SOCI 1 Test PDF

Question 1 The norms, beliefs, and values that we learn through socialization make \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ possible. **social order** Question 2 Early sociological theorists often differed in their analyses of social behavior and social institutions. Nevertheless, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Ma...

Question 1 The norms, beliefs, and values that we learn through socialization make \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ possible. **social order** Question 2 Early sociological theorists often differed in their analyses of social behavior and social institutions. Nevertheless, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber strove to explain the new relationships that emerged as an outgrowth of the **Industrial Revolution.** Question 3 According to Émile Durkheim, sociologists must study social facts, which are **aspects of social life that shape our individual actions.** Question 4 Karl Marx differs from Émile Durkheim in that Marx **argued that social change is caused by economic factors as opposed to values and ideas.** Question 5 What played the fundamental role in developing the capitalistic outlook, according to Max Weber? **religious values** Question 6 A neighborhood has an annual food drive with the primary purpose of collecting food for disadvantaged families. However, this event also has the effect of creating a stronger sense of community in this neighborhood. The stronger sense of community would be an example of Robert K. Merton's concept of **latent functions.** Question 7 In daily life, people rely on cues to determine which behaviors are appropriate or inappropriate in each particular context. Which of the following theories does this statement best represent? **symbolic interactionism** Question 8 An ideology is a **set of ideas or beliefs that justify the interest of dominant groups.** Question 9 Approaching marriage as a way to maximize self-interest is an example of analysis that uses what type of theoretical understanding? **rational choice approach** Question 10 Which of the following is an example of microsociology? **studying the social interactions in a coffee shop** Question 11 Behavior that is oriented toward self-interest is often called: **rational action** Question 12 According to the sociological perspective, people's behavior is: **influenced by the social context** Question 1 The research method that relies on interviews and observation at the personal and/or group level is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach. **qualitative** Question 2 For a research project in her sociology class, Joan has decided to study gendered wage differences between men and women. What should be her next step? **Review the literature.** Question 3 Robert Park's vision of sociology included **a focus on careful firsthand observation.** Question 4 Reilly, a sociology master's student, wants to do research on the homeless in her city. She would like to provide a rich, detailed, inside view of being homeless. What research method should she choose? **ethnography** Question 5 Frank develops a questionnaire for his study on online dating. One of his questions asks, "In your own words, how do you feel about online dating?" What type of question is this? **open-ended** Question 6 Recently, ethnographic researchers have paid more attention to how their race, class, or gender, as well as any power differences between them and the people they study, might shape their data and their conclusions. Which basic standard of research does this reflect? **The investigator is part of the world being studied.** Question 7 Which of the following describes an advantage of survey research? **Results can be easily quantified and analyzed.** Question 8 Philip Zimbardo's prison experiment involved setting up a make-believe jail and randomly assigning male student volunteers to the roles of guards and prisoners. The researcher concluded that **behavior in prisons is strongly influenced by the nature of the prison setting.** Question 9 In Waves of War, Andreas Wimmer reported the finding that after 1800, wars around the world have increasingly resulted from **ethnic and nationalist concerns.** Question 10 All sociological research on human subjects poses some sort of **ethical dilemma regarding the subjects**. Question 11 A classic social science research study involved setting up a make-believe jail and randomly assigning male student volunteers to the roles of guards and prisoners. This research used what method? **experiment** Question 12 A good hypothesis will be formulated in such a way that the: **factual material gathered will provide evidence either supporting or disproving it** Question 1 Which of the following norms is a cultural universal? **prohibition against incest** Question 2 Which of the following is an example of the globalization of material culture? **McDonald's restaurants are found around the world.** Question 3 Because of the recent so-called cultural turn in sociology, most sociologists now agree that **different people have different scripts in any encounter.** Question 4 Which of the following best explains why different groups of people created different cultures? **People learned to adapt to their physical surroundings.** Question 5 A surplus of goods, like a more reliable food supply, allows for the development of more pronounced inequality in a society. This helps explain why the transition to a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ society introduced much more inequality than the primary type of society that preceded it. **agrarian** Question 6 In ancient cities, the religious temple was placed in the highest or most central location; in modern cities, skyscrapers occupy that position. What method of analysis allows us to compare symbolic cultural meanings of such physical structures? **semiotics** Question 7 Smaller segments of a society with distinct values and norms and their own unique patterns of behavior are called **subcultures.** Question 8 The salad bowl metaphor is used to describe **multiculturalism.** Question 9 An Amish farmer tilling his fields with a horse and plow might be considered backward by some. This reaction to the farmer is an example of **ethnocentrism.** Question 10 Which of the following illustrates how nationalism has arisen in response to globalization? **extreme Islamist movements in the Middle East** Question 11 A society is: **an enduring system of interrelationships that connects individuals** Question 12 According to sociobiologists, what has led to female chastity and male promiscuity? **a reproductive strategy** Question 1 Which is the main agent of socialization associated with primary socialization in most modern societies? **small-scale families** Question 2 Which of the following best exemplifies resocialization? **a recruit learning the rules of the military in boot camp** Question 3 Mary is a student, a daughter, and a paraplegic. When others interact with her, they focus only on her disability. For Mary, being paraplegic would be a(n) **master status.** Question 4 How is childhood today a different experience from childhood a few hundred years ago? **Children today are seen as being in a unique stage, whereas in earlier times, childhood blended with other stages.** Question 5 George Herbert Mead referred to the general morals and values of the culture in which a child develops as the **generalized other.** Question 6 One criticism of Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self is **we do not passively accept what others think of us.** Question 7 What is a criticism that can be made of Freud's view on gender identity development? **Freud's theory depends on the notion that the penis is superior to the vagina.** Question 8 According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, men develop their sense of masculinity by **rejecting their closeness to their mothers**. Question 9 Carol Gilligan (1982) found that men see the emphasis women put on personal relationships and caring for others **as a weakness**. Question 10 Which of the following statements concerning adolescents engaging in bullying is true? **Students may join in on the bullying out of fear that refusing to do so may render them susceptible to abuse and isolation.** Question 11 According to Jean Piaget, the ability to understand things from a different perspective does not take place until the: **concrete operational stage** Question 12 According to Sigmund Freud, the learning of gender differences centers on the: **presence or absence of a penis**