Social Studies 10 Midterm Exam PDF

Unit 0: Context Privilege: an advantage given to a person or group because off social status and ability Equality: everyone receives the same treatment, rights and opportunities Equity: recognizes the different circumstances and gives resources needed for each group to achieve the same outcome Impli...

Unit 0: Context Privilege: an advantage given to a person or group because off social status and ability Equality: everyone receives the same treatment, rights and opportunities Equity: recognizes the different circumstances and gives resources needed for each group to achieve the same outcome Implicit bias: attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, actions and decisions unconsciously →(Implicit = Implied/ assumed) Explicit bias: biases that some individuals choose to conceal for the purposes of social/political correctness →eg. sexism (explicit= explained/ very clear) Where does bias come from? ​ Natural human drive to find patterns and categorize ​ Biases are mistakes our brain makes ​ Cultural conditioning, media portrayals, upbringing Prejudice: prejudgement, unjustified, negative attitude towards an individual/ group → eg. gender, ethnic, social status, culture Stereotyping: an overgeneralized belief about a particular group of people (does not need to be negative) Discrimination: unjust behaviour acting on prejudice Unit 1: Government Parliamentary Vocab Executive Branch -​ Makes and executes government decisions ​ Prime Minister → Most powerful decision in Canada/head of federal government -​ Leader of party in power (leader of party with the most seats in the House of Commons) -​ Names senators and senior judges for appointment -​ Appoints and dismisses all members of cabinet -​ Controls agenda of cabinet, greatly influences activities and priorities of it ​ Cabinet -​ Appointed by PM -​ Advise -​ Made up of all parties -​ Ministers are elected politicians from party with most seats Legislative branch -​ debates, makes, amends laws -​ Hold government accountable ​ Senate -​ Upper chamber -​ Appointed by Gov general on advice by the PM -​ Represents provinces and territories  -​ 105 senators - retire at 75 ​ House of Commons -​ Lower chamber -​ Elected to represent electoral district/ridings -​ Currently 338 seats -​ Representation by population Judicial Branch -​ Made of courts, administrative boards and tribunals at all levels -​ Interpreting laws/ passing judgements -​ Separated from other branches to make sure it's fair ​ Supreme Court of Canada -​ Highest and final court of appeal -​ Final say on major cases in priv/ pub laws -​ Can deny appeal if not worthy -​ Answer questions of law asked by cabinet ​ Provincial/Territorial Courts -​ Lower courts (majority of courts in Canada) -​ Most criminal offences, civil and family laws Backbenchers -​ All members of the governing party who aren’t in cabinet Caucus -​ Type of meeting with MPs and senate from the same party -​ Private place where they can debate their policy and differences Party Whip -​ Mp in charge of disciplining their members when they speak out of turn Public Servants -​ Employees of federal gov that represents link between citizens and the gov -​ Do daily tasks - answering questions, gathering stats, deliver mail Deputy Minister -​ Senior public servant -​ Play large role in advising ministers and drafting laws Governor General -​ Represents the king (monarch) Leaders of the Opposition -​ Leader of the second largest party in the House of Commons Official Opposition -​ Party with second most seats -​ Raise concern and questions current gov to make them seem less effective Member of Parliament -​ Elected representatives in the House of Commons (based on electoral districts) Parliament -​ Canada’s legislature, federal institution with power (laws, taxes, gov spending) -​ Canadian parliament: “bicameral”: 2 rooms - senate and House of Commons -​ Legislative branch - holds gov accountable Shadow Cabinet -​ Made of opposition MPs -​ Each member focuses on at least one gov department -​ Presents questions, criticism and suggestions to departments cabinet minister Majority Government -​ Ultimate goal of a political party -​ Party holds more than half the seats in the House of Commons Minority Government -​ Winner holds more seats than any other party but not more than the others combined -​ Can’t pass bills into law without votes from the other parties - requires cooperation between parties to make progress -​ If remaining parties unite, they can unseat the governing party and force an election through a vote of non-confidence Coalition Government -​ Type of minority government where two parties join together temporarily -​ Cabinet made of members of both parties involved Bill -​ Proposed law that may or may not be passed into an actual law -​ Legislative branch’s responsibility -​ Happens in House of Commons Constitution -​ Governing legal framework that provides a stable democratic government -​ Defines power of the executive branch at both federal and provincial levels Question Period: -​ Time for opposition members to raise concerns → questioning the government 7 steps Bill to Law: 1.