Socialization PDF

Sociology 201 Socialization Agents of Socialization Family. Schools. Peer groups. Mass media. Which is most important? Are we in control of our development? Can we be resocialized? Objectives After this...

Sociology 201 Socialization Agents of Socialization Family. Schools. Peer groups. Mass media. Which is most important? Are we in control of our development? Can we be resocialized? Objectives After this slide show, students will be able to: Identify and outline 3 general types of approaches to socialization. Identify and discuss the 3 components of the conflicted mind as per Freud. Identify and discuss the 3 components of the social self as per Mead. Define dramaturgy. 3  Theories of Socialization Biology Psychology Sociology Wilson Freud Cooley The Harlows Piaget Mead Kohlberg Goffman Gilligan Wilson Pioneered the subdiscipline of sociobiology; the systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour. War, peace, envy, competition and cooperation are believed to be rooted in our genes. Daly and Wilson (1988) cite a study on the gendered nature of sexual jealousy. The Harlows Studied the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys. Isolation at a young age caused fear and hostility when introduced to others later in life. Isolated children. – Anna. – Genie.  Freud Freud believed that our personalities were largely submerged in the unconscious. We can only see the tip of the iceberg so to speak. Freud II Id – Demands immediate gratification; instinctual, energy driven. The pleasure principle. Superego – That part of the mind that has internalized society’s norms. Personal conscience. Ego – Seeks to balance the ID and Superego. The reality principle. Freud III The desire for a candy bar. ID (“I want that candy bar no matter what”). Superego (“Stealing is wrong in society”). Ego (I guess I will have to save money in order to purchase the candy bar”).  The Iceberg Analogy Freud IV Freud is important because he drew attention to sexuality and the developmental processes in people. He revealed that perhaps there is more going on in our minds than even we realize. He described the human mind as being in conflict between deep desires and demands placed upon us by society. Dream interpretation, slips of the tongue, introspection. Freud V Stages of development include the oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital. Failure to progress though each stage will result in personality disorders.  Freud VI Oral – dependent, smoker, drinker. Anal – excessively orderly, stubborn, overly generous. Phallic – homosexuality. Biology was destiny. How can this be if people take different routes based on social interaction? Freud VII If we start in the centre, how many different routes are there to our destination? Is any given route inherently immoral? Piaget Children go through stages: Sensorimotor (sensory contact). Preoperational (begin to use symbols). Concrete operational (take the role of others). Formal operational (abstract thought).  Kohlberg Stages of moral development: Preconventional (punishment & obedience). Conventional (peer influence primary). Post conventional (moral conduct/human rights). Gilligan Critical of Kohlberg. Moral development is gendered. Males are more concerned with law and order. Females are more concerned with the social consequences of social relationships. Cooley The looking- glass self. Significant others.  Mead Three aspects of the social self include: “Me” – The objective component. We perceive ourselves from the standpoint of others. “I” – The subjective component. This is the active component that initiates action. “Generalized other” – This is how we internalize societal norms. Mead II Egocentric stage – Inability to take on the role of others. Imitative stage – Simply imitate others (doctors, police etc). Play stage – Actually adopt social roles (imaginative). Game stage – Child gains an understanding of social expectations and rules. Goffman The dramaturgical approach. He suggested that we are all actors in a play. We are given roles and scripts and we put on a role performance. Our true selves are on back stage; performances on  Conclusion Sociologists tend to concentrate on the social causes of human behaviour. The social self undergoes constant change throughout the life course. – Self-esteem, self-control, self-pity etc. Psychologists stress personality that is relatively permanent over the life course.