Canada's Federal System Final Review PDF

CHAPTER 1 - Canada’s Federal System -  Government: the body with power to make decisions for a society Government Governance: the process of governing (to make decisions as a + Governance government and put decisions into action...

CHAPTER 1 - Canada’s Federal System -  Government: the body with power to make decisions for a society Government Governance: the process of governing (to make decisions as a + Governance government and put decisions into action)  It sets the role of the governor general, and the different roles of Constitution the 3 branches of government. It describes how they work together to exercise the decision-making Law that describes governance authority of government, such as in Canada. the CCRF.  PM: the head of Canada’s government. Need to be elected as leader of political Executive party, and the party must win the most seats in the House of Commons. branch Cabinet: Cabinet ministers have responsibilities for different government Prime Minister + Cabinet departments (portfolios) and run day-to-day business. They are * part of government responsible members of parliament or senators. for putting laws into action * They propose most ideas that become laws.  The members of HOC are called Members of Parliament (MPs). They are elected by constituents and Legislative represent a riding. They debate, study and vote on bills. branch The members of the Senate are called senators. They are not House of Commons (338) + elected, but appointed by the PM. Senate (105) + Governor The Senate can propose laws (but General not ones that create or spend taxes), but they usually only * part of government that consider bills passed first by HOC. makes laws * A bill cannot become law until BOTH the HOC and Senate pass it.  Supreme Court: highest court in Canada. Judicial branch The judicial branch acts as a “check” on the powers of the other Supreme Court + Provincial Courts branches. All members of this * part of government that interprets and branch come from the legal applies the law by making legal profession. judgements *  Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN): broadcasts in English, French, and many Aboriginal languages to provide FNMI peoples the “opportunity to share their Parliamentary stories with all of Canada through a national television network dedicated to Aboriginal programming”. Press Gallery reporters from media outlets Association de la presse francophone: across Canada news organization serving Francophone communities outside of Quebec. CBC/Radio-Canada: radio, television and internet in many languages.  Someone hired by a group to influence MPs and government Lobbyists officials. Must register with Commissioner of Lobbyists, so everyone in Canada can know who they are and who they represent.  CHAPTER 2 - Canada’s Youth Justice System -  Fair and Justice: applying laws Equitable Justice system: the institutions and procedures for applying laws in a Governed by rules that apply to society everyone, taking into account individual needs and circumstances.  1. Deals with 12-17 year olds. 2. Allows some young offenders to Youth Criminal face consequences such as counselling and community service. Justice Act 3. Prohibits adult sentences for 12-14. Allows adult sentences for 14+ who have committed serious crimes. YCJA - 2003 4. Protects the privacy of young offenders. 5. Allows most young offenders to avoid a criminal record.  Factors that determine Seriousness of the offence consequences History of the young person Attitude of the young person Circumstances of the young person  Defence: evidence that supports the innocence of an accused person. Jury Prosecution: evidence that supports the guilt of an accused person. 12 jurors; require unanimous decision for verdict (guilty or not Sequester: Remove from contact. guilty).  These groups try to solve the underlying reasons for crime. They provide public education about laws and the justice Justice Advocacy system, and work with youths and adults Groups who have broken the law to help them return to their communities. They call for measures to improve of fairness of the Independent of government justice system. (citizen-run) organizations John Howard Society: Everyone Elizabeth Fry Society: Women and girls  Youth Justice Committees: breaking a law harms everyone Elders in a community, and the community must be involved in Value of culture solutions. Reflect the idea of sentencing circles.  CHAPTER 3 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Individual Rights -  Fundamental freedoms: express opinions, choose religion, organize peaceful meetings and demonstrations, association Individual Rights Democratic rights: vote for MPs, vote for new government at least every 5 years under the Charter Mobility rights: move anywhere within Canada and earn living, enter/leave/stay in Canada Legal rights: free of unreasonable imprisonment/search and seizure, fair trial (innocent until proven guilty) Equality rights: free of discrimination based on race/religion/gender/age/disability  First Nations and the Indian Act (1876): used to assimilate First Nations (banning Case studies traditional ceremonies, no political action, require government permission (1) to wear traditional clothing) Canadian women and the right to vote (1918): Emily Howard Stowe founded a club to promote women's suffrage (right to vote)  Internment of Ukrainian Canadians (1914): World War I - arrested and sent to camps because of their identity. Case studies Arrests made under War Measures Act. (2) Internment of Italian Canadians (1940): World War II - Italy declared war on Canada Internment of Japanese Canadians (1941): World War II - Attack on Pearl Harbor. Removed from west coast and moved inland.  Lord’s Day Act: illegal for businesses to open on Sunday (ended 1985) Case studies Restrictions on flying: No-Fly List (2007) - government banned certain people from travelling by air for security reasons  workers protecting workers! Labour Union (an organization of workers that acts to protect workers’ rights and interests)  CHAPTER 4 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Collective Rights -  Affirm: to validate and express Affirm commitment to something Collective identity: the shared + Collective identity identity of a group Collective rights Rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society. Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Metis, Inuit), Francophones, Anglophones  The Numbered Treaties are historic Numbered agreements that affect the rights and identity of some First Nations in Treaties Canada. They were agreements between the Queen and First Nations. share lands and resources = education, reserves, annuities.  