​ First Reading: -​ The bill is introduced in the House of Commons -​ No discussion for now, bill is printed and distribute to all members for consideration 2.​ Second reading: -​ MPs debate bill’ principle - main idea of scope -​ Doesn’t involve criticism of specific points or clauses 3.​ Committee Stage: -​ Smaller group of MPs study the bill (closely, clause by clause) -​ Committee may hear from witnesses (research officers/experts) to consult on bill if necessary -​ Amendments can be proposed and developed 4.​ Report Stage: -​ MPs in the House of Commons suggest amendments to the text of the bill -​ Amendments are debated before approved  5.​ Third reading: -​ Debate whether it should be passed by HOC -​ Final vote called, if carried, bill is “passed” by HOC 6.​ The Senate: -​ Senate reviews the bill out forward by the HOC -​ Final check, almost always approved → Senate has power to suggest amendments or send bills back (Senate not elected, no pacific qualifications, chosen for party support, not collective representation) Political Ideologies: ​ What are they? -​ A system of beliefs about politics -​ A view of the world held by social class or group of people -​ Political ideas that represent class or social interests -​ Political doctrine that asserts a monopoly of truth Monopoly: exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a service Doctrine: belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party or other group Different Political Ideologies: Democracy: -​ Translates to “rule by the people” -​ FULL democracy in its purest form** a kind of government where people rule themselves -​ An ideal/an attempt to achieve perfection ​ Elements of a Modern Democracy: -​ Constitution (set of rules = ideas and values) -​ Human rights are protected -​ Basic Freedom (protects citizens from discrimination) -​ Regularly scheduled elections -​ Universal suffrage (Right to vote) -​ Judicial and political separation (separate courts and government) -​ Several levels of government (Canada = federal Union) ​ Direct democracy: -​ All citizens participate directly in political process by voting in every decision -​ Not voting for people to make decisions on behalf of them but voting on every decision themselves -​ Ex: Ancient Greece ​ Representative democracy: -​ Citizens vote to elect representative to act on their behalf and voice the views of the voters  -​ Citizens choose people whose views align with their own to make decisions on behalf of them -​ Ex: Canada ✩Communism: -​ Extreme left-wing ideology based on revolutionary teachings of Karl Max (The father of communism) -​ Karl Max believed developing economic equality with all people sharing wealth generated in a country was the duty of a state -​ Calls for abolishment of private property, promotes collective ownership -​ Supports planned economy and full economic equality -​ Goods are owned in common and are available as needed -​ One political party in control → Against capitalism → Violent revolution was necessary ​ Current communist elements: -​ Government tightly controlled by a small group -​ Censorship (prohibition of anything that is considered politically unacceptable or a threat to security - books, newspapers, films) -​ Economic equality (education, med care, housing) rich (high ranking people) usually get richer → even though this is what communism is meant to eliminate -​ Individual liberty is sacrificed for the good of the state Capitalism: -​ Economic system where trade and industry of the economy is owned and controlled by private individuals to make profit -​ Fully centred on profit Socialism: → basically a watered down version of communism -​ Principle means of production, distribution and exchange are in common ownership -​ Supports government intervention and regulation within economy -​ Credit unions, labour unions, universal education and healthcare ✩Facism: -​ nationalistic , top-down system, rigid class roles, ruled by one all-powerful dictator -​ Extreme right-wing ideology where the existing social order (beliefs that enable stability in economy) is “protected” by suppression of working class -​ No intellectual freedom, economic freedom -​ Strong government regulations Political spectrum: Charter of Rights and Freedoms -​ Guarantees the rights of individuals by protecting and limiting them -​ It created a social and legal revolution in Canada -​ Expanded rights of minorities and criminal defendants, investigations, prosecutions, scrutiny (examining smth) ​ Fundamental Freedoms: including those pertaining to: -​ Conscience -​ religion -​ Thought -​ Expression -​ Peaceful assembly -​ Association  ​ Democratic rights: -​ Right to vote -​ Eligible to serve for house of commons/legislative assembly -​ Right to elections at least every five years ​ Mobility Rights: -​ Neter, remain in, or leave canada -​ Move into and earn a living in any province → subject to certain limitations to provide for “affirmative action” programs for the socially/ economically disadvantaged ​ Legal rights: -​ Right to a fair and reasonably prompt public trial by an impartial court ​ Equality Rights: -​ No discrimination on ground of race, national or ethnic origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, or mental or physical disability ​ Official Language Rights: -​ English and french are the official languages of canada → Must be represented in all government institution ​ Minority Language Education Rights: -​ Allows for french or english speaking minority groups to be educated in their own language Human Rights: ​ What are they?: -​ Rights that all humans are entitled to -​ Based on morality (what society believes is right and wrong, applied to all people) → deemed universal but they are not protected by law in all countries ​ The United Nations: -​ International organisation founded in response to the human rights violations of WWII 4 main purposes of the UN: 1.