Social Work Deviance.docx

**Social Work and Social Deviance** **What is Deviance ?** - Deviance is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or social norms of a group or society. - Behavior that departs from societal or group norms. - Basically, what is deviant in one culture may not be...

**Social Work and Social Deviance** **What is Deviance ?** - Deviance is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or social norms of a group or society. - Behavior that departs from societal or group norms. - Basically, what is deviant in one culture may not be deviant in another culture. **Deviance Across Cultures** - It is important to remember that when sociologists use the term \"deviant\", they are making a social judgement, never a moral one. **Types of deviance** 1**.** Odd Behavior 2\. Admired Behavior 3\. Bad Behavior **Odd Behavior** **Admired Behavior** **Bad Behavior** **Norms and Sanctions Review** - Norms are rules/guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture. - Norms can be either formal, such as a law (a common type of formally defined norm that provides an explicit statement about what is permissible and what is illegal in a society) or the rules for playing soccer, or informal, which are not written down and are unspoken. **Types of Norms** These can also be distinguished by the strictness with which they are enforced. A. **Folkways** - Folkways are culturally defined norms of etiquette that are not very serious if broken. They are mostly customary and polite. They differ from other types of norms that you might learn about in sociology classes like taboos, mores, and laws because they tend to be less serious. They\'re not illegal (like laws) and often not even norms of morality (like mores). *[Examples]*: 1. Tucking in your shirt 2. Dressing appropriately at work 3. Wearing a school uniform 4. Raising your hand to speak 5. Only having hard drinks after 5:00 p.m. 6. Not splitting on the sidewalk 7. Working a 5-day week 8. Saying please and thank you B. **Mores** - Mores in sociology, refers to society\'s most deeply held rules that often carry a moral connotation, dictating what is considered significantly right or wrong. - Mores arise when groups live together long enough to develop shared understandings about how members should behave. They can be based on customs (traditional ways of doing things), religion, or peer pressure. - Violations of this are often met with severe consequences or societal disapproval. *[Examples]*: 1. Respect for life: killing or harming others is seen as morally wrong. 2. Honesty: lying or deceit is considered morally unacceptable. 3. Marriage: extra marital affairs are generally viewed as moral violations. 4. Theft: taking someone else property is seen as morally wrong. C. **Taboo** - Is a norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust horror or revulsion for most people. - Taboos vary across different cultures and can include topics or behaviors that are considered morally, socially, or religiously unacceptable. - Taboos serves as guidelines for behavior and often carry strong social consequences if violated, aiming to maintain harmony, preserve cultural values, and avoid potential harm or offense. *[Examples in Ph Taboos]* 1. Avoid refusing a meal at someone\'s house. 2. it is considered rude to talk to your superiors as equals. 3. avoid addressing elders by their first names. D. **Sanctions** - are positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for norm violators. Sanctions help to establish social control, the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion. **Types of Sanctions** **[Formal Sanctions]** - positive or negative consequences that are applied by officials. - **Positive** Good grade given by a teacher - **Negative** **[Informal Sanctions]** - positive or negative consequences given out by members of the group. - **Positive** Inviting someone to sit with you in the cafeteria because they help you in class - **Negative** **Theoretical Foundations on Social Deviation** **1. Structural-Functionalist Perspective** - Emile Durkheim - Deviance is simply what is defined as not normal by norms, values or laws-formation of values enforced by institutions. - Deviance is a normal and necessary part of any society because it contributes to the social order. A Structural-Functionalist Understanding of Deviance **Functions of Deviance** 1. Affirmation of Cultural Norms and Values 2. Clarification of Right or Wrong 3. Unification of Others in Society 4. Promoting Social Change 2\. **Strain Theory** - Robert King Merton - Deviance is a result of strain and frustration experienced by people when they are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutional means. **\*ANOMIE/ANONIMITY** : The feeling of being disconnected from the social norms/ethical standards. \***Types of Adaptations** 1. **Conformists**: Accept the goals their society sets for them, as well as the institutionalized means of achieving them. (➕➕) 2. **Innovators**: Accept society's goals but rejects the usual ways of achieving them. (➕❌) 3. **Ritualists**: Rejects cultural goals but still accepts the institutionalized means of achieving them. (❌➕) 4. **Retreatists**: Reject cultural goals as well as the institutionalized means of achieving them. (❌❌) 5. **Rebels**: Not only rejects culturally approved goals and the means of achieving them, but they replace them with their own goals. (Replace everything) 3\. **Social Control Theory** - Travis Hirschi - Deviance or delinquency is intrinsic to human nature. - **Conformity** is achieved through socialization, the formation of bond between individual and society. 