Indian Act Rules about the lives of First (1876) Nations peoples without consulting them. They were viewed as Eurocentrism: attitude that “needing guidance”. European ways were superior to the ways of other peoples.  Residential Recommendations made for how to provide First Nations with education Schools (1879) and to assimilate them at the same time. Children were removed from their families and lost their connections to their languages, cultures and identities.  Indian 1. 2. Maintain treaty rights Advance the social and Association of economic welfare of Indigenous peoples Alberta (1939) 3. Secure better educational facilities and opportunities Goals 4. Cooperate with federal, provincial, and local governments for the benefit of Indigenous peoples  Manitoba Act: bilingual province + Metis rights Metis land rights scrip: a document that could be ** hunting and fishing ** exchanged for land  Anglophone Francophone a person whose first language is a person whose first language is French English Official language A group that speaks one of minority Canada’s official languages (English or French) and that does not make up the majority population of a province or territory.  Official bilingualism: sections 16-20 establish French and English as official languages of Canada, and the right of Canadian citizens to conduct their affairs with the federal government in Charter rights either official language. Minority language education rights: section 23 says that a minority language population of sufficient size in any province has the right to publicly funded schools that serve their language community Bill 101 (1977) Quebec law that sets rules for protecting and promoting the use of French. Charte de la langue française  CHAPTER 5 - Immigration - Immigration and Refugee Establishes categories of who can Protection Act come to Canada from other countries to live permanently, and lays out objectives of those IRPA (2002) categories.  Labour force The growth of the “labour force” growth = the number of people who can demographic: characteristics of work populations  1. Education 2. Official Language Ability Points system 3. 4. Work Experience Age 5. Arranged Employment ** economic immigrants ** 6. Adaptability 7. Good health  Provinces can “nominate” a Provincial percentage of the immigrants Canada selects each year. Nomination Governments in Canada can’t Program require immigrants to settle in particular places or work in particular jobs, but the program ** based on labour ** increases the chance that immigrants will settle in provinces whose labour needs match their skills.  Specific agreement with Quebec; Canada-Quebec ability to nominate the percentage of immigrants to Canada that Accord corresponds to its population within Canada. It also allows Quebec to Accord = a formal agreement require immigrants who settle there to send their children to French-language schools.  CHAPTER 6 - Economic Systems -  The study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. The way a society organizes the Economics production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. + Economic systems The resources and processes involved in the production, + Economy distribution and consumption of goods and services.  3 basic questions of economics to solve scarcity 1. What is needed or wanted? 2. How will it be produced? 3. Who will get it?  3 factors of production 1. land 2. labour 3. capital  Crown - Provide essential services corporation - Promote economic development - Support Canadian culture and Company owned by Canada’s identity government to provide products and services to Canadians.  Principles of Competition: rivalry among producers to sell products to market economy consumers Supply and demand: Relationship connected by cause and effect related to price.  The percentage of the workforce Unemployment that does not have jobs Negotiating as a group. rate Workers stop working. + Collective bargaining + Strike  CHAPTER 7 - Consumerism -  Identity: Beliefs, values, what you Factors affecting consider important. Individual and collective. consumer Health and Safety: laws (banned behaviour products, warnings, labels) Jobs: choices keep people employed Environment: effects on air, water and land shared with others. *Marketing: advertising  Bandwagon effect: everyone else is buying! Marketing Emotional appeal: strong emotional language techniques Glittering generalities: promise everything, delivers nothing Plain folks appeal: relates to ordinary people experience Scientific appeal: uses data/stats Testimonials: celebrities/experts  Greenpeace: oil and gas to pressure companies into reducing Boycott environmental impact Decision of consumers to stop buying PETA: cosmetic companies a product as a way to bring change. because of animal testing  CHAPTER 8 - Social Programs and Taxation - Health insurance: agreement by a company to pay for your health services, in exchange for a fee that you pay each month or each year Profit: money made from a product/service over the cost of providing the product or science Private health care: health care paid for by individuals Public health care: health care paid for by taxes Types of taxes Goods and services tax (GST): federal sales tax Income tax: tax based on percentage of income Sales tax: tax paid at the time of buying a product/service, and based on a percentage of the price of the product/service.  Taxation model: policy of a political party or government about what to tax, how much to tax, and how to spend taxes Taxation model Tax evasion: not reporting economic activity (avoid paying + Tax evasion taxes) Underground economy = black + Underground economy / black market market: economic activity based on buying and selling products and services illegally Political (party) - Advertise platform to gain voters platform - Add and remove policies as issues become more/less important (change in response Official policies. Reflects issues to local, national, international they care about. events)  CHAPTER 9 - Political and Economic Issues -  Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Climate change A rise in the average temperature of Earth due to a build-up of GHG in + Global warming the atmosphere. Kyoto Protocol USA: did not agree (Accord) Canada: 2002 (liberal government) agreed. 2006 (conservative First climate-change plan government) announced Canada negotiated by countries of the not reaching targets. world.