​ To keep peace throughout the world 2.​ Develop friendly relations among nation 3.​ Help nations work together to improve lives of poor people, conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms 4.​ To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations to achieve these goals The universal declaration of Human rights Why it’s significant: 1)​ Greatest achievement by the UN in 1948:\ 2)​ First international statement that all human beings have specific rights and freedoms 3)​ Purpose is to ensure that everyone is treated fairly and with dignity → allowed to live up to their full potential  4)​ First time nations signed a formal agreement on specific right and freedoms for all people -​ Based on belief that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights ​ The UN lacks the power to directly enforce the Universal declaration but helps in the fight against injustice by drawing global attention to offending countries Unit 2: WW1 IDK CAUSE VS CATALYST I DIDNT TAKE NOTES ON THIS! Oh maybe it like those are causes and catalysts is the domino affect like assassination blah blah? Ask! ☆What caused WW1? 1.​ Imperialism (sometimes seen as colonialism) -​ Extending the rule of authority = power/control -​ Economics and political domination -​ Consequence of industrialization -​ Search for supply of raw materials and new markets → caused war/colonialism ​ Colonialism: physical act of taking over -​ Permanent settlement of people ​ Industrialization → Imperialism → competition for colonies → Colonialism and war starting from a need for materials and markets (capitalism) 2.​ Militarism -​ Policy of strengthening armed forces -​ Military interests dominate gov policy -​ Build up of forces, weapons and tech - Eg: Britain’s Navy & the Two-Power Standard, necessary to protect its extensive empire (IDRK WHAT THIS IS) -​ Germany’s drive to build military started arms race → Germany vs Britain for best equipped navy → Germany vs France and Russia for largest army 3.​ Nationalism ​ Nationalism by state -​ Pride connected to an existing state -​ Patriotism: preserve one’s language, culture, traditions ​ Nationalism by Ethnicity -​ Desire of ethnic group lacking its own state to be freed from a different dominant ethnic group ​ Nationalism and the Balkans -​ The Powder Keg of Europe -​ Balkan cultural group: ethnically Slavic  → PAN-SLAVISM: ethnic nationalism of slavic people, goal was to unite the slavs into a nation -​ First and second Balkanwars broke out when the ottoman empire weakened (1912-13) -​ 1914: the borders of slavic nations were messy -​ Many different ethnic groups trying to establish independence, boundaries in flux -​ Austria-Hungary takes over Bosnia (1908) →Threatened by pan-slavism, trying to stabilize their multi-ethnic empire → Makes serbia and pan-slavic supporters angy, leads to The Black Hand -​ Russia promotes pan-slavism → identifies as slavic itself, wanted to be big brother for smaller slavic nations → wanted the warm water port 4.​ Alliances -​ Method of getting security and stability -​ Esp in the middle of competitions and colonial rivalries -​ Countries united with common objective or joint military protection -​ Triple Alliance (central powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -​ Triple Entente (Allied Powers) - France, Russia, GB Chain of Events: Catalyst and dominoes 1.​ Black Hand assassinated Archduke Ferdinand -​ In Bosnia -​ Gave Austria hungary an opportunity to pick on serbia because the assassin was from serbia 2.​ The Ultimatum from Austria Hungary -​ Austria Hungary gives serbia a list of unreasonable demands because they wanted serbia to have to say no because they want to fight 3.​ Germany gives a Blank Cheque -​ Germany pledges full support to Austria Hungary by giving them unlimited mone 4.