4\. **Labeling Theory** - Howard Becker - Also called "**Societal-Reaction Approach**" which posits that it is the response to an act, and not the behavior, that determines the Deviance. - \***Stigmas**: are undesirable traits or labels that are used to characterize a person. 5\. **Conflict Theory** - Richard Quinney - \"People with power protect their own interests and define the violence to sue with their own needs\" - This emphasizes oppresssion and protection of power in the higher social status in the society. **What is Personality?** - This refers to any person\'s or individual\'s collection of interrelated behavioral, cognitive and emotional patterns that biological and environmental factors influence; these interrelated patterns are relatively stable over long time periods, but they change over the entire lifetime. **Theories on Personality** A. Psycho-Analytic Paradigm B. Social Psychological Paradigm C. Existential Humanistic Paradigm D. Learning Paradigm A. **Psycho-Analytic Paradigm** **× Sigmund Freud** - He developed the classical Psychoanalysis d - Developed the **technique of Free Association** which he called the fundamental role of psychoanalysis - Argued that human beings are hedonistic creatures driven by same impulses as lower animals. **× Composition of the Personality** **ID** - The origin of personality beyond consciousness awareness - **Pleasure principle**: dictates that the ID avoids pain and seeks pleasure where it demands immediate satisfaction - **Libido**: sexual instinct/energy **EGO** - The component of the mind that is directed to the world outside itself - **Reality Principle** \~ *Delays satisfaction of ID demands to conform with socially acceptable standards and avoid harmful consequences.* - The EGO operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the ID\'s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego considered social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave. - Ego balance ID and Superego **SUPEREGO** - **Moral Principle** - Represent the moral and ideals aspect of the personality - **Subdivision of the Superego** **Two Basic Categories of Instinct** **EROS**: Life Instinct **THANATOS**: Death Instinct **Components of Instinct** **Impetus -** amout of force the instinct exerts. **Source** - region of the body in a state or of excitation or tension **Aim - i**s to see pleasure by narrowing the state of excitation or tension **Object -** person or object that can satisfy the aim **Cathexis and Anti-Cathexis** **Cathexis** is the relationship or connection between a need and an object that will satisfy a need. **Anti-Cathexis** is the inhibition of an impulse by either the ego or superhero. **ANXIETY** - A state of extremely unpleasant emotional state. - Reaction of the ego to the threatening urge of instincts from the ID. - The most overwhelming experience of anxiety is birth trauma and is the basis of all subsequent anxieties. **Types of Anxiety** 1. **Moral anxiety** - results from failure to comply with the dictates of the super ego. 2. **Reality anxiety** - caused by real objective dancer in the environment. 3. **Neurotic anxiety** - unconscious fear of being overpowered by instinctual impulses. **Defense Mechanisms** Unconscious psychological strategies for coping with threatening instinctual urges. 1. **Projection** - Attributing own unacceptable thoughts, feelings onto others. \"Mica is with adulterous feelings might accuse her partner of infidelity\" 2. **Introjection** - Internalization of characteristics of a feared or loved individual. \"Ej who likes to live in a simple way introjects to her the sophisticated way of living just like her wife. 3. **Displacement** - Diverting emotions or feelings from their original source to a substitute target. \"When frustrated, I started to kick and throw my things.\" 4. **Rationalization** - Justification of a behavior or thought that maybe otherwise anxiety provoking. \"Christian who I turned down for a date might rationalize the situation by saying I am not attracted anyway\" 5. **Sublimation** - Modification of unacceptable into acceptable urges by changing the object or means of expression. \"Ed is heartbroken but channel his emotions to review for his upcoming exam\" 6. **Reaction Formation** - Managing uncceptable feelings or impulses by expressing their opposites. \"Avril who is angry with Shein actually ends up being particularly courteous and friendly towards him. \" 7. **Repression** - Threatening thought, memory, emotion or event are excluded from consciousness. \"Edy who faced abuse by a parent, later has no memory of the events but has trouble forming relationships\" 8. **Regression** - Reversion to immature patterns of behavior. \"Kisses who\'s suffering from a mental breakdown may begin to rock back and forth in the fetal position.