Socialization Process and Development of Self PDF

Socialization Process and Development of Self What is Socialization? Socialization is the process through which people learn attitudes, values and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture.(life long experience) According to Robertson, Socialization is the process of social intera...

Socialization Process and Development of Self What is Socialization? Socialization is the process through which people learn attitudes, values and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture.(life long experience) According to Robertson, Socialization is the process of social interaction through which people aquire personality and learn the way of their society. It affects the overall cultural practices of a society; it also shapes the images that we hold of ourselves. Heredity and environmental factors interact in influencing the socialization process.  The process of socialization 1. Instrumental conditioning 2. Direct teaching 3. Observational learning 4. Identification  The Self and Socialization A) Sociological Approaches to the Self 2. Mead: Stages of the self a) Preparatory stage: learn imitate 1. Cooley: Looking glass self b) Play Stage: use of symbol & communicate; role taking learn interacting with others c) The Game Stage: understanding self & other Self: product of social interaction position; multiple role Three phases a) Imagine how we are presenting ourselves 3. Goffman: Presentation of Self to others Impression management: individual learns to b) Imagine how people are evaluating us slant presentation of self to create distinctive c) Develop opinions about ourselves appearances and satisfy particular audiences Also known as dramaturgical approach Face-work: need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction  The Self and Socialization B) Psychological Approaches 2. Piaget: cognitive theory of development 1. Freud: Development of Personality a) Sensorimotor: use of senses (touch) Self is a social product of natural b) Preoperational: use words/symbols impulsive instincts in constant conflict c) Concrete operational: logical with societal constraints thinking Personality influenced by others d)Formal operational: sophisticated (especially one’s parents) abstract thought a) Id- biological instincts b) Ego- Match with social reality c) Super-ego- Sophisticated thought Agents of Socialization 1. Family 2. School ✔Learning of feeding, ✔ where did we learn national cleaning, caring anthem? ✔Gender roles: expected ✔ 1952, 1971 behavior from male and ✔ tested our knowledge female ✔ competition: rewards or ✔Feminine and masculine punishment (conflict) norms ✔ Income vs education ✔Both positive & negative ✔ teaching values, custom (functionalism) ✔ girls faced sexual violence & harassment (feminist)  Agents of Socialization (Continue… 4. Mass media and technology 3. Peer group ✔ radio, motion pictures, recorded ✔ teenage (family vs friends) music, television, internet ✔ same age or similar social ✔ Books status ✔ email, web ✔ terrorist group ✔ new media ✔ learn lifestyle & culture (self & other) ✔ Globalization  Agents of Socialization (Continue… 6. Religion and the state 5. Workplace ✔ religious norms and values, ✔ professional behavior morality ✔ transition from education to ✔ concept of justice, human rights occupation ✔ family’s role transferred to outside agencies ✔ learn time management, hardworking, skills ✔ hospital, mental health clinics, child care center (run by state, or ✔ Division of labor groups affiliated with certain 7. Economic and Political religion) Institutions Christian Mission Hospital Primary Socialization ❖ Primary Socialization ✔ It takes place in the early years of the newborn individual. ✔ It concentrates on the teaching of language and cognitive skills, the internationalization of cultural norms and values, establishment of emotional ties, and the appreciation of the other roles and perspectives. ✔ The socializing agents reinforce the child’s learning by rewards and punishment or by means of approval and disapproval. ❖ Developmental Socialization  Anticipatory & Re-socialization ❖ Anticipatory Socialization ❖ Re-socialization ✔ The process in which a person rehearses for ✔ Process of discarding formal behavior future positions, occupations and social pattern relationships. ✔ Violate socially accepted behavior ✔ Preparation for many aspect of adult life ✔ Reform school, therapy group, prison, during childhood religious conversion setting ✔ Continues process of taking new responsibility ✔ Effectively occurred within total institutions ✔ High school-> what college-> website-> virtual class ✔ Prison, military, mental hospital, ✔ Regulate all aspect of person’s life ✔ New social/occupational position= unlearn previous orientation  Importance of socialization a) Socialization convert Man, the biological being to social being b) Contributes to the development of personality c) Helps to become disciplined d) Helps to enact different role e) Provides the knowledge of skills f) Helps to develop right aspiration in life g) Contributes to the stability of the social order h) Helps reduce social distance i) Provides scope for building bright future j) Helps the transmission of culture. Self is distinctive identity that sets us apart from others Sociological Approaches to the self In the early 1900s, Charles Horton Cooley advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others, a phenomenon he called the looking-glass self. George Herbert Mead, best known for his theory of the self, proposed that as people mature, their selves begin to reflect their concern about reaction from others- both generalized others and signifies others. The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior. And significant others an individual who is most important in the other development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or others.  G. H Mead and the development of self Symbolic interactionism emphasizes that interaction between human beings takes place through symbols and the interpretations of meaning. Stages of the self a) The preparatory stage: develop a social being by imitating the actions of those around them. b) The play stage: child achieves an understanding of themselves as separate agents-as a ‘me’-by seeing themselves through the eyes of others. c) The game stage: they begin to understand the overall values and morality according to which social life is conducted.  Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive development a) Sensorimotor stage: infants learn mainly by touching objects, manipulating them, and physically exploring their environment. b) Preoperational stage: Children acquire a mastery of language and become able to us words to represent objects and images in a symbolic fashion. c) Concrete operational stage: children master abstract, logical notions. They become capable to carrying out the mathematical operations of multiplying, dividing and subtracting. d) Formal operational stage: becomes able to grasp highly abstract and hypothetical ideas. Able to review every possible ways of solving problem and go through them theoretically in order to reach in a solution. According to Piaget, the first three stages of development are universal; but not all adults reach the third, formal operational stage. The development of formal operational thought depends in part on processes on schooling. Gender and socialization: it begins virtually as soon as an infant is born.