​ Serbia’s Reply -​ Serbia said yes to all of them except for one that would infringe on their sovereignty -​ Didn’t matter to austria hungary because it really wasn’t about Ferdinand -​ Austria Hungary declares war on July 28 -​ Russia supports serbia because they want access to the warm water ports -​ France supports russia by threatening Germany because they are bitter Germany has Alsace-Lorraine -​ Germany declares war on France ​ Germany is now faced with a possible 2 front war → they develop the Schlieffen Plan to try to avoid a 2 front  -​ Go through Belgium and Luxembourg instead of Alsace-Lorraine, where the french were expecting them -​ Kill France before Russia comes (they walk on foot, takes weeks) -​ But when Germany entered Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany ​ Dominoes: -​ Russia mobilises: -​ Alliance triggered: Germany declares war on Russia → non-industrial russia has to walk all the way if there if they want to help serbia -​ Alliance triggers: France threatens Germany → France supports Russia → they want to be an independent empire so they continue to stay loyal to the empires that have wronged them → France is being bitter because they want alsace lorraine back from prussia -​ Alliance triggers: Germany declares on France ** Alsace-Lorraine recap: -​ Prussia (German/Polish military state) attacked France during the war of 1871 and won. They took ALsace Lorraine (very mineral rich and industrious area) → France can’t afford to lose more land Motives: ​ Germany: Thought they could win a war now, not later tho ​ Austria Hungary: Concerned with survival and wanted to get rid of pan-slav threat ​ Russia: Mostly economic, wanted access to the all weather port ​ France: Loyalty to alliance system was the only way they could stay a major power ​ Britain: Believed in the independence of sovereign states and wanted to stop Germany’s increasing power Hegemony: -​ Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or group -​ This is what britain is looking to keep but germany wants it Sphere of influence: -​ In international politics, the claim by a state oto exclusive or predominant control over a foreign territory -​ Britain has it over canada Sovereignty: -​ The authority of a state to govern itself independently or another state -​ Balkan states want sovereignty  ​ propaganda: -​ Elicits emotional response from citizens -​ nationalism/sense of pride to drive people to fight -​ But population goes down cuz prime rib is gone -​ Like captain america Dominion of canada: -​ As a dominion, canada had control over domestic affairs but not foreign affairs so we had to go to war Battles and Tactics ​ Changing warfare -​ Different because of automatic weapons (eg. machine guns) ​ Race for the Coast -​ Between France and Germany - eventually GB -​ Flanking maneuver: keep going behind and around to try to cut them off from supplies -​ Surprise attack -​ Made a giant trench from the coast of Belgium to Switzerland ​ Stalemate and trench warfare -​ Germany can no longer advance (when they reach coast) -​ France and Britain can’t push them back -​ So they went down- dug in and out trenches -​ They made their trenches squiggly to protect the troops - can’t see/ shoot around curves -​ “No man’s land”: narrow strip between the trenches - dangerous - exposed to enemy -​ “Going over the top”: ordered by officers- getting out of trenches and going to no man’s land -​ Trench life - unsanitary conditions, poo, muddy, rat Canada gets into war -​ 1914: canada is a dominion so they automatically go to war once britain does -​ We have no army, only militia of 3000 basically useless unqualified men -​ Committee to raise a division: 25000 men Patronage: ​ Sir Sam Hughes: -​ Minister of militia (and defence of canada) -​ Had the idea to raise regional battalions (battalions in every city) -​ Manages to get the first division in 6 weeks -​ Did it through patronage  ​ General Julian Byng: -​ Scottish -​ Attended sandhurst -​ In charge of the canadian corps Patronage failures: ​ Ross rifle: -​ Jammed when they’re dirty -​ Sammy had a friend from montreal who owned the manufacturing plant ​ Macadams shovel: -​ A shovel with a hole -​ Supposed to use hefty shovel to dig trenches as well as use as a shield -​ Macadams was hughes’ personal assistant and thought it was smart to put a hole in a shovel Lieutenant - general arthur currie: -​ From Vancouver island -​ Was a school teacher -​ In charge of canada’s first division -​ Had promised to be part of canada’s militia -​ Had so much promise that sam hughes appointed him Battle of ypres, april 1915 -​ The first time poison gas was used in warfare by the germans -​ Gas masks were made of leather and glass → the glass would fog up -​ Some people thought it is better to not wear them(not true) -​ Canadians were known for their gas discipline -​ Canadians first taste of gas -​ Though they were disciplined, this was the canadians’ first taste of gas warfare Battle of somme, nov 1916 -​ Attack not successful -​ British put all effort into artillery -​ Barbed wire gets blown up and then lands back down -​ All had to enter in the little doorways → easy to shoot with machine guns -​ 60,000 brits dead by morning -​ 90% of newfoundland regiment suffered casualties The canadian corps - 1917 ​ Unique to canadians  -​ Divisions stay together, nationalism, makes it easy to replica\ace soldiers more easily (losing men from sickness, battle → more men lost = higher percentage of men are going to be lost) -​ Can’t fight battles short handed -​ Higher morale -​ Being on the field together motivated people to want to go -​ Constant losses meant constant recruitment -​ Nationalism helped increase recruitment at home and this was used as reasoning with the british government to keep 4 divisions together, giving us a corps Lord Byng ** lead up to Vimy ridge -​ Meritocracy over patronage: → earning jobs and promotion based on merit rather than on who you know → motivation to work hard for promotions -​ Improvements: -​ Training together as a group -​ innovation: → everyone understands the objective → everyone gets a map → everyone sees a model of the terrain → everyone gets a watch ​ The Creeping Barrage -​ New tactic: used before Vimy Ridge - had to practice it -​ Running across no mans land, explosion right in front of him -​ Person moved forward behind artillery, keeps germans from setting up machine guns -​ More sensitive artillery -​ Added shrapnel to the artillery to cut through barbed wire -​ Artillery barrage created holes as people crept forward - allowed them to duck down into holes if machine guns were set up -​ Requires trust and training Vimy Ridge (1917) -​ Technological advancements - creeping barrage, Vickers machine gun -​ Gained 2kms of progress -​ Made it through German line (they didn’t think we would win and just sent them there to tire Germans out) -​ No reinforcements behind them to take advantage of the hole in the line -​ Because we did so good they promoted Byng - need a replacement Consequences of Vimy Ridge: New Leadership: Arthur Currie -​ Byng leaves cuz he gets promoted  -​ Canadians don’t want another new leader from Britain -​ Arthur Currie gets the job based on meritocracy (didn’t go to sandhurst) -​ He was good at his job - not because of family/ career → wasn’t based on patronage Negative consequences: -​ Lost 10,000 men (10%) -​ Need to replace them -​ Canadian Expeditionary Forces (CEF) wants time to recover and replace and properly train men Revolution in Russia: -​ Doesn’t allow for Cef to get a break -​ Because russia falls out of the war because they have to deal with the revolution and suddenly Germany is only fighting a one front war -​ Britain has to push forward in this moment, decides to push forward at Ypres -​ Battle is renamed Passchendaele instead of 3rd battle of Ypres because Ypres basically gone Passchendaele (3rd battle at ypres) ​ Objective: shack-sized fort thing, a place that the germans were camped in -​ Canada ends up losing 15,000 men cuz we didn’t have time for replacement and recovery -​ The land is wrecked, has no strategic value -​ Just sludge, toxic mud -​ Currie asks why -​ Douglas Haig: head of british force, forces them to fight regardless Conditions: -​ All mud, no trenches, mus is poison -​ No landmarks for directions or plan -​ Mud up to knees -​ Put down duckboards, easy target for snipers -​ Freezing, raining -​ Couldn’t move their artillery, can’t even use horses because they would drown in mud Conscription Crisis: 1917 ○ only happened because they were denied a break to train and get more men - fought a losing battle -​ We can’t keep replacing men - die from battle/injuries/diseases -​ Already got all the ones willing to volunteer -​ Made it mandatory (conscript) -​ English Canadians wanted it, French Canadians didn’t -​ Conscription goes through  -​ By late 1917, they got rid of 18yr min and 45yr max out of desperation Spring Offensive: -​ This is the last german push (US is on its way) -​ Germans started avoiding canadians → Cef realizes that germans are kinda scared -​ Spread out canadians communications core to confuse the germans re: where we were to help hold the line → hold the line = germans can’t advance, sent fake radio messages -​ We almost lose, they got miles within paris, used techniques canadian used -​ Germany would’ve won if they had more men Last 100 Days (Summer Offensive) -​ Germany is out of everything (oil, men, weapons) -​ The allies (mostly brits and french) are done, begin an offensive → Offense like in a game -​ war/battle of movement -​ Canadians lead up vanguard (they are front of front lines cuz they so good) -​ Lots of influence but still took huge losses, taking 10kms a day but with major losses -​ Canada lost more men in the last 100 days than in the first four years -​ War ends on nov 11 1918 at the 11th hour (Armistice Day) → arms put down The Invitation Canada’s performance earns them a seat at the Treaty of Versaille -​ Even though we just a dominion -​ Canada lost _____ men from a population of barely 8 mil → huge sacrifice -​ Canada = extreme influence and sacrifice Treaty of Versaille: Peace document signed at the end of WW1 -​ Ended WW1 -​ Signed in Versaille (1918) -​ Canada was at the signing because of our impact and sacrifice of lots of men -​ We were just a dominion but people began to notice us - acknowledge more as a sovereign, independent nation Vocab -​ Hegemony - leadership/dominance, especially by one country or group - everyone vying for it, GB has it -​ Sphere of Influence - in international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over foreign territory - GB has it over Canada -​ Sovereignty - authority of a state to govern itself independently or another state -​ GB had all of those and 25% of land mass -​ Patronage: connection, support - where people in power benefit supporters in return for loyalty -​ Meritocracy: earning jobs and promotions based on merit rather than on who know