\" 9. **Intellectualization** - Separating the normal feeling from unpleasant situation into logic tight compartments. \"if Ej is rude to me, I may think about the possible reasons for Ej\'s behavior.\" 10. **Denial** - Refusal to accept fact or reality. \"Shein told that his spouse was killed in a motor vehicle accident acts as if she is still alive (not consciously lying)\" 11. **Dissociation** - Losing track of time and/or person, and instead finds another representation of one\'s self in order to continue in the moment. \"When woman was being raped, she felt like she was watching it from above\" 12. **Compartmentalization** - Parts of one\'s self are separated from other parts behaving like it had a different set of values. \"While Chacha is dealing with heavy emotions, she still manage to show up every day and perform well at work.\" **Sigmund Freud\'s Psycho-sexual Stages of Development** - During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure. - If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, ***[fixations]*** can occur. A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. - Psychosexual energy, or the ***[libido]*** was described as the driving force behind every behavior. **FIXATION** - A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain **\"stuck\"** in this stage. A person who is fixated at the oral stage, for example, may be over dependent on others and may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking or eating. THE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES of DEVELOPMENT by SIGMUND FREUD +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | STAGE | AGE | EROGENOUS | MAJOR | ADULT | | | | ZONE | DEVELOPMENT | FIXATION | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Oral | 0-1y/o | Mouth | Weaning off | **Oral | | | | | the breast | aggressive | | | | | | personality | | | | | | **: | | | | | | verbally | | | | | | hostile | | | | | | towards | | | | | | others. | | | | | | | | | | | | Thumb | | | | | | sucking, | | | | | | excessive | | | | | | drinking & | | | | | | smoking, | | | | | | nail-bittin | | | | | | g. | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Anal | 1-3 y/o | Bowel & | Toilet | When to | | | | Bladder | Training | lenient; | | | | Movements | | **Explosive | | | | | | Personality | | | | | | **- | | | | | | has a messy | | | | | | wasteful | | | | | | and | | | | | | destructive | | | | | | personality | | | | | |. | | | | | | | | | | | | When too | | | | | | strict: | | | | | | **Retentive | | | | | | Personality | | | | | | **- | | | | | | stringent, | | | | | | orderly, | | | | | | rigid, & | | | | | | obsessive | | | | | | (eg. OCD) | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Phallic- | 3-6 y/o | Genitals | Resolving | Deviance, | | Oedipal | | | Electra & | Sexual | | | | | Oedipus | Dysfunction | | | | | Complex. | | | | | | | **\"incest\ | | | | | \***Electra | " | | | | | Complex**: | the child | | | | | Young girls | is | | | | | experience | libidinally | | | | | \"penis | attracted | | | | | envy\" & | to its | | | | | sees their | caregiver & | | | | | mother as | has | | | | | rival. | feelings of | | | | | | resentment | | | | | \***Oedipus | for the | | | | | Complex**: | other | | | | | Young boys | parent\".** | | | | | see their | | | | | | father as | | | | | | their rival | | | | | | and | | | | | | experience | | | | | | \"Castratio | | | | | | n | | | | | | Anxiety\" | | | | | | -the fear | | | | | | of being | | | | | | punished by | | | | | | the father. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Latency | 6-Puberty | None | -Gaining | Immaturity | | | | | self-confid | & the | | | | | ence | inability | | | | | through | to form | | | | | social | fulfilling | | | | | interaction | relationshi | | | | | s. | ps | | | | | | as an adult | | | | | -Developing | | | | | | defense | | | | | | mechanisms. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Genital | Puberty- | Genitals | Reaching | If all | | | | | full sexual | stages is | | | | | maturity. | successfull | | | | | | y | | | | | | completed, | | | | | | then the | | | | | | person | | | | | | should be | | | | | | sexually | | | | | | matured & | | | | | | mentally | | | | | | healthy. | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Erik Homburger Erikson** - Each stage in Erikson\'s theory builds on the preceding stages and paves the way for following periods of development. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a crisis that serves as a turning point in development. - In Erikson\'s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high but so is the potential for failure. - If people successfully deal with the crisis, they emerge from the stage with psychological strengths that will serve them well for the rest of their lives. If they fail to deal effectively with these crisis, they may not develop the essential skills needed for a strong sense of self. PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES of DEVELOPMENT by ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON