hcp DZm-l-cWw t\m°mw. \n߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]pkvXIw A®-Sn-®Xv AI-se-bp≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]kn¬ Bbn-cn-°pw. AXv \nß-fpsS ssIhiw FØn-bXv ]e BfpIfpsSbpw {]h¿Ø\^eambmWv. Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ Fs¥√mw Dƒs∏-´n-´p-s≠∂v t\m°mw. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ KXm-KX- k - u-Icysamcp°p∂h¿ ]pkvXI hnXcW°m¿ Ch-sc√mw \¬Ip∂Xv tkh-\-߃ BWv. tkh-\-߃ ]e- t∏m-gpw ImWp-hmt\m kv]¿in-°p-hmt\m Ign-bn√ adn®v A\p- `-hn-®d - n-bmw. A[ym-]\w Hcp tkh-\a - m-Wv. _m¶v DtZym-Kÿ - ¿, tUmIvS¿am¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c - n¬ \n∂pw \ap°v Pohn-XØ- n¬ tkh- \-߃ e`n°m-dp-≠v. \mw Znh-tk\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw ]´nI-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-Ipw. C{Xbpw km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw \ΩpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠n-bm-Wv \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X -.v AXp-sIm-≠v Ah Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°≠-Xp≠v. F¥mWv Dev]m-Z\w (Production)? a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv Dev]m-Z-\w. Dev]m-Z-\- ^-e-ambn e`n-°p-∂XmWv Dev]∂w (Product). s\√v F∂ Dev]∂w cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hnhn[ L´ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v Nn{Xw 4.1˛¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øm-a-t√m. \new Hcp-°¬ hnØv hnX-bv°¬/Rm¿ \So¬ If ]dn-°¬ hfw hnXd¬ 48 Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS  Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI Nn{Xw 4.1 sImbvØv I‰ saXn-°¬ s\√v tiJ-cn-°¬ ChnsS s\√p¬]m- Z \w F∂ {]{In- b - b n¬ GsX√mw LSIßfpsS ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≠v? sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-߃ (`qan, Pew...) a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-°-ƒ(hfw, hnØv b{¥-߃,....) \nc-h[n LS-I-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn am{Xta Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-Ib- p≈q F∂v a\ n-emb-t√m. Cßs\ Hcp Dev]∂ - Ø - ns‚ Dev]m-Z\ - Ø- n\v klm-bn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-Iß - fmWv Devv]m-Z\ - - L-SI- ß - ƒ. Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃ (Factors of Production) Nn{Xw 4.2 49 Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS  kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw Hcp sNcp∏v \n¿ΩmW ^mIvS-dn-bpsS Nn{X-amWv (Nn{Xw 4.2) sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. sNcp∏v F∂ Dev]∂w \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn¬ GsX√mw LSIßfpsS klmbw e`n-®n-´p-≠v? sI´n-Sß - ƒ b{¥-߃ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ sshZypXn kwLm-SI - ≥ Ch Fß-s\-bmWv sNcp∏v F∂ Dev]∂w D≠m-°p-hm≥ klmbn-®Xv F∂v N¿® sNbvXp Is≠-Øm-at- √m. Cßs\ Dev]m- Z-\Ø - n\v klm-bn-°p∂ LS-Iß - sf s]mXpth \membn XcwXn- cn-°mw. `qan (Land) sXmgn¬ (Labour) aqe-[\w (Capital) kwLm-S\w (Organization) Ch Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t\m°mw: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 `qan (Land) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn-emWv `